4/11/25, 9:48 AM G.R. No.

221664

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Manila

SECOND DIVISION

[ G.R. No. 221664. June 27, 2022 ]

RUBEN M. BUENAFLOR PETITIONER, VS. STOLT-NIELSEN PHILIPPINES, INC., AND STOLT-NIELSEN ITS
GMBH RESPONDENTS.

DECISION

KHO, JR., J.:

For the Court's resolution is the Petition for Review on Certiorari1 under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court dated
December 17, 2015 filed by seafarer Ruben M. Buenaflor (petitioner), seeking to set aside the Decision2 dated
October 28, 2015 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 129462 and praying for the reinstatement of the
Resolutions dated August 30, 20123 and January 17, 20134 of the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) in
NLRC LAC Case No. 07-000589-11-OFW. The foregoing NLRC Resolutions affirmed the Decision5 of the Labor
Arbiter (LA) dated May 10, 2011 in NLRC Case No. NCR-09-13072-10 OFW (M), which found the respondents
Stolt-Nielsen Philippines, Inc. (SNP) and its principal, Stolt-Nielsen ITS GMBH6 (Stolt-Nielsen; collectively,
respondents) liable for illegally dismissing petitioner.

The Facts

The antecedents of this case go back to July 8, 2010, when petitioner was hired by the respondents as Second
Officer of the vessel Stolt Shearwater. He signed on the vessel to begin his employment on July 25, 2010.7

Two (2) days after signing on or on July 27, 2010,8 Marine Pollution (MARPOL) inspectors boarded the Stolt
Shearwater for routine inspection to check the vessel's compliance with MARPOL Rules9 at the Port of Rotterdam in
Netherlands.10 Subsequent thereto, according to petitioner, he was questioned by the Russian captain or master of
the vessel, A. Kuzins (Captain Kuzins),11 as to the remarks and observations made by the MARPOL
inspectors.12 Petitioner averred that, at that time, Captain Kuzins shouted at him in front of the chief officer and did
not allow him to explain what had happened.13

Less than a month after the foregoing incident, or on August 22, 2010, petitioner claimed he was verbally
informed by Captain Kuzins that he will be sent home — without any written notice given or formal investigation
conducted — because he was supposedly incapable of doing his job. Thus, petitioner was repatriated on August 26,
2010.14

Upon his arrival, petitioner contended that he immediately asked Stolt Nielsen's Agent in the Philippines, SNP, to
review his case; and it was decided that he would be reinstated and transferred to another vessel. Stolt-Nielsen,
however, reversed SNP's decision and upheld his dismissal by Captain Kuzins.15

Aggrieved, petitioner filed a complaint for illegal dismissal,16 alleging that his employment was terminated
without just, valid, or authorized cause and in violation of Section 17 of the Standard Terms and Conditions
Governing the Overseas Employment of Filipino Seafarers On-Board Ocean-Going Ships (Standard Employment
Contract),17 which provides the required procedure for disciplinary proceedings against seafarers. He prayed for the
payment of his salaries for the unexpired portion of his contract, moral and exemplary damages, as well as
attorney's fees.18

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For their part, the respondents maintained that petitioner's employment was validly terminated. Respondents
explained that petitioner was reprimanded by Captain Kuzins after the MARPOL inspection conducted on July 27,
2010 because he was unable to answer the inspectors' inquiries and did not inform the senior management of such
incident, which supposedly led to incorrect observations and derogatory remarks against the vessel.19 The incident
was recorded on July 29, 2010 on page 41 of the vessel's logbook as follows:

2off. R. Buenaflor has been given Formal Verbal Warning in witness of Ch. Off. D. Filipovs by Capt. A.
Kuzins. Reasons:

- unauthori[z]ed overriding of his authority/duties in respect of dealing with MARPOL inspectors of Port
of Rotterdam

- non calling/non reporting to Capt or Ch. Off. in due time as required, above failures had leaded [sic] to
incorrect observation done by inspector which was not clarified at a [sic] time of inspection.
ℒαwρhi৷

Master (sgd.)20

In addition to this incident, the respondents claimed that two (2) other instances as documented in the Near
Miss Incident Reports (NIRs)21 — one wherein petitioner did not properly conduct the discharge operations of a
highly inflammable cargo on August 11, 2010, and the other wherein petitioner failed to take action to prevent the
extreme build-up of pressure in the cargo tank on August 14, 2010 — led to petitioner's eventual dismissal due to
his carelessness, lack of safety awareness, ignorance of operational safety procedures, inefficiency, and
incompetence.22 The respondents further contended that petitioner was notified of the charges against him and was
given a chance to explain, but he failed to provide a satisfactory explanation.23 Moreover, petitioner was served a
written notice of dismissal on August 22, 2010 but he refused to receive the same.24

The Labor Arbiter's Ruling

In a Decision25 dated May 10, 2011, the LA found the respondents liable for illegal dismissal,26 holding that they
failed to discharge their responsibility of proving that the termination of petitioner's employment was
valid.27 Accordingly, the LA ordered the respondents to pay petitioner the following: (1) USD19,060.64, representing
petitioner's salaries for the unexpired portion of his contract;28 (2) USD538.69 as vacation leave pay; (3) USD550.00
as bonus;29 (4) PHP100,000.00 as moral damages for bad faith and malice in causing the illegal dismissal; (5)
PHP100,000.00 as exemplary damages, likewise for bad faith and malice in causing the illegal dismissal; and (6)
USD3,867.12 as attorney's fees, equivalent to ten percent (10%) of the total award.30

First, the LA did not give credence to the alleged acts and omissions of petitioner purportedly showing his
inefficiency and incompetence as related by the respondents, finding these as mere allegations unsupported by
evidence.31

Second, the LA likewise held that the logbook entry of the July 27, 2010 incident cannot, by itself, be considered
conclusive evidence against petitioner since its authenticity has been assailed by the latter.32 On this point, the LA
agreed with petitioner's observations as to the copy of page 41 of the vessel's logbook, noting that the gap of almost
two (2) months, as well as the blank space, between the entry regarding the MARPOL incident recorded on July 29,
2010 and the succeeding entry dated September 4, 2010 is not the usual mode of writing entries on the
logbook.33 The LA thus also agreed that it was possible that the logbook entry dated July 29, 2010 was merely
inserted, since there was no evidence on record showing the entries on the pages before and after.34

Third, the LA did not give probative value to the printouts of the two (2) NIRs submitted by the respondents,
finding that these were not signed by either the author thereof or petitioner, and therefore could have easily been
prepared by anyone.35

Finally, the LA rejected the notice of dismissal allegedly served on petitioner as evidence, ruling that one of the
supposed witnesses to the service of the notice and the refusal of petitioner to receive the same — Second
Engineer B. Solodov36 — seems to have already signed off the vessel on June 13, 2010, according to one of the
1aшphi1

entries appearing on page 41 of the logbook,37 and yet no entry showed that he has signed on the vessel on or
before August 22, 2010 in order for him to be a proper witness to the same.38

Dissatisfied, respondents appealed to the NLRC.

The NLRC Ruling

Initially, the NLRC issued a Decision39 dated December 22, 2011 granting the appeal.40 However, on motion filed
by petitioner, the NLRC promulgated a Resolution41 dated August 30, 2012 reversing its earlier ruling, and
accordingly, affirming the LA ruling.42

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In ruling that there is no substantial evidence proving petitioner's incompetence, the NLRC held that the logbook
entry cannot be considered a substantial evidence of petitioner's alleged inefficiency or incompetence, not only
because its authenticity is in question, but also because no clear and competent evidence was presented to bolster
its contents.43 The NLRC thus agreed with the observation of the LA that the gap in the entries on the logbook
makes the document unreliable,44 and additionally observed that the witness to the incident, Chief Officer D. Filipovs
(Chief Officer Filipovs),45 signed off the vessel on May 11,2010 per page 40 of the vessel's logbook46 as submitted
by the respondents, but did not sign on the vessel on or before July 29, 2010.47 Lastly, the NLRC did not give
credence to the purported Sworn Statement48 executed by Captain Vladimirs Skrulis (Captain Skrulis), also as
submitted by the respondents, attesting to the contents of page 41 of the vessel's logbook, pointing out that Captain
Skrulis did not have firsthand information of the incident as he was not present and on board at that time.49

Respondents moved to reconsider the August 30, 2012 Resolution, but was denied by the NLRC in a
Resolution50 dated January 17, 2013. Citing Section 20, Rule 132 (B) of the Revised Rules on Evidence,51 the
NLRC stressed that the sworn statement of Captain Skrulis is not the proper proof of the due execution and
authenticity of the vessel's logbook, as he was not on board at that time and therefore, in no position to have seen
the entry being made or that it was made in Captain Kuzins' handwriting.52 The NLRC also reiterated its finding that
Chief Officer Filipovs could not have witnessed the actual incident as he has not signed on at that time, which
further gave doubt to the veracity of the logbook entry on page 41.53 Thus, according to the NLRC, the lack of
counter-evidence on the part of petitioner is immaterial because it remains the duty of the respondents to show that
an employee's termination is for a just and valid cause.54

Undeterred, the respondents filed a Petition for Certiorari55 with the CA, alleging that the NLRC gravely abused
its discretion in holding: (1) that the authenticity of the vessel's logbook was not proven; (2) that there was no
substantial evidence proving the incompetence and inefficiency of petitioner; and (3) that petitioner was entitled to
backwages and damages.56

The CA Ruling

In a Decision57 dated October 28, 2015, the CA ruled in favor of the respondents, finding that the NLRC
committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing the January 17, 2013 and August 30, 2012
Resolutions.58 Accordingly, the CA set aside the labor tribunals' rulings, but nevertheless ordered the respondents to
pay petitioner the amount of PHP50,000.00 as nominal damages, which the CA deemed sufficient for violation of
petitioner's right to due process.59

The CA held that there was a valid basis for the respondents' dismissal of petitioner, giving credence to the entry
on page 41 of the vessel's logbook which recorded the formal verbal warning given by Captain Kuzins to petitioner.
According to the CA, the entry on page 41 is a sufficient proof of petitioner's incompetence or inefficiency because a
copy of an official entry on a vessel's logbook is legally binding and thus, it is a respectable record which can be
relied upon to authenticate the charges filed and the procedure taken against employees prior to their dismissal.60

Like the LA, however, the CA did not give credence to the two (2) NIRs submitted by the respondents to show
the other alleged violations of petitioner, declaring that the two (2) NIRs are not official records and should therefore
be authenticated in order to be admissible in evidence.61 The CA also found that the respondents did not comply
with the requirements of procedural due process, ruling that the latter failed to show that they actually furnished
petitioner with a written charge and that they conducted a formal investigation where they gave him the opportunity
to defend himself.62 As such, the CA ordered the award of nominal damages to petitioner in the abovementioned
amount.

Hence, this Petition.

The Issue Before the Court

The sole issue presented in the Petition is whether the CA erred in holding that the NLRC committed grave
abuse of discretion in finding that the petitioner was illegally dismissed by the respondents.

The Court's Ruling

The Petition has merit.

There was no grave abuse of discretion on

The Court has held that a Rule 45 petition assailing the ruling of the CA in a labor case, which was brought to
the latter via a Rule 65 petition, carries a distinct approach.63 This is not only because Rule 45 limits this Court's
review to questions of law, but more so because a review under Rule 45 requires the examination of the correctness
of the CA decision as opposed to the review of jurisdictional errors under Rule 65.64 The Court thus views the CA

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decision in the same context that the earlier petition for certiorari was presented to the CA, i.e., whether the latter
correctly determined the presence or absence of grave abuse of discretion in the findings of the NLRC:65 As
explained in Telephilippines, Inc. v. Jacolbe:66

[T]he review in this Rule 45 petition of the CA's ruling in a labor case via a Rule 65 petition carries a
distinct approach. In a Rule 45 review, the Court examines the correctness of the CA's decision in
contrast with the review of jurisdictional errors under Rule 65. Further, Rule 45 limits the review to
questions of law. In ruling for legal correctness, the Court views the CA decision in the same context
that the petition for certiorari was presented to the CA. Hence, the Court has to examine the CA
decision from the prism of whether the CA correctly determined the presence or absence of grave
abuse of discretion in the NLRC [d]ecision.67 (citations omitted)

"In labor cases, grave abuse of discretion may be ascribed to the NLRC when its findings and conclusions are
not supported by substantial evidence,"68 or such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate
to support a conclusion. Grave abuse of discretion, amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, has been defined as
the capricious and whimsical exercise of judgment, done in a despotic manner by reason of passion or personal
hostility, the character of which is so patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of positive duty or to a virtual
refusal to either perform a duty enjoined by law or to act at all in contemplation of law. Hence, if the ruling of the
NLRC has basis in evidence and the applicable law and jurisprudence, no grave abuse of discretion exists and the
CA should accordingly dismiss the petition.69

With the foregoing in mind, the Court holds that the NLRC, in affirming the LA, did not gravely abuse its
discretion. Its findings are supported by substantial evidence and are consistent with prevailing law and
jurisprudence as to the issues raised. Consequently, the CA erred in ascribing grave abuse of discretion on the part
of the NLRC when the latter ruled that petitioner was illegally dismissed. Thus, the Decision of the CA must be
reversed and set aside, and the NLRC's Resolutions affirming the Decision of the LA must be reinstated.

The respondents failed to prove that

It is axiomatic in any illegal dismissal case that the employer has the burden of proving that the dismissal of an
employee was for a just and authorized cause, and failure to show this would necessarily mean that the dismissal
was unjustified, and therefore illegal.70 To reiterate and stress once more, "the employer must affirmatively show
rationally adequate evidence that the dismissal was for a justifiable cause."71 In this case, the Court holds that the
respondents have failed to discharge this burden. There is no substantial evidence to support the claim that
petitioner was indeed incompetent or inefficient so as to justify his dismissal.

While the Court agrees with the respondents and the CA that the photocopy of the vessel's logbook is prima
facie evidence of the facts contained therein and is therefore admissible in evidence, the Court finds that the same
does not provide sufficient proof of the supposed incompetence or inefficiency of petitioner. That singular incident
as reported, without nothing more, does not warrant a finding that there was just cause for the termination
of petitioner's employment on the ground of incompetence or inefficiency.

A cursory appreciation of the logbook entry made on July 29, 2010 that was supposed to be the first of three (3)
incidents that justified petitioner's dismissal shows that it is but a formal, recorded warning, along with a very brief
summation as to why the formal warning was given. Notably, the record does not provide further details or specifics
of the incident, or how it affected the operations of the vessel. It is notable that the respondents did not even
submit in evidence the alleged derogatory report by the MARPOL inspectors, as recorded on page 41 of the
logbook. Juxtaposed with jurisprudence providing what comprises incompetence or inefficiency in illegal dismissal
cases, the Court finds that this incident, alone, and without further substantiation, does not constitute substantial
evidence to show that petitioner was inefficient and incompetent at his job.

The Court has stated in Eagle Clarc Shipping Philippines, Inc. v. NLRC (Eagle Clarc)72 that incompetence or
inefficiency, as a ground for dismissal, "contemplates the failure to attain work goals or work quotas, either by failing
to complete the same within the allotted reasonable period, or by producing unsatisfactory results."73

As appearing on the logbook,74 the record of the incident involving the MARPOL inspectors does not fully
explain why petitioner's "unauthori[z]ed overriding of his authority/duties" and the "non calling/non reporting x x x in
due time" contributed to a failure on the part of petitioner to attain his work goals or work quotas by not completing
the work within the allotted period. While the logbook entry did allude to an apparent unsatisfactory result by stating
that the "non calling/non reporting x x x in due time" has led to an "incorrect observation", it is similarly barren of any
detail how the incorrect observations due to petitioner's perceived incompetence or inefficiency adversely affected
the operations of the vessel or its safety, as well as the safety of the members of its crew. If petitioner was grossly
negligent at all in this regard, then this should have been pointed out in the logbook entry, or at the very least the
entry should have specifically indicated how he has failed to exercise, or lacked care, in the performance of his
duties. However, the only matter of record in this case is Captain Kuzins' claim of an incorrect observation made by

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the MARPOL inspectors, and the Court reiterates that the actual report of this incorrect observation was not
submitted in evidence by the respondents.

As it stands then, this single incident does not justify a finding of incompetence and inefficiency meriting
petitioner's dismissal from employment. The record of the incident, or any extraneous evidence related thereto,
should have specified the particular acts or omissions of petitioner which apparently displayed his alleged
incompetence. As the Court has held in Skippers United Pacific, Inc. v. Maguad,75 "[s]uch details are vital in
proving whether [an employee is] indeed incompetent to perform [his or her] assigned duties and
responsibilities."76 Since a logbook contains entries of the daily events in the vessel, it is unusual that the acts or
omissions of petitioner showing incompetence was not stated therein with particularity. To emphasize, an alleged
incompetence should be specifically stated therein, and absent a more detailed narration in the logbook entry of the
circumstances surrounding an alleged incompetence, the said logbook entry cannot constitute a valid justification for
a dismissal.

In a bid to further justify the alleged incompetence and inefficiency of petitioner, the respondents submitted that
there are two (2) other incidents which, though not recorded in the vessel's logbook, were recorded as NIRs using
the ship's onboard computer system.77 Printouts of the NIRs, denominated as Ship's ID Reports: SSHEA-N10010
and SSHEA-N10009,78 were thereafter submitted by the respondents as evidence, along with a signed statement of
Chief Officer Filipovs who supposedly confirmed and acknowledged therein that he was the one who signed the
reports.79

The printouts of these NIRs, however, were rejected by the CA and both labor tribunals a quo. According to the
LA, as affirmed by the NLRC, the NIRs were not signed by either the author thereof or petitioner, and therefore
could have easily been prepared by anyone.80 The CA, on the other hand, found that "[t]he NIRs are not considered
official records, hence require authentication to be admissible in evidence."81

The Court agrees. Unlike a copy of the logbook, the printouts of the NIRs are neither assumed nor presumed as
official records. The fact that it contains the official stamp of the ship does not make it an official document and does
not obligate Philippine courts or tribunals to accept the same as such, even if it bears the ship captain's approval,
absent the proper authentication required under prevailing rules. Although technical rules on evidence do not strictly
apply to labor proceedings, the proper identification and authentication of these documents are necessary, "lest an
injustice would result from a blind adoption of [their] contents."82 These NIRs — being unauthenticated documents
— are therefore rightly considered as self-serving, as is the signed statement of Chief Officer Filipovs purportedly
confirming and acknowledging these NIRs. Hence, the CA and the labor tribunals a quo correctly disregarded these
documents.

Anent petitioner's claim that the entry dated July 29, 2010 on page 41 of the vessel's logbook was merely
inserted and fabricated by the respondents, or that the copy itself of page 41 is not genuine or authentic, the Court
notes the finding of the CA that petitioner has not presented any proof to substantiate these contentions.83 The Court
finds nothing on record that petitioner has substantiated: (1) that the handwriting or signature thereon was not
Captain Kuzins', similar to the findings in Centennial Transmarine, Inc. v. Dela Cruz;84 (2) that the blank space or
time gap between the entries on the copy of page 41 was a sign of fabrication; or (3) that he had actually made
entries on the deck logbook every day but has not seen the questionable entry on page 41 as he so asserts. Be that
as it may, whether the entry on page 41 was indeed inserted, or that the photocopy of page 41 of the logbook as
submitted on record is not genuine or authentic, is no longer of any moment because the Court has found that
petitioner was illegally dismissed, even on the assumption that the logbook entry was not inserted and that the copy
of the logbook was genuine. Thus, if petitioner's claims of fabrication of entries on, or copies of, the logbook had
been proven true, then there was no actual basis for his dismissal to begin with, and the Court would have arrived at
the same conclusion, i.e., that petitioner was illegally dismissed.

The petitioner was not accorded due

The CA and the labor tribunals a quo are all in agreement that petitioner was not accorded due process. The CA
found that the respondents failed to show that they furnished petitioner with a written notice, and that they had
conducted a formal investigation of the charges where they gave him the opportunity to defend himself.85

The Court again agrees. Records show that the respondents did not offer any proof that petitioner was furnished
with a written notice of the charges against him, or that there was a formal investigation, or that he was furnished a
written notice of the penalty imposed upon him. It thus appears that petitioner was merely told his employment is
terminated, and ordered to disembark the vessel and repatriated without knowing of the actual reasons for his relief.
On this score, petitioner is correct that the respondents violated Section 17 of the Standard Employment Contract,
which mandates that all incidents leading to a disciplinary charge should be recorded in the vessel's logbook, to wit:

SECTION 17. DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURES

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The Master shall comply with the following disciplinary procedures against an erring seafarer:

A. The Master shall furnish the seafarer with a written notice containing the following:

1. Grounds for the charges as listed in Section 33 of this Contract or analogous act
constituting the same.

2. Date, time and place for a formal investigation of the charges against the seafarer
concerned.

B. The Master or his authorized representative shall conduct the investigation or hearing, giving the
seafarer the opportunity to explain or defend himself against the charges. These procedures must
be duly documented and entered into the ship's logbook.

C. If after investigation or hearing, the Master is convinced that imposition of a penalty is justified, the
Master shall issue a written notice of penalty and the reasons for it to the seafarer, with copies
furnished to the Philippine agent.

D. Dismissal for just cause may be effected by the Master without furnishing the seafarer with a notice
of dismissal if there is a clear and existing danger to the safety of the crew or the vessel. The
Master shall send a complete report to the manning agency substantiated by witnesses,
testimonies and any other documents in support thereof. (emphasis and underscoring supplied)

There was no showing that the respondents complied with the foregoing procedures. It is immaterial that the
respondents presented in evidence an alleged notice of dismissal,86 it being clear under Section 17 above that this
notice should also have been noted and recorded in the vessel's logbook but was not. Besides, a mere statement in
the alleged notice of dismissal that an investigation has been conducted during which petitioner was given the
opportunity to explain is not proof that it was actually conducted or that the opportunity was actually given.
Moreover, an enumeration of the alleged offenses committed by petitioner without specification, even if briefly, as to
how these offenses were perpetrated leading to an eventual dismissal does not inspire confidence that indeed, an
investigation was actually conducted, and that petitioner was heard before he was dismissed. The Court takes note
that the said notice of dismissal as reproduced in the Comment87 — where no actual notice of dismissal was truly
served on petitioner — is easy to produce and, using the words of petitioner, easy to fabricate.

Further, the Court finds nothing on record to suggest that the rightful basis for petitioner's dismissal and the lack
of an actual notice thereof were because his acts or omissions resulted in a clear and existing danger to the safety
of the crew or the vessel, as provided under Section 17 (D) above. If indeed the situation caused by petitioner on
July 27, 2010 presented a clear and existing danger to the safety of the crew or vessel, then a complete report of
the same, as substantiated by witnesses, testimonies, and other documents, should have been sent by Captain
Kuzins or any of the other officers of Stolt Shearwater to the manning agency pursuant to Section 17 (D). No such
report was submitted in evidence by the respondents in this case.

The propriety of monetary awards granted

Since petitioner was illegally dismissed, he is therefore entitled to be paid his salaries for the unexpired portion
of his employment contract.88 This also includes the monthly vacation leave pay and other bonuses,89 which are
expressly provided and guaranteed in his employment contract90 as part of his monthly salary and benefit package.

In the case at bar, petitioner was employed by Stolt-Nielsen as Second Officer under a nine (9)-month contract,
with a basic salary of USD1,469.16, fixed monthly overtime pay of USD913.42, vacation leave pay of USD538.69,
and bonus of USD 550.00.91

The LA, as affirmed by the NLRC, is therefore correct in ruling that petitioner is entitled to receive from the
respondents the amount of USD19,060.64 representing his salaries for the unexpired portion of his employment
contract, or the sum of USD1,469.16 and USD913.42, multiplied by eight (8) months. In all, petitioner is entitled to
the payment of USD20,149.33, representing the sum of USD19,060.64, USD538.69, and USD550.00.92

The Court also finds that the LA correctly granted moral and exemplary damages as affirmed by the
NLRC.93 The award of moral damages is proper if the dismissal was tainted with bad faith or fraud, or where it
constituted an act oppressive to labor and done in a manner contrary to morals, good customs, or public
policy.94 Exemplary damages, meanwhile, may be recovered if the dismissal was done in a wanton, oppressive, or
malevolent manner.95 In this case, the Court finds no factual, legal, or equitable reason to overturn the LA Decision,
as affirmed by the NLRC, granting PHP100,000.00 each as moral and exemplary damages, in view of the manner
by which petitioner was dismissed, the lack of proof that he was duly notified of the charges and the conduct of the
disciplinary hearing and investigation against him, and by way of example or correction for the public good.

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On this point, the Court observes that in a catena of cases; moral and exemplary damages have been awarded
to illegally dismissed employees once it has been shown, or the courts have found, that their dismissal or the acts of
the employer relative to the dismissal are tainted with bad faith or fraud or where it constituted an act oppressive to
labor, and done in a manner contrary to morals, good customs, or public policy or effected in a wanton, oppressive,
or malevolent manner. Cases of recent vintage have consistently adopted these benchmarks, such as in Eagle
Clarc, where the Court affirmed the ruling of the CA granting the award of moral and exemplary damages in the
amount of PHP10,000.00 each.96 The Court found no reason in Eagle Clarc to overturn the NLRC and CA rulings
which awarded moral and exemplary damages in favor of the respondent-employee in view of the ship master's
manner of dismissing him, who was forced to disembark the vessel when he refused to sign a certain document, the
contents of which he did not know, and the lack of proof that the respondent-employee was duly notified of the
charges and disciplinary hearing or investigation against him.97 In Montinola v. Philippines Airlines,98 on the other
hand, the Court reinstated the award of moral and exemplary damages in the amount of PHP100,000.00 each. It
found that the petitioner-employee was prevented from asking for clarification of the charges against her, and that
she was penalized for no reason; it not being clearly shown that the employee was involved in pilfering the items
listed by the airline.99 The Court also affirmed the award of moral and exemplary damages in Park Hotel v.
Soriano100 (Park Hotel), where each of the three illegally dismissed employees were awarded PHP100,000.00 as
moral and exemplary damages.101 In Park Hotel, the Court found that not only were the employees unceremoniously
dismissed from work by reason of their intent to form and organize a union, but also that the notices of their
dismissal were fabricated as these were a mere afterthought to conceal the illegal dismissal. In Sarona v.
NLRC102 (Sarona), the Court awarded the illegally dismissed employee PHP25,000.00 each as moral and
exemplary damages, finding that the manner by which the employee was made to resign from one company and
how he became an employee of a supposed second company suggested the perverted use of the legal fiction of the
separate corporate personality. The Court also found in Sarona that the company's managers took advantage of
their ascendancy over the employee and the latter's lack of knowledge of his rights and the consequences of his
actions.103

In contrast, the Court, in Meco Manning & Crewing Services, Inc. v. Cuyos104 (Meco Manning) did not award
moral and exemplary damages. Keeping in mind its pronouncement as to when moral and exemplary damages are
appropriate and may be awarded in illegal dismissal cases, the Court in Meco Manning found that the employee
failed to prove by substantial evidence that his relief was attended by clear, oppressive, or humiliating acts on the
part of his employer. This ruling in Meco Manning that moral and exemplary damages cannot be awarded if there is
a lack of substantial proof necessitating its award is similar to the holding in a much older case, Garcia v. NLRC.105

From these cases, it appears that moral and exemplary damages should be automatically awarded in illegal
dismissal cases where it is shown, proved, or found that the dismissal or the acts of the employer relative to the
dismissal was tainted with bad faith or fraud, constituted an act oppressive to labor, or done in a manner contrary to
morals, good customs, or public policy, and effected in a wanton, oppressive, or malevolent manner. The Court has,
however, always determined the amount of the award according to the circumstances of each case pursuant to
Article 2216106 of the Civil Code. In view of the foregoing, the Court deems it proper to award moral and exemplary
damages amounting to PHP100,000.00 each in petitioner's favor, as held by the labor tribunals.

As for the attorney's fees, the same was likewise proper because petitioner was forced to litigate and incur
expenses to protect his rights and interests. Thus, petitioner is therefore entitled to attorney's fees equivalent to ten
percent (10%) of the total award,107 to be computed on the basis of the exchange rate prevailing at the time the
actual payment is made.

Finally, legal interest on all the foregoing monetary awards is hereby imposed, at the rate of six percent (6%) per
annum from finality of this ruling until full payment.108 The Court notes in this regard its well-established dictum that
the prevailing legal interest prescribed by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas applies not only to loans or forbearance of
money, goods, or credit, but also to judgments.109

ACCORDINGLY, the foregoing considered, the Petition for Review on Certiorari filed by petitioner Ruben M.
Buenaflor (petitioner) is hereby GRANTED. The Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 129462 dated
October 28, 2015 is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Resolutions of the National Labor Relations Commission in
NLRC LAC No. 07-000589-11-OFW dated August 30, 2012 and January 17, 2013, which affirmed the Decision of
the Labor Arbiter dated May 10, 2011, are AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION.

Accordingly, petitioner is hereby declared to have been illegally dismissed from employment by the respondents
Stolt-Nielsen Philippines, Inc. and Stolt-Nielsen ITS GMBH (respondents). As such, the respondents are
hereby ORDERED to PAY, jointly and severally, petitioner the following: (a) USD20,149.33, representing the sum of
his salaries for the unexpired portion of his employment contract, vacation leave pay, and bonus;
(b) PHP100,000.00 in moral damages; (c) PHP100,000.00 in exemplary damages; and (d) attorney's fees
equivalent to ten percent (10%) of the total monetary awards. The amount denominated in US Dollars shall be paid
in its equivalent in Philippine currency at the exchange rate prevailing at the time of payment. The monetary awards
granted shall further earn legal interest at the rate of six percent (6%) per annum reckoned from the date of the
finality of this Decision until its full payment.
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SO ORDERED.

Leonen, SAJ. (Division Chairperson), Lazaro-Javier, M. Lopez, and J. Lopez, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1
Rollo, pp. 2-26 (disarranged pagination from pages 6-12).
2
Id. at 30-43. Penned by Associate Justice Nina G. Antonio-Valenzuela and concurred in by Associate
Justices Fernanda Lampas Peralta and Jane Aurora C. Lantion.
3
Id. at 71-76. Penned by Presiding Commissioner Jospeh Gerard E. Mabilog and concurred in by
Commissioner Isabel G. Panganiban-Ortiguerra.
4
Id. at 78-83.
5
Id. at 46-69. Penned by Labor Arbiter Fe S. Cellan.
6
Together with Zosimo B. Olalia (Olalia), who was not named or identified in the instant Petition and
Comment as a respondent (see id. at 2-3 and 277). Olalia, however, is on record as a party to the case filed
before the CA, the NLRC, and the LA (see id. at 30, 46, 71, 78, 84, 116, 139, 168, 188, and 197).
7
See id. at 4-5 and 278. See also petitioner's Contract of Employment (id. at 135).
8
The incident was only recorded in the Official Log (logbook) on July 29, 2010 (id. at 231).
9
International Convention for the Prevention of Maritime Pollution for Ships (November 2, 1973).
10
See rollo, pp. 5, 32, 49, 278-279, and 304-305.
11
Also Identified in the records as "A. Kuzins", "Kuzins", "Captain Kuzins", or "Master Kuzins", without
reference to any first name.
12
See rollo, pp. 5, 48-49, and 304-305.
13
See id. at 5 and 48-49.
14
See id. at 5-6 and 49.
15
See id. at 6 and 49.
16
The case was docketed as NLRC Case No. NCR-09-13072-10 OFW (M) (see id. at 6, 31, 46, 116, and
283).
17
See Department of Labor and Employment DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 4, Series of 2000 (May 31, 2000)
and Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR No. 09, Series of
2000, entitled "AMENDED STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF
FILIPINO SEAFARERS ON BOARD OCEAN-GOING VESSELS" issued on June 14, 2000. The latter has
been amended by POEA MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 10, series 2010 issued on October 26, 2010.
18
See rollo, pp. 31, 39, and 46.
19
See id. at 32 and 51.
20
Id. at 231. The logbook entry was replicated substantially in the records with minor corrections (see id. at
13-14, 40-41, 51-52, and 279).
21
Mentioned as "Ship's Report of the Near Miss Incident" in the rollo.
22
See rollo, pp. 32-33 and 52-56.
23
See id. at 33, 54-55, and 57.
24
See id. at 33, 55, and 66.
25
Id. at 46-69. Penned by Labor Arbiter Fe S. Cellan.
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26
Id. at 68.
27
See id. at 63-64.
28
Computed by the LA by adding petitioner's basic monthly salary of USD1,469.16 to his fixed overtime pay
of USD913.42, and then, multiplying the sum of USD2,382.58 by the remaining period of eight (8) months
(see id. at 67 and 135).
29
See id. at 135.
30
No exact computation was provided by the LA for the basis of the attorney's fees (see id. at 68-69).
31
See id. at 64.
32
See id. at 59 and 65.
33
See id. at 65-66.
34
See id. at 66.
35
See id.
36
Identified in the records as only "2nd Eng. B. Solodov," without reference to any first name.
37
Rollo, p. 231.
38
See id. at 66-67.
39
Not attached to the rollo.
40
See rollo, pp. 11-12, 34, 71, and 284.
41
Id. at 71-76.
42
Id. at 75.
43
See id. at 74.
44
See id. at 75.
45
Identified in the records only as "D. Filipov", "D. Filipovs", or "Filipovs", without reference to any first name.
46
Rollo, p. 232.

The Court notes here that despite signing off on May 11, 2010 per the copy of page 40 of the
vessel's logbook, and having no record of actually signing on prior to the July 27, 2010
incident, Chief Officer Filipovs did sign off at a later date, or on October 12, 2010, per the
copy of page 42 of the logbook (see id. at 233). It is hence reasonable to assume that Chief
Officer Filipovs was present during the incident, for as pointed out by the respondents, he
could not have signed off for the second time, without signing on at an earlier date (see id. at
95). This is all the truer, considering that under the policy guidelines issued by the United
Kingdom's Maritime & Coastguard Agency — it being claimed that the vessel Stolt
Shearwater is registered in the British overseas territory of the Cayman Islands (see id. at
287)—"[i]t is not necessary to make an entry in the official [logbook] when a crew member
signs-on" in contrast to the requirement for each crew member signing off to make an entry in
the official [logbook] on each occasion (see Clause 3.2.4, A Master's Guide to the UK Flag
(February 2015) (last visited June 3, 2022).
47
See id. at 75.
48
Id. at 234-235.
49
See id. at 74-75.
50
Id. at 78-83.
51
Section 20, Rule 132 (B) of the 1989 REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE (July 1, 1989) provides:

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Section 20. Proof of private document.—Before any private document offered as authentic is
received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved either:

(1) By anyone who saw the document executed or written; or

(2) By evidence of the genuineness of the signature or handwriting of the maker.

Any other private document need only be identified as that which it is claimed to be.
52
See rollo, p. 81.
53
See id.
54
See id. at 82.
55
Not attached to the rollo.
56
See rollo, pp. 35 and 285-286.
57
Id. at 30-43.
58
Id. at 39.
59
See id. at 42.
60
See id. at 41.
61
See id.
62
See id. at 42.
63
See Telephilippines, Inc. v. Jacolbe, G.R. No. 233999, February 18, 2019.
64
See id.
65
See id.
66
Id.
67
See id.
68
Id.
69
See id.
70
See Eagle Clarc Shipping Philippines, Inc. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 245370, July 13, 2020; Transglobal Maritime
Agency, Inc. v. Chua, Jr., 817 Phil. 569, 579 (2017); Evic Human Resource Management, Inc. v. Panahon,
814 Phil. 1040, 1048 (2017); De La Cruz v. Maersk Filipinas Crewing, Inc., 574 Phil. 441, 451 (2008);
and Skippers United Pacific, Inc. v. Maguad, 530 Phil. 367, 387 (2006).
71
Dizon v. NLRC, 259 Phil. 523, 529 (1989).
72
Eagle Clarc, id.
73
See id. See also Telephilippines v. Jacolbe, supra note 63 and Evic Human Resource Management; Inc. v.
Panahon, supra.
74
Rollo, p.231
75
Supra.
76
Id. at 389, emphasis and underscoring supplied.
77
See rollo, pp. 279-281 and 296.
78
Not attached to the rollo.
79
See rollo, p. 296.

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80
See id. at 66.
81
Id. at 41.
82
Centennial Transmarine, Inc. v. Dela Cruz, 585 Phil. 206, 220 (2008).
83
See rollo, p. 41.
84
In Centennial Transmarine v. Dela Cruz, respondent seafarer submitted three (3) official documents bearing
the signature of the captain, which signature was different from the one appearing on record (see supra at
217).
85
See rollo, p. 42.
86
See rollo, p. 282.
87
Id.
88
See Eagle Clarc, supra note 70; and Meco Manning & Crewing Services, Inc. v. Cuyos, G.R. No. 222939,
July 3, 2019.
89
See Eagle Clarc Shipping, id.; and Meco Manning & Crewing Services, Inc. v. Cuyos, id.
90
Rollo, p. 135.
91
Id.
92
Id. at 68.
93
Id. at 69.
94
See Eagle Clarc, supra note 70; Montinola v. Philippine Airlines, 742 Phil. 487 (2014); Park Hotel v.
Soriano, 694 Phil. 471 (2012); Sarona v. NLRC, 679 Phil. 394 (2012); Norkis Trading Co., Inc. v. NLRC, 504
Phil. 709 (2005); and Permex, Inc. v. NLRC, 380 Phil. 79 (2000). Cf: Meco Manning & Crewing Services, Inc.
v. Cuyos, supra; and Garcia v. NLRC, 304 Phil. 798 (1994).
95
See Eagle Clarc, id.; Montinola v. Philippine Airlines, id.; Park Hotel v. Soriano, id.; Sarona v.
NLRC, id.; Norkis Trading Co., Inc. v. NLRC, id.; and Permex, Inc. v. NLRC, id. Cf: Meco Manning & Crewing
Services, Inc. v. Cuyos, id.; and Garcia v. NLRC, id.
96
See Eagle Clarc, id.
97
See Eagle Clarc, id.
98
Montinola v. Philippine Airlines, supra.
99
See id. at 504-511.
100
Park Hotel v. Soriano, supra.
101
Per footnote number 45 of the Park Hotel Decision, the PHP100,000.00 is broken down into
PHP50,000.00 as moral damages, and PHP 50,000.00 as exemplary damages (id. at 487).
102
Sarona v. NLRC, supra.
103
See id. at 418-419.
104
Meco Manning, supra note 88.
105
Garcia v. NLRC, supra.
106
Article 2216. No proof of pecuniary loss is necessary in order that moral, nominal, temperate, liquidated or
exemplary damages, may be adjudicated. The assessment of such damages, except liquidated ones, is left to
the discretion of the court, according to the circumstances of each case.
107
Montinola v. Philippine Airlines, supra note 95.
108
See Lara's Gifts & Decors v. Midtown Industrial Sales, Inc., G.R. No. 225433, August 28, 2019.
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109
See id.

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