FIITJEE

ANIMAL KINGDOM
Levels of organisation:
• Cellular level - Porphyra
• Tissue level - Coelenterate
• Organ level – Platyheminthes onwards
• Organ system level – Aschelminthes onwards
Circulatory System:
Open type:
• Blood pumped out through heart.
• Body cavity is filled with blood (haemocoel).
• Cells, tissues and organs are directly bathed in it.
• Blood does not flow in the blood vessels. Of
• It is the primitive type of blood vascular system.
• Seen in Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Hemichordata.
Closed type: Blood is circulated through vessels.
Symmetry:
• Asymmetrical: Cannot be divided into equal halves through median plane. e.g.,
Sponges.
• Radial symmetry: Any plane passing through central axis can divide organism
into equal halves. e.g., Hydra.
• Bilateral symmetry: Only one plane can divide the organism into equal halves.
e.g., Annelids and Arthropods.
CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF GERMINAL LAYERS:
• Diploblastic: Cells arranged in two embryonic layers i.e. external ectoderm and
internal endoderm. (Mesoglea may be present in between ectoderm and
endoderm) e.g., Ctenophora and Coelenterates. (Cnidarians)
• Triploblastic: Three layers present in developing embryo i.e., ectoderm,
endoderm and mesoderm. e.g., Chordates.
• Coelom(Body cavity which is lined by mesoderm)
• Coelomates: Have true coelom(Schizocoel) e.g., Annelids to Chordates.
• Pseudocoelomates: No true coelom as mesoderm is present in scattered pouches
between ectoderm and endoderm. e.g., Aschelminthes.
• Acoelomates: Body cavity is absent. E.g. Platyhelminthes.
• Metamerism: If body is externally and internally divided into segments with serial
repetition of at least some organs then phenomenon is called metamerism. e.g.,
Earthworm.

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 • Notochord: Rod-like structure of mesodermal origin, formed during embryonic
development on the dorsal side. e.g., Chordates.

PHYLUM PORIFERA:
• Also called sponges.
• Are usually marine and asymmetrical.
• Have cellular level of organization.
• Food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of wastes occur through
water canal system.
• Digestion intracellular.

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• Ostia (minute pores on body), spongocoel (body cavity) and osculum help in water
transport. They are lined by choanocytes (collar cells).

• Body wall has spicules and spongin fibers.

• Animals are hermaphrodite.
• Fertilization internal.
• Development is indirect, with larval stage which metamorphoses to adult.
e.g.,Sycon (Schypha), Euspongia (bath sponge), Spongilla (fresh water sponge)

PHYLUM COELENTERATA:
• Also called Cnidarians.
• Are usually marine and radially symmetrical.
• Fresh water coelenterate is Hydra. It has the capacity of regeneration.
• Sessile or free-swimming. Corals live in groups.
• Have tissue level of organisation, diploblastic.
• Presence of cnidoblast/cnidocyte/nematocyte, for anchorage, defense and
capture of prey.
• Central body cavity called gastro-vascular cavity or coelenterone.
• Digestion extracellular and intracellular.
• Blind sac type body plan, with one opening called hypostome.
• Body wall composed of calcium carbonate.
• Exhibit two body forms: polyp and medusa e.g., Hydra, Aurelia.

• Alternation of generation between body forms called Metagenesis occurs in

Obelia where Medusa sexually reproduced and polyp asexually reproduced.
•e.g., Adamsia (Sea anemone), Gorgonia (Sea fan), Meandrina (Brain coral),
Physalia (portugese man of war), Pennatula (Sea pen).

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 CNIDOBLAST SESSILE HYDRA

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA:
• Also called as sea walnuts or comb jellies.
• Are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical.
• Have tissue level organisation, are diploblastic.
• Digestion both extra and intracellular.
• Body has eight external rows of ciliated comb plates for locomotion.
• Show Bioluminescence (living organism emit light).

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 • Sexes are not separate i.e. hermaphrodite.
• Reproduce only by sexual methods.

• External fertilization.
• Indirect development.
e.g., Ctenoplana, Pleurobrachia

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:
• Also called as ‘flat worms’.
• Have dorsoventrally flattened body.
• Mostly endoparasites in animals including human.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic, Acoelomate, Organ level
orgnisation.
• Absorb nutrients through body surface.
• Head of Taenia is called scolex. Scolex has hooks and suckers.
• Gravid proglottids are filled with eggs which are shed and thrown out along
the faecal matter.
• ‘Flame cells’ help in osmoregulation and excretion.
• Fertilisation internal. Many larval stages.
• Planaria has high regeneration capacity.

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e.g.,Taenia solium (tapeworm), Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), Planaria

Scolex

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PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES:
• Also called ‘round worms’.
• May be free living, parasitic, aquatic or
terrestrial.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
Pseudocoelomates.
• Alimentary canal is complete (has muscular
pharynx), wastes removed through excretory
pore.
• Organ system level of organization.
• Sexes separate i.e. dioecious.
• Shows sexual dimorphism.
• Females longer than males.
• The tip of the male body is curved and has two
pineal setae.
• Fertilisation internal.
• Development direct or indirect.
E.g., Ascaris (Round worm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancyclostoma (Pin worm).

PHYLUM ANNELIDA:
• Are aquatic or terrestrial, free-living or parasitic.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
• Organ-system level of organization.
• Metamerically segmented body.
• Have longitudinal and circular muscles in body wall for locomotion.
• Aquatic annelid like Nereis has oar shaped parapodia for movement.
• Have nephridia for osmoregulation and excretion.
• Nervous system consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a
double ventral nerve cord.
• Circulatory system is closed type.
• Earthworm (Pheretima) and Leech (Hirudinaria) which are hermaphrodites
(i.e., monoecious).
• Nereis an aquatic form is dioecious.
• Fertilization is external
• Development is direct or indirect.
• Development is direct in earthworm.

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:
• Largest phylum of Animalia includes insects.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and organ system level of
organisation, coelomate and segmented body.
• Body divisible into head, thorax, abdomen.
• Body covered by a chitinous exoskeleton.
• They have jointed appendages.
• Respiration by gills, book gills, lungs or tracheal system.
• Circulation is open type.
• Excretion through malpighian tubules.
• Sensory organs: Antennae, eyes; Organs of balance: Statocysts.
• Mostly dioecious.
• Fertilisation internal.
• Are mostly oviparous.
• Development is indirect or direct.
Economically important insects
• Apis,(Honey bee)

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 • Bombyx (Silk worm)

Vectors
• Female Anopheles - Carrier of Plasmodium which causes Malaria
• Female Culex -Carrier of Wuchereria bancrofti which causes
Filariasis/Elephantiasis
• Aedes The virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus causes
Chikungunya and dengue.
• Gregarious pest- Locusta, (Locust)
• Living fossil-Limulus (King Crab).

King Crab Limulus

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA:
• Second largest phylum of Animalia.
• Terrestrial or aquatic.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and organ system level of
organization, coelomate.
• Body divisible into head, muscular foot and visceral hump and is covered by
a soft and spongy layer of skin called mantle.
• Unsegmented body.
• Body is covered by calcareous shell. The shell is secreted by mantle.

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 • Respiration and excretion by feather like gills (ctenedium) in mantle cavity.
• Head has sensory tentacles. Two sets of tentacles are present. The upper
tentacles generally bear eyes.
• Open circulatory system is present.
• Octopus has closed circulatory system.
• The same pigment that gives the octopus blood its blue color, hemocyanin, is
responsible for keeping the species alive at extreme temperatures.
• Radula-file like rasping organ for feeding. It is found mainly in Pila species.
• Usually dioecious, External fertilization, Larval forms are Trochophore and
Veliger larvae, have indirect development.
e.g., Aplysia (Sea-hare) Chaetoplura (Chiton) Dentalium (Tusk shell), Loligo
(Squid) Octopus ( Devil fish), Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl Oyester), Sepia
(Cuttle fish),

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:
• Are spiny bodied organisms.
• Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles.
• Are exclusively marine.
• Radially symmetrical in adult but bilaterally symmetrical in larval stage.
• Organ system level of organization.
• Triploblastic and eucoelomate.
• Digestive system complete. Mouth ventral, Anus on dorsal side.
• Food gathering, respiration, locomotion carried out by water vascular system.
• Excretory system is absent.
• Dioecious i.e. sexes are separate.
• Fertilisation external. Development indirect (free swimming larva)

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 e.g., Asterias (Star fish), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber),
Echinus (Seaurchin). Ophiura (Brittle star)

Water vascular system

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA:
• Have small worm-like marine animals.
• Was earlier placed as sub-phylum of Phylum Chordata.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate.
• Body cylindrical, has proboscis, collar and trunk.
• Circulation is open type.
• Respiration by gills
• Excretion by proboscis gland.

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 • Sexes separate, external fertilization, indirect development.

e.g.,Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus

PHYLUM CHORDATA:
• Presence of Notochord (between gut and nerve cord)
• Have dorsal hollow nerve chord.
• Have paired pharyngeal gill slits.
• Heart is ventral.
• Post anal tail present.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate with organ system level of
organisation.
• Circulation is closed type.
SUB-PHYLA UROCHORDATA:
• Notochord present only in tail of larval stage. e.g., Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolium.
SUB-PHYLA CEPHALOCHORDATA:
• Notochord extends from head to tail. e.g. Amphioxus.
SUB-PHYLA VERTEBRATA:
• Have notochord only during embryonic period.
• Notochord gets replaced by bony or cartilaginous vertebral column.
• Have ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambered.

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 • Paired appendages which may be fins or limbs.
• Kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation.
Division Agnatha (lack jaws) -
Class: Cyclostomata:
• Have sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
• Live as ectoparasites on some fishes (Copepods).
• Devoid of scales, no paired fins.
• Cranium and vertebral column is cartilaginous.
• Marine habit but migrates to fresh water for spawning and die after spawning.
• Release of eggs and sperms is called spawning.
• Larva returns to ocean after metamorphosis. e.g.,Petromyzon (.Lamprey), Myxine
(Hag fish)
Division Gnathostomata (Bear Jaws) -
SUPER-CLASS: PISCES -
Class 1: Chondrichthyes:
• Have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
• Mouth ventrally located.
• Notochord persists throughout life.
• Gill slits are separate and without operculum.
• Skin has placoid scales.
• Jaw contains teeth, which are modified placoid scales.

• Mostly predaceous.
• Swim bladder absent.
• Heart is two chambered. (one auricle and one ventricle)
• Some of them contain electric organs ( e.g. Torpedo)

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 • Some possesses poison sting. ( e.g. Trygon)
• Poikilotherm or cold blooded.
• Dioecious.
• Sexually dimorphic, male’s pelvic fin bears claspers.
• A heterocercal tail is a caudal fin composed of two asymmetrical lobes. Often,
such as the case in many sharks, the vertebral column passes through the upper lobe,
making it the larger of the two lobes. A heterocercal tail is contrasted with a
homocercal tail which has equal lobes.
• Fertilization internal.
• Many of them viviparous.
e.g., Carcharodon (Great white shark), Pristis ( Saw fish), Scoliodon(Dog fish). Torpedo
(Has electric organs), Trygon (Sting Ray & Has a poison sting )

Trygon Scoliodon

Class 2: Osteichthyes:
• Includes both marine and fresh water fishes.
• Bony endoskeleton.
• Mouth is usually terminal.
• Four pairs of gill slits covered by operculum.

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• Skin has cycloid/ctenoid scales. Cycloid scales circular and smooth textured found
in carps. Ctenoid scales are cycloid scales with teeth like protrusions. Air bladder is
present for buoyancy.

• Heart is two chambered.

• Cold blooded animals.
• Dioecious. Brood pouch is present in male Hippocampus (Sea horse)
• Sexually monomorphic.
• Fertilization external.
• Mostly oviparous
• Development is indirect.

Bony fish

e.g., Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur), Exocoetus (Flying fish) Hippocampus (Sea horse)
Labeo (Rohu), Aquarium fishes Betta.(Fighting fish) Pterophyllum (Angel fish)

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 Male Sea horse

SUPER CLASS: TETRAPODA -

Class-1: Amphibia
• Can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats.
• Most of them have two pairs of limbs.
• Body divisible into head and trunk.
• Skin moist, without scales.
• Tympanum represents ear.
• Cloaca is the common chamber where alimentary, urinary and
reproductive tracts open.
• Respiration by gills, lungs or skin. In larva by gills, during hibernation by skin
and on land by lungs.
• Heart is 3-chambered.( two auricles and one ventricle)
• Cold blooded animals.

Salamader

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 Vocal sacs

• Sexes separate.
• Fertilisation is external and requires water.
• Oviparous. Indirect development. Retrogressive metamorphosis is seen in
the life cycle.
•e.g., Bufo (Toad), Rana tigrina (Frog), Hyla (Tree Frog) Icthyophis (Limbless
amphibia), Salamadra (Salamander).

Eye with nictating membrane

Copulatory/Nuptial pad

Class - 2: Reptilia
• Creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.
• Body has dry and cornified skin and epidermal scales or scutes.

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 • Tympanum represents ear.
• Limbs when present are two pairs.
• Mostly three chambered heart but 4-chambered in crocodiles.
• Crocodiles are poikilothermous.
• Snakes and lizards shed scales as skin cast.
• Poikilotherm.
• Sexes are separate.
• Fertilization internal.
• Oviparous. Direct development.
e.g., Alligator (Alligator), Bangarus (Krait), Calotes (Garden lizard),
Chameleon (Tree Lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard),
Naja (Cobra), Vipera (Viper), Testudo (Tortoise).

Reptiles

Class - 3: Aves
• Presence of feathers and most can fly except flightless bird like ostrich.
• Jaw modified to beak without teeth.
• Forelimbs are modified into wings.
• Hind limbs have scales.
• No glands on skin except oil gland called preen gland at base of tail.

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 • Endoskeleton bony with air cavities (pneumatic) and hollow bones to assist
in flight.
• Digestive tract has additional chambers like crop (Storage of food) and gizzard
(for grinding).
• Heart is four chambered.
• Homoiothermous or warm blooded, able to maintain constant temperature.
• Air sacs are connected to lungs to supplement respiration.
• Urinary bladder is absent in birds.
• Oviparous (Calcareous). Direct development.
• National bird of India is Pavo cristatus

Preen Gland of Bird

Scales on Hind Limbs

• e.g., Aptenodytes(Penguin), Columba(pigeon), Corvus(crow), Pavo (Peacock),

Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio(Ostrich).
Class- 4: Mammalia
• Have mammary glands to nourish young ones by secreting milk.
• Have two pairs of limbs. Limbs are meant for walking, running (Cursorial
adaptation), burrowing (fossorial adaption), climbing, swimming flying etc.

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• Skin has hair.
• External ears or pinna present.
• Different types of teeth (heterodont) in jaw.
• Heart is four chambered.
• Homoiothermous.
• Respiration by lungs.
• Sexes separate, fertilization internal.
• Viviparous. Oviparous in Echidna and Ornithorhyncus (Duck billed
Platypus). Direct development.
• Bats are the only mammals which have sustained flight. Forelimbs are
modified into wings.
• The national aquatic animal is Delphinus (River Dolphin).
• The largest animal on the planet earth is Balaenoptera (Blue whale).
• Marsupial animal is Macropus (Kangroo).

e.g., Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse).

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 Echidna

Fossorial adaptation Cursorial adaptation

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