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Solving Algebraic Equations Guide

The document is a comprehensive guide on algebra concepts for Edexcel IGCSE Maths A, covering topics such as algebraic notation, vocabulary, substitution, and collecting like terms. It includes definitions, laws of indices, and worked examples to illustrate the application of these concepts. The content is structured into sections with a table of contents for easy navigation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

37 views104 pages

Solving Algebraic Equations Guide

Uploaded by

Ahmad Sayed

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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1.Algebra Toolkit 2
2.Algebraic Roots & Indices 14
3.Expanding Brackets 21
4.Factorising 31
5.Completing the Square 56
6.Algebraic Fractions 63
7.Solving Linear Equations 75
8.Solving Quadratic Equations 87

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Algebra Toolkit
Contents
Algebraic Notation
Algebraic Vocabulary
Substitution
Collecting Like Terms

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Algebraic Notation
Your notes
Algebraic Notation
What is algebra?
Algebra is a topic in mathematics that uses letters to represent general (or unknown) numbers
x and y are two unknown numbers
More information is needed to find their values
Letters are also called variables

How do I write calculations in algebra?

Writing mathematical ideas in letters is called using algebraic notation
You can use + and – to mean add and subtract
a+b
c+d–e
However no symbol is used for multiplication
ab (means a × b)
3ab (means 3 × a × b)
Fractions are used for division

a
(means a ÷ b)
b
You can combine the ideas above

c
ab + (means a×b + c÷3)
3
The order of operations for numbers still works
work out a×b and c÷d before adding them together
Powers (indices) and roots are the same as with numbers

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a2 means a × a
4a2 means 4 × a2
Your notes
With the order of operations, a2 happens before multiplying by 4

a means the square root of a

Brackets work in the same way as they do with numbers

3( a + b ) means 3 × ( a + b )
Add the a and b first, then multiply the result by 3

WORKED EXAMPLE
Raheem is playing a game and starts with q points.
He then earns a further 6 points.
(a) Use algebra to write down the total number of points that Raheem has.
Raheem has q + 6 points
The game then decides to doubles his total number of points.
(b) Use algebra to write down the number of points that Raheem now has.
Raheem has 2(q + 6) points

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Algebraic Vocabulary
Your notes
Algebraic Vocabulary
What is a term?
A term is either:
a letter (variable) on its own, or a variable raised to a power
For example, x or x2
a number on its own
For example, 20
These are also called constants as they can't change value
or a number multiplied by a letter
For example, 5x
The number in front of a letter is called a coefficient
The coefficient of x in 6x is 6
The coefficient of y in -5y is -5
Terms can include powers and more than one letter,
6xy
4x2
ab3c

What is a factor?
A factor is any number or letter that divides a term exactly
There is no remainder
The factors of 3x are 1, 3, x and 3x
The factors of 4xy are 1, 2, 4, x, 2x, 4x, y, 2y, 4y, xy, 2xy and 4xy
A term can be separated into factors that multiply together to give that term

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Two factors of 5x are 5 and x

5 × x = 5x Your notes
To factorise means to write something as a multiplication of factors
When comparing two terms, a common factor is one that divides both
Compare 6xy with 4x
Common factors are 1, 2, x and 2x
The highest (or greatest) common factor is 2x
What is an expression?
An expression is an algebraic statement that does not have an equals sign
There is nothing to solve
An expression is made by adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing terms
2x + 5y
b2 – 2cd
6y
5t
A single term is still an expression
Expressions can be simplified (made easier)
x + x + x simplifies to 3x

What is an equation?
An equation is an algebraic statement with an equals sign between a left-hand side and a right-hand
side
Both sides are equal in value
For example, if 2x has the same value as 10, then 2x = 10
An equation can be solved by finding the values of the letters that make both sides equal
The equation 2x = 10 is solved when x has the value of 5
x = 5 is called the solution

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What is a formula?
A formula is a rule, definition or relationship between different quantities, written in shorthand using Your notes
letters
For example, weight, w, is mass, m, multiplied by gravitational acceleration, g
The formula is w = mg
It is common to substitute numbers into a formula
But a formula on its own cannot be solved
To turn a formula into an equation, more information is needed
For example, if w = 50 and m = 5, the formula w = mg becomes the equation 50 = 5g

EXAM TIP
Knowing the differences between an expression, an equation and a formula will help you to
understand the wording of exam questions.

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) From the list below, write down
(i) an expression,
(ii) an equation.
2x + 5 = 4 7x – 9 x = vt – w
(i) An expression does not have an equals sign
7x – 9 is the expression
(ii) An equation has an equals sign and can be solved
2x + 5 = 4 is the equation
(b) If x = 10, v = 2 and w = 3, use the formula shown to write an equation in t.
x = vt – w is the formula shown (a group of different quantities forming a relationship)
Substitute x = 10, v = 2 and w = 3 into the formula

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10 = 2t – 3

Your notes

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Substitution
Your notes
Substitution
What is substitution?
Substitution means replacing a letter (variable) in a formula with a given number

How do I substitute numbers into a formula?

Write down the formula
Replace (substitute) the letters in the formula with the given numbers
If substituting in a negative number, it is important to put brackets around it
For example, (-3)
Simplify any numerical calculations
Calculate the final value
Sometimes the result is an equation which you can then solve

EXAM TIP
On your calculator, don't forget to type out brackets around any substituted negative numbers!

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a )Find the value of the expression 2x (x + 3y ) when x = 2 and y = − 4 .

Substitute the numbers given

Use brackets () around negative numbers

2 × 2 × (2 + 3 × (−4) )
Complete the calculation
Show every step of working, following the order of operations correctly

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= 2 × 2 × 2 − 12
= 2 × 2 × − 10 Your notes
= 4 × − 10
-40

(b) The formula P = 2l + 2w is used to find the perimeter, P , of a rectangle of length l and width
w.
Given that the rectangle has a perimeter of 20 cm and a width of 4 cm, find its length.

Substitute the values you are given for P and w into the formula

20 = 2 × l + 2 × 4
Simplify

20 = 2l + 8
Solve the resulting equation to find the value of l
Start by subtracting 8 from both sides

12 = 2l
Divide both sides by 2

l = 6 cm

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Collecting Like Terms

Your notes
Collecting Like Terms
What happens if there is more than one term?
Terms can be added and subtracted
The numbers in front of the letters are called coefficients
Each term has a positive or negative sign in front
In 2x - 3y the sign of the x term is positive and the sign of the y term is negative
Subtractions can be thought of as adding a negative
2x - 3y is the same as 2x + (-3y)
Just like 20 - 30 is the same as 20 + (-30)
The order of two terms can be swapped, but the signs must move with their terms
2x - 3y is the same as -3y + 2x
A plus is now needed in front of the 2x
Just like 20 - 30 is the same as -30 + 20
If no number appears in front of a term, then its number is 1
x is the same as 1x

What is a like term?

Like terms are terms with exactly the same letters and powers
The numbers in front can be different
For example:
2x and 3x
4x2 and 6x2
5xy and -7xy
These are not like terms:

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2x and 3y (different letters)

4x2 and 6x4 (different powers) Your notes
5xy and 7xyz (different letters)
Remember multiplication can be done in any order
xy and yx are like terms
So are 2xy and 3yx
How do I collect like terms?
Collecting like terms means simplifying by adding or subtracting the numbers in front
2x + 3x becomes 5x
4y - 10y becomes -6y
A negative sign is needed here
If there are different types of like terms, collect them separately
For 2x + 4y + 5x - 3y
Collecting the x's gives 2x + 5x = 7x
Collecting the y's gives 4y - 3y = y
The answer is 7x + y

EXAM TIP
Don't leave terms like 1x in your final answer in an exam - always simplify them to just x.

WORKED EXAMPLE
Simplify

8a − 5b − 6a + 4b
Collect the a terms first

8a − 6a = 2a
Then collect the b terms
Don't forget the minus sign in front of the 5b

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−5b + 4b = − b
Add together the two answers Your notes
2a + − b
Simplify the signs

2a − b

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Algebraic Roots & Indices
Contents
Algebraic Roots & Indices

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Algebraic Roots & Indices

Your notes
Algebraic Roots & Indices
What are the laws of indices?
Index laws are rules you can use when doing operations with powers
They work with both numbers and algebra

Law Description How it works

a1 = a Anything to the power of 1 is itself x1 = x

a0 = 1 Anything to the power of 0 is 1 b0 = 1

am × an = am +n To multiply indices with the same base, c3 × c2

add their powers
= (c × c × c) × (c × c)
= c5

am To divide indices with the same base, d5 ÷d2

am ÷ an = =a m − n subtract their powers
an d ×d ×d ×d ×d
=
d ×d
= d3

( a m ) n = a mn To raise indices to a new power, ( e 3) 2

multiply their powers
= (e × e × e) × (e × e × e)
= e6

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( ab ) n = a n b n To raise a product to a power, apply the (f × g ) 2

power to both numbers, and multiply
= f 2 × g2 Your notes
= f 2g 2

⎛⎜ a ⎞⎟n a n To raise a fraction to a power, apply the ⎛⎜ h ⎞⎟2 h 2

⎜ ⎟ = n power to both the numerator and ⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝b ⎠ b denominator ⎝i ⎠ i

1 A negative power is the reciprocal 1

a −1 = j −1 =
a j
1 1
a −n = k −3 =
an k3

⎛⎜ a ⎞⎟ −n ⎛⎜ b ⎞⎟n b n A fraction to a negative power, is the ⎛⎜ l ⎞⎟ −3 ⎛⎜ m ⎞⎟3 m 3

⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = n reciprocal of the fraction, to the ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 3
⎝b ⎠ ⎝a ⎠ a positive power ⎝m ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ l

1 1 1
a =n
n a The fractional power is the nth root ( n 2 = 2 n
n
n
) 1
p =3 p 3

⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ −1
1 A negative, fractional power is one over 1
−
a root
− 1
a = ⎝a n ⎠
n q 2 = 2
q
1
= (n a ) −1 = n 1
a −
3
1
r = 3
r

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m 1
×m m 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞2
a n =a n The fractional power is the nth root s 3 = ⎜s 3 ⎟ = ( 3 s ) 2
n ⎝ ⎠ Your notes
⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ m m
all to the power m, (n ) , or the nth 2 1
m
= ⎝ a n ⎠ = (n a ) 3 2 3 3 2
root of the power m, ( ) m (both are s = (s ) = s
n
1
n
the same)
= (a m) n = am

These can be used to simplify expressions

Work out the number and algebra parts separately

(3x 7) × (6x 4) = (3 × 6) × (x 7 × x 4) = 18x 7 + 4 = 18x 11

6x 7 6 x 7
= × 4 = 2x 7 − 4 = 2x 3
3x 4 3 x
(3x 7) 2 = (3) 2 × (x 7) 2 = 9x 14

How do I find an unknown inside a power?

A term may have a power involving an unknown

E.g. 74 x

If both sides of an equation have the same base number, then the powers must be equal

E.g. If 43 x = 49 then 3x = 9

And x = 3

You may have to do some simplifying first to reach this point

E.g. 32 x × 34 = 318 simplifies to 32 x + 4 = 318

Therefore 2x + 4 = 18

And x = 7

WORKED EXAMPLE

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(a) Simplify (u 5) 5

Use ( a m ) n = a mn Your notes

(u 5 ) 5 = u 5 × 5
u 25
q2 × q5
(b) If q x = find x .
q 10
Use a m × a n = a m + n to simplify the numerator

q 2 × q 5 = q 2 +5 = q 7
am
Use = a m − n to simplify the fraction
an
q7
= q 7 − 10 = q −3
q 10
Write out both sides of the equation

q x = q −3
Both sides are now over the same base of q

So x must equal the power on the right-hand side

x = −3

WORKED EXAMPLE
1
(a) Rewrite in the form x n where n is a negative fraction.
3
x4
1
1
Use a n = n a to rewrite the cube-root as a power of
3

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1
1
Your notes
(x 4 ) 3
Use ( a m ) n = a mn to simplify the denominator

1
4
x 3

1
Use a −n = n to rewrite as a term with a negative fraction as the power
a
4
−
x 3

1
(b) Find the value of the constants m and a given that ( ax 6) m = 8x 3 .

Use ( ab ) n = a n b n to rewrite the left hand side

Remember to apply the power to both a and x 6
1 6
a m ×x m = 8x 3
1
Both sides of the equation have a constant part, a m and 8

And both sides of the equation have a part in terms of x

The two sides of the equation are equal, so set the respective parts equal to one another
First,
6
x m = x3

The bases are the same, therefore the powers are equal

6
=3
m

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Solve to find m

m =2 Your notes
Then set the constant parts of both sides equal to one another
1
a m =8

We now know that m = 2 , so substitute this in

1
a2 =8
1
Use a = n
n a to rewrite as a square root
2
a =8
Find a by squaring both sides

a = 64

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Expanding Brackets
Contents
Expanding & Simplifying Single Brackets
Expanding Double Brackets
Expanding Triple Brackets

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Expanding & Simplifying Single Brackets

Your notes
Expanding One Bracket
How do I expand a bracket?
The expression 3x (x + 2) means 3x multiplied by the bracket (x + 2)
3x is the term outside the bracket
this is sometimes called a factor
and x + 2 are the terms inside the bracket
Expanding the brackets means multiplying the outside term by each term on the inside
This will remove (get rid of) the brackets

3x (x + 2) expands to 3x × x + 3x × 2 which simplifies to 3x 2 + 6x

Beware of minus signs

Remember the rules
−×−=+
−×+=−
It helps to put brackets around negative terms

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Expand 4x (2x − 3) .

Multiply the 4x term outside the brackets by both terms inside the brackets

4x × 2x + 4x × (−3)
Simplify

8 x 2 − 12 x
(b) Expand −7x (4 − 5y ) .

Multiply the −7x outside the brackets by both terms inside the brackets

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(−7x ) × 4 + (−7x ) × (−5y )

Simplify and remember that multiplying two negatives gives a positive Your notes
− 28 x + 35 xy

Expand & Simplify

How do I simplify brackets that are added together?
First expand both brackets separately

4(x + 7) + 5x (3 − x )
The first set of brackets expands to 4 × x + 4 × 7 which simplifies to 4x + 28

The second set of brackets expands to 5x × 3 + 5x × (−x ) which simplifies to

15x − 5x 2
So 4(x + 7) + 5x (3 − x ) = 4x + 28 + 15x − 5x 2

Then collect like terms

4x + 15x = 19x
The other two terms are not like terms

So 4(x + 7) + 5x (3 − x ) = 19x + 28 − 5x 2

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Expand and simplify 2(x + 5) + 3x (x − 8) .

Expand each set of brackets separately

You can keep negative terms inside brackets

2 × x + 2 × 5 + 3x × x + 3x × (−8)
Simplify each term

2x + 10 + 3x 2 − 24x
Collect like terms (the 2x and the -24x)

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− 22 x + 10 + 3 x 2

(b) Expand and simplify 3x (x + 2) − 7(x − 6) . Your notes

Expand each set of brackets separately

Be careful: the second set of brackets has a -7 in front, not +7

3x × x + 3x × 2 + (−7) × x + (−7) × (−6)

Simplify each term
Remember that multiplying two negatives gives a positive

3x 2 + 6x − 7x + 42
Collect like terms

3 x 2 − x + 42

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Expanding Double Brackets

Your notes
Expanding Two Brackets
How do I expand two brackets using FOIL?
Every term in the first bracket must be multiplied by every term in the second bracket
Expanding (x + 1)(x + 3) requires 4 multiplications in total
A good way to remember all the multiplications is FOIL
F = First: multiply together the first terms in each bracket
O = Outside: multiply the first term in the first bracket by the last term in the last bracket
Visually, these are the outer terms
I = Inside: multiply the last term in the first bracket by the first term in the last bracket
Visually, these are the inner terms
L = Last: multiply together the last terms in each bracket
It helps to put negative terms in brackets when multiplying
Simplify the final answer by collecting like terms (if there are any)

How do I expand two brackets using a grid?

You may prefer a more visual method using a grid
To expand (x + 1)(x + 3), write out the brackets as row and column headings of a grid
They can be in either direction
Remember to write the appropriate sign in front of each term

x +1

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For each cell in the grid, multiply the term in the row heading by the term in the column heading

x +1 Your notes

x x2 x

+3 3x 3

Add together all the terms inside the grid to get the answer
x2 + x + 3x + 3
Collect like terms
x2 + 4x + 3
How do I expand a bracket squared?
Remember that a square number is a number multiplied by itself
Write (x + 3)2 as (x + 3)(x + 3) and use one of the methods above
With FOIL: (x + 3)(x + 3) = x2 + 3x + 3x + 9
Then collect like terms: x2 + 6x + 9
Do not make the common mistake of saying (x + 3)2 is x2 + 32
This cannot be true, try substituting in x = 1
you would get (1 + 3)2 = 42 = 16 on the left
but 12 + 32 = 1 + 9 = 10 on the right

How do I expand when there are multiple variables?

All the same rules and methods apply as when there is just one variable
Remember to only simplify like terms

For example: (3x + 2y ) (4x − 6y )

Expanding: 12x 2 − 18xy + 8xy − 12y 2

The xy terms can be combined

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12x 2 − 10xy − 12y 2

WORKED EXAMPLE Your notes

(a) Expand (2x − 3) (x + 4) .

Using FOIL, multiply together the first, outer, inner and last terms

F O I L
2x × x + 2x × 4 + (−3) × x + (−3) × 4
Simplify each term

2x 2 + 8x − 3x − 12
Collect like terms (the 8x and -3x)

2 x 2 + 5 x − 12
(b) Expand (x − 3) (3x − 5) .

Using FOIL, multiply together the first, outer, inner and last terms

F O I L
x × 3x + x × (−5) + (−3) × 3x + (−3) × (−5)

Simplify each term

3x 2 − 5x − 9x + 15
Collect like terms (the -5x and -9x)

3 x 2 − 14 x + 15

WORKED EXAMPLE
Expand (2x + 3) 2 .

Remember that the answer is not (2x)2 + 32

Rewrite the expression as two separate brackets multiplied together

(2x + 3) (2x + 3)

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Using FOIL, multiply together the first, outer, inner and last terms

F O I L Your notes
2x × 2x + 2x × 3 + 3 × 2x + 3 × 3
Simplify each term

4x 2 + 6x + 6x + 9
Collect like terms (the 6x and 6x)

4 x 2 + 12 x + 9

WORKED EXAMPLE
Expand (3 r + 2t ) (5t − 8 r ) .

Expand using your chosen method, here we will use a grid

3r +2t

5t
−8 r

Work out the term in each place in the grid by multiplying

3r +2t

5t 15rt 10t 2
−8 r −24r 2 −16rt

So the expanded expression is

10t 2 + 15rt − 16rt − 24r 2

The rt terms can be combined

10 t 2 − rt − 24 r 2

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Expanding Triple Brackets

Your notes
Expanding Three Brackets
How do I expand three brackets?
Multiply out any two of the brackets using a standard method and simplify
Then multiply the resulting expression by the third (unused) bracket
This step often looks like (x + a)(x2 + bx + c)
Every term in the first bracket must be multiplied with every term in the second bracket
A grid can help to keep track of all the terms
E.g. (x + 2)(x2 + 3x + 1)

x2 +3x +1

x x3 3x2 x

+2 2x2 6x 2

Add all the terms inside the grid together

x3 + 2x2 + 3x2 + 6x + x + 2
Simplify by collecting any like terms
x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 2

WORKED EXAMPLE
Expand (2x − 3) (x + 4) (3x − 1) .

Expand and simplify the first two brackets, for example using the FOIL method

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(2x − 3) (x + 4)
= 2x × x + 2x × 4 + (−3) × x + (−3) × 4 Your notes
= 2x 2 + 8x − 3x − 12
= 2x 2 + 5x − 12
Rewrite the original expression with the first two brackets expanded

(2x 2 + 5x − 12) (3x − 1)

Multiply all of the terms in the first set of brackets by all of the terms in the second set of brackets
A grid can help when there are many terms

3x −1

2x 2 6x 3 −2x 2

5x 15x 2 −5x

−12 −36x 12

Collect the like terms to simplify

6 x 3 + 13 x 2 − 41 x + 12

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Factorising
Contents
Factorising Out Terms
Factorising by Grouping
Factorising Simple Quadratics
Factorising Harder Quadratics
Difference Of Two Squares
Deciding the Factorisation Method

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Factorising Out Terms

Your notes
Basic Factorising
What is factorisation?
A factorised expression is one written as the product (multiplication) of two, or more, terms (factors)
3(x + 2) is factorised
It is 3 × (x + 2)
3x + 6 is not factorised
3xy is factorised
It is 3 × x × y
Numbers can also be factorised
12 = 2 x 2 x 3
In algebra, factorisation is the reverse of expanding brackets
It's putting it into brackets, rather than removing brackets

How do I factorise two terms?

To factorise 12x2 + 18x
Find the highest common factor of the number parts
6
Find the highest common factor of the algebra parts
x
Multiply both to get the overall highest common factor
6x
12x2 + 18x is the same as 6x × 2x + 6x × 3
Using the highest common factor
Take out the highest common factor

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Write it outside a set of brackets

Put the remaining terms, 2x + 3, inside the brackets Your notes
This gives the answer
6x (2x + 3)
To factorise an expression containing multiple variables, e.g. 2a3b - 4a2b2
Use the same approach as above
Find the highest common factor of the number parts
2
Find the highest common factor of the algebra parts
a and b appear in both terms
The highest common factor of a3 and a2 is a2
The highest common factor of b and b2 is b
a2b
Multiply both to get the overall highest common factor
2a2b
2a3b - 4a2b2 is the same as 2a2b × a - 2a2b × 2b
Using the highest common factor
Take out the highest common factor
Write it outside a set of brackets
Put the remaining terms, a - 2b, inside the brackets
This gives the answer
2a2b (a - 2b)

EXAM TIP
In the exam, check that your factorisation is correct by expanding the brackets!
Factorise mean factorise fully.
x (6x + 10) is not fully factorised but 2x (3x + 5) is.

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WORKED EXAMPLE
Your notes
(a) Factorise 5x + 15
Find the highest common factor of 5 and 15
5
There is no x in the second term, so no highest common factor in x is needed
Think of each term as 5 × something
5×x+5×3
Take out the 5 and put x + 3 in brackets
5(x + 3)
5(x + 3)
(b) Factorise fully 30x2 - 24x
Find the highest common factor of 30 and 24
6
Find the highest common factor of x2 and x
x
Find the overall highest common factor by multiplying these together
6x
Think of each term as 6x × something
6x × 5x - 6x × 4
Take out the 6x and put 5x - 4 in brackets
6x (5x - 4)
6x (5x - 4)

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Factorising by Grouping
Your notes
Factorising by Grouping
How do I factorise expressions with a common bracket?
Look at the expression 3x(t + 4) + 2(t + 4)
Both terms have a common bracket, (t + 4)
The whole bracket, (t + 4), can be "taken out" like a common factor:
(t + 4)(3x + 2)
This is like factorising 3xy + 2y to get y(3x + 2)
y represents (t + 4) above
How do I factorise by grouping?
Some questions may require you to form a common bracket yourself
For example xy + 3x + 5y + 15
The first two terms have a common factor of x
The second two terms have a common factor of 5
Factorising fully the first pair of terms, and the last pair of terms:
x(y + 3) + 5(y + 3)
You can now spot a common bracket of (y + 3)
(y + 3)(x + 5)
This is called factorising by grouping

Does it matter what order I group in?

You can often rearrange terms to factorise in a different order
Rewriting the same example, xy + 3x + 5y + 15, but in a different order:
xy + 5y + 3x + 15
The first pair of terms have a common factor of y

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The second pair of terms have a common factor of 3

Factorising gives y(x + 5) + 3(x + 5)
Your notes
You can now spot a common bracket, this time of (x + 5)
(x+5)(y+3)
This gives the same result as found previously
Some rearrangements cannot be factorised as "first pair" then "second pair"
For example, rewriting the above example as xy + 15 + 3x + 5y

EXAM TIP
Once you have factorised something, expand it by hand to check your answer is correct.

WORKED EXAMPLE
Factorise ab + 3b + 2a + 6.
Method 1:
Notice that ab and 3b have a common factor of b
Notice that 2a and 6 have a common factor of 2
Factorise the first two terms, using b as a common factor
b(a + 3) + 2a + 6
Factorise the second two terms, using 2 as a common factor
b(a + 3) + 2(a + 3)
(a + 3) is a common bracket
We can now factorise out the bracket (a + 3)
(a + 3)(b + 2)
Method 2:
Notice that ab and 2a have a common factor of a
Notice that 3b and 6 have a common factor of 3
Rewrite the expression, grouping these terms together
ab + 2a + 3b + 6
Factorise the first two terms, using a as a common factor

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a(b + 2) + 3b + 6
Factorise the second two terms, using 3 as a common factor Your notes
a(b + 2) + 3(b + 2)
(b + 2) is a common bracket
We can now factorise out the bracket (b + 2)
(b + 2)(a + 3)

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Factorising Simple Quadratics

Your notes
Factorising Simple Quadratics
What is a quadratic expression?
A quadratic expression is in the form:
ax2 + bx + c (where a ≠ 0)
If there are any higher powers of x (like x3 say) then it is not a quadratic

How do I factorise quadratics by inspection?

This is shown most easily through an example: factorising x 2 − 2x − 8

We need a pair of numbers that for x 2 + bx + c

multiply to give c
which in this case is -8
and add to give b
which in this case is -2
+2 and -4 satisfy these conditions
2 × (-4) = -8 and 2 + (-4) = -2
Write these numbers in a pair of brackets like this:

(x + 2) (x − 4)

How do I factorise quadratics by grouping?

This is shown most easily through an example: factorising x 2 − 2x − 8

We need a pair of numbers that for x 2 + bx + c

multiply to give c
which in this case is -8
and add to give b

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which in this case is -2

+2 and -4 satisfy these conditions
Your notes
2 × (-4) = -8 and 2 + (-4) = -2
Rewrite the middle term by using +2x and -4x

x 2 + 2x − 4x − 8
Group and factorise the first two terms, using x as the common factor
and group and factorise the last two terms, using -4 as the common factor

x (x + 2) − 4(x + 2)
Note that these both now have a common factor of (x + 2) so this whole bracket can be factorised
out

(x + 2) (x − 4)
How do I factorise quadratics using a grid?
This is shown most easily through an example: factorising x 2 − 2x − 8

We need a pair of numbers that for x 2 + bx + c

multiply to give c
which in this case is -8
and add to give b
which in this case is -2
+2 and -4 satisfy these conditions
2 × (-4) = -8 and 2 + (-4) = -2
Write the quadratic equation in a grid (as if you had used a grid to expand the brackets)
splitting the middle term as +2x and -4x
The grid works by multiplying the row and column headings, to give a product in the boxes in the middle

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x2 -4x
Your notes
+2x -8

Write a heading for the first row, using x as the highest common factor of x2 and -4x

x x2 -4x

+2x -8

You can then use this to find the headings for the columns
e.g. “What does x need to be multiplied by to give x2?”
and “What does x need to be multiplied by to give -4x?”

x -4

x x2 -4x

+2x -8

We can then fill in the remaining row heading using the same idea
e.g. “What does x need to be multiplied by to give +2x?”
or “What does -4 need to be multiplied by to give -8?”

x -4

x x2 -4x

+2 +2x -8

We can now read off the factors from the column and row headings

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(x + 2) (x − 4)
Which method should I use for factorising simple quadratics? Your notes
The first method, by inspection, is by far the quickest
So this is recommended in an exam for simple quadratics (where a = 1)
However the other two methods (grouping, or using a grid) can be used for harder quadratic equations
where a ≠ 1
So you should learn at least one of them too

EXAM TIP
As a check, expand your answer and make sure you get the same expression as the one you were
trying to factorise.

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Factorise x 2 − 4x − 21 .

We will factorise by inspection

We need two numbers that multiply to give -21, and sum to give -4
+3 and -7 satisfy this

3 × (−7) = − 21

3 + (−7) = − 4
Write down the brackets
(x + 3)(x - 7)

(b) Factorise x 2 − 5x + 6 .

We will factorise by splitting the middle term and grouping

We need two numbers that multiply to 6, and sum to -5
-3 and -2 satisfy this

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(−3) × (−2) = 6
Your notes
(−3) + (−2) = − 5
Split the middle term
x2 - 2x - 3x + 6
Factorise x out of the first two terms
x(x - 2) - 3x +6
Factorise -3 out of the last two terms
x(x - 2) - 3(x - 2)
These have a common factor of (x - 2) which can be factored out
(x - 2)(x - 3)

(c) Factorise x 2 − 2x − 24.

We will factorise by using a grid

We need two numbers that multiply to -24, and sum to -2
+4, and -6 satisfy this

4 × (−6) = − 24

4 + (−6) = − 2
Use these to split the -2x term and write in a grid

x2 +4x

-6x -24

Write a heading using a common factor for the first row

x x2 +4x

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-6x -24
Your notes
Work out the headings for the rows
“What does x need to be multiplied by to make x2?”
“What does x need to be multiplied by to make +4x?”

x +4

x x2 +4x

-6x -24

Repeat for the heading for the remaining row

“What does x need to be multiplied by to make -6x?”
(Or “What does +4 need to be multiplied by to make -24?”)

x +4

x x2 +4x

-6 -6x -24

Read off the factors from the column and row headings
(x + 4)(x - 6)

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Factorising Harder Quadratics

Your notes
Factorising Harder Quadratics
How do I factorise a quadratic expression where a ≠ 1 in ax2 +
bx + c?
Method 1: Factorising by grouping
This is shown most easily through an example: factorising 4x 2 − 25x − 21

We need a pair of numbers that, for ax 2 + bx + c

both multiply to give ac

ac in this case is 4 × -21 = -84
and both add to give b
b in this case is -25
-28 and +3 satisfy these conditions
Rewrite the middle term using -28x and +3x

4x 2 − 28x + 3x − 21
Group and fully factorise the first two terms, using 4x as the common factor
and group and fully factorise the last two terms, using 3 as the common factor

4x (x − 7) + 3(x − 7)
These terms now have a common factor of (x − 7)

This whole bracket can be factorised out

This gives the answer (x − 7) (4x + 3)

Method 2: Factorising using a grid

Use the same example: factorising 4x 2 − 25x − 21

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We need a pair of numbers that for ax 2 + bx + c

multiply to give ac Your notes

ac in this case is 4 × -21 = -84
and add to give b
b in this case is -25
-28 and +3 satisfy these conditions
Write the quadratic equation in a grid
(as if you had used a grid to expand the brackets)
splitting the middle term up as -28x and +3x (either order)
The grid works by multiplying the row and column headings, to give a product in the boxes in the
middle

4x2 -28x

+3x -21

Write a heading for the first row, using 4x as the highest common factor of 4x2 and -28x

4x 4x 2 -28x

+3x -21

You can then use this to find the headings for the columns, e.g. “What does 4x need to be multiplied by
to give 4x2?”

x -7

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4x 4x 2 -28x
Your notes
+3x -21

We can then fill in the remaining row heading using the same idea, e.g. “What does x need to be
multiplied by to give +3x?”

x -7

4x 4x 2 -28x

+3 +3x -21

We can now read off the brackets from the column and row headings:

(x − 7) (4x + 3)

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Factorise 6x 2 − 7x − 3 .

We will factorise by grouping

We need two numbers that:
multiply to 6 × -3 = -18
and sum to -7
-9, and +2
Split the middle term up using these values
6x 2 + 2x - 9x - 3
Factorise 2x out of the first two terms
2x(3x + 1) - 9x - 3
Factorise -3 of out the last two terms
2x(3x + 1) - 3(3x + 1)

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These have a common factor of (3x + 1) which can be factorised out

(3x + 1)(2x - 3) Your notes
(b) Factorise 10x 2 + 9x − 7 .

We will factorise using a grid

We need two numbers that:
multiply to 10 × -7 = -70
and sum to +9
-5, and +14
Use these values to split the 9x term and write in a grid

10x2 -5x

+14x -7

Write a heading using a common factor of 5x from the first row

5x 10x2 -5x

+14x -7

Work out the headings for the rows, e.g. “What does 5x need to be multiplied by to make 10x2?”

2x -1

5x 10x2 -5x

+14x -7

Repeat for the heading for the remaining row, e.g. “What does 2x need to be multiplied by to make
+14x?”

2x -1

5x 10x2 -5x

+7 +14x -7

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Read off the brackets from the column and row headings
(2x - 1)(5x + 7) Your notes

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Difference Of Two Squares

Your notes
Difference of Two Squares
What is the difference of two squares?
When a "squared" quantity is subtracted from another "squared" quantity, you get the difference of
two squares
For example:
a 2 - b2
9 2 - 52
(x + 1)2 - (x - 4)2
4m2 - 25n2, which is (2m)2 - (5n)2

How do I factorise the difference of two squares?

a2 - b2 factorises to (a + b)(a - b)
This can be shown by expanding the brackets

( a + b ) ( a − b ) = a 2 − ab + ba − b 2 = a 2 − b 2
The brackets can swap order
a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b) = (a - b)(a + b)
(but terms inside a bracket cannot swap order)

For example, x 2 − 9 = (x + 3) (x − 3)

This is the same as (x − 3) (x + 3)

But not the same as (3 + x ) (3 − x )

which expands to 9 − x 2

How can the difference of two squares be made harder?

You may find it used with:

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numbers
72 - 32 = (7+3) (7-3) = (10) (4) = 40 Your notes
A combination of square numbers and squared variables
4m2 - 9n2 = (2m)2 - (3n)2 = (2m + 3n)(2m - 3n)
Any other powers which can be written as a difference of two squares
a4 - b4 = (a2)2 - (b2)2 = (a2 + b2) (a2 - b2)
r8 - t6 = (r4)2 - (t3)2 = (r4 + t3) (r4 - t3)
You may also need to take out a common factor first

2x 2 − 18 = 2(x 2 − 9) giving 2(x + 3) (x − 3)

The 2 comes out in front
Can I use the difference of two squares to expand?
Using the difference of two squares to expand is quicker than expanding double brackets and
collecting like terms
Brackets of the form (a + b)(a - b) expand to a2 - b2

For example (2x + 3) (2x − 3) expands to 4x 2 − 9

EXAM TIP
The difference between two squares is often the trick required to complete a harder algebraic
question in the exam
Make sure you are able to spot it!

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Factorise 9x 2 − 16 .

Recognise that 9x 2 and 16 are both squared terms

Therefore you can factorise using the difference of two squares

Rewrite as a difference of two squared terms

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9x 2 − 16 = (3x ) 2 − (4) 2
Use the rule a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b ) ( a − b ) Your notes

(3x + 4) (3x − 4)
(b) Factorise 4 r 2 − t 4 .

Recognise that 4 r 2 and t 4 are both squared terms

Therefore you can factorise using the difference of two squares

Rewrite as a difference of two squared terms

4 r 2 − t 4 = (2 r ) 2 − (t 2 ) 2
Use the rule a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b ) ( a − b )

(2r + t 2) (2r − t 2)
(c) Factorise 2y 2 − 50

This does not appear to be in the form a 2 − b 2

There is a common factor of 2, so take this factor out

2(y 2 − 25)
You can now see y 2 − 25 which has the form y 2 − 52

Use the rule a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b ) ( a − b )

y 2 − 25 = (y + 5) (y − 5)
Now multiply this answer by 2 (leaving the 2 on the outside)

2(y + 5) (y − 5)

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Deciding the Factorisation Method

Your notes
Quadratics Factorising Methods
How do I know if an expression factorises?
The easiest way to check if ax2 + bx + c factorises is to check if you can find a pair of integers which:
Multiply to give ac
Sum to give b
If you can find integers to satisfy this, the expression must factorise
There are some alternate methods to check:
Method 1: Use a calculator to solve the quadratic expression equal to 0
Only some calculators have this functionality
If the solutions are integers or fractions (without square roots), then the quadratic expression
will factorise
Method 2: Find the value under the square root in the quadratic formula
b2 – 4ac
If this number is a square number, then the quadratic expression will factorise

Which factorisation method should I use for a quadratic

expression?
Does it have 2 terms only?

Yes, like x 2 − 7x

Factorise out the highest common factor, x

x (x − 7)
Yes, like x 2 − 9

Use the "difference of two squares" to factorise

(x + 3) (x − 3)

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Does it have 3 terms?

Yes, starting with x2 like x 2 − 3x − 10 Your notes

Use "factorising simple quadratics" by finding two numbers that add to -3 and multiply to -10

(x + 2) (x − 5)
Yes, starting with ax2 like 3x 2 + 15x + 18

Check to see if the 3 in front of x2 is a common factor for all three terms (which it is in this
case), then factorise it out of all three terms

3(x 2 + 5x + 6)
The quadratic expression inside the brackets is now x2 +... , which factorises more easily

3(x + 2) (x + 3)
Yes, starting with ax2 like 3x 2 − 5x − 2

The 3 in front of x2 is not a common factor for all three term

Use "factorising harder quadratics", for example factorising by grouping or factorising using a
grid

(3x + 1) (x − 2)

What other expressions should I be able to factorise?

You may have a cubed term like x 3 − 3x 2 − 10x

Check to see if x is a common factor for all three terms (which it is in this case), so factorise it
out of all three terms

x (x 2 − 3x − 10)
The remaining quadratic can then be factorised

x (x + 2) (x − 5)
It can also be useful to spot a quadratic in the form x 2 + 2 ax + a 2

This factorises to (x + a ) 2

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E.g. x 2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3) 2

EXAM TIP Your notes

A common mistake in the exam is to divide expressions by numbers, e.g. 2x 2 + 4x + 2

becomes x 2 + 2x + 1 (which is incorrect)

This can only be done with equations

e.g. 2x 2 + 4x + 2 = 0 becomes x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (dividing "both sides" by 2)

WORKED EXAMPLE
Factorise −8x 2 + 100x − 48 .

Spot the common factor of -4 and factorise it out

−8x 2 + 100x − 48 = − 4(2x 2 − 25x + 12)

Check to see if the quadratic in the bracket will factorise using b 2 − 4 ac

(−25) 2 − (4 × 2 × 12)
= 625 − 96
= 529
529 is a square number (232) so the expression will factorise

Factorise 2x 2 − 25x + 12

We require a pair of numbers which multiply to ac, and sum to b

a × c = 2 × 12 = 24
The only numbers which multiply to 24 and sum to -25 are
-24 and -1

Split the −25x term into −24x − x

2x 2 − 24x − x + 12
Group and factorise the first two terms, using 2x as the common factor
Group and factorise the last two terms using −1 as the common factor

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2x (x − 12) − 1(x − 12)

These factorised terms now have a common term of (x − 12) , so this can be factorised out Your notes

(2x − 1) (x − 12)
Recall that -4 was factorised out at the start

−8x 2 + 100x − 48 = − 4(2x 2 − 25x + 12) = − 4(2x − 1) (x − 12)

− 4 (2 x − 1) ( x − 12)

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Completing the Square
Contents
Completing the Square

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Completing the Square

Your notes
Completing the Square
How can I rewrite the first two terms of a quadratic
expression as the difference of two squares?
Look at the quadratic expression x2 + bx + c
The first two terms can be written as the difference of two squares using the following rule

x 2 + bx is the same as (x + p ) 2 − p 2 where p is half of b

Check this is true by expanding the right-hand side

Is x 2 + 2x the same as (x + 1) 2 − 12 ?

Yes: (x + 1)(x + 1) - 12 = x2 + 2x + 1 - 1 = x2 + 2x
This works for negative values of b too

x 2 − 20x can be written as (x − 10) 2 − (−10) 2 which is (x − 10) 2 − 100

A negative b does not change the sign at the end

How do I complete the square?

Completing the square is a way to rewrite a quadratic expression in a form containing a squared
bracket
To complete the square on x2 + 10x + 9
Use the rule above to replace the first two terms, x2 + 10x, with (x + 5)2 - 52
then add 9: (x + 5)2 - 52 + 9
simplify the numbers: (x + 5)2 - 25 + 9
answer: (x + 5)2 - 16

How do I complete the square when there is a coefficient in

front of the x2 term?

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You first need to take a out as a factor of the x2 and x terms only

Factorise the first two terms Your notes

⎡⎢ b ⎤⎥⎥
ax 2 + bx + c = a ⎢⎢ x 2 + x⎥+c
⎢⎢
⎣ a ⎥⎥⎦
Use square-shaped brackets here to avoid confusion with round brackets later

b
Then complete the square on the bit inside the brackets: x 2 + x
a
This gives a ⎢⎣ (x + p ) 2 − p 2 ⎥⎦ + c
⎡ ⎤

b
where p is half of
a
Finally multiply this expression through by a (from outside the square brackets) and add the c on to the
end

a (x + p ) 2 − ap 2 + c
This looks far more complicated than it is in practice!

Usually you are asked to give your final answer in the form a (x + p ) 2 + q

For example, y = 4x2 + 16x + 5

Factorise out 'a' on the right-hand side (use square brackets)
y = 4[x2 + 4x] + 5
4
Replace x2 + 4x with (x + 2)2 - 22 (because p = = 2)
2
y = 4[(x + 2)2 - 22] + 5
Simplify the terms inside the square brackets
y = 4[(x + 2)2 - 4] + 5
Multiply everything inside the square brackets by 4
y = 4(x + 2)2 - 16 + 5

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Simplify to get the final answer

y = 4(x + 2)2 - 11 Your notes
For quadratics like −x 2 + bx + c , do the above but with a = -1
How do I find the turning point by completing the square?
Completing the square helps us find the turning point on a quadratic graph

If y = (x + p ) 2 + q then the turning point is at (−p ,q )

Notice the negative sign in the x-coordinate

This links to transformations of graphs

A translation of y = x 2 by p to the left and q up

If y = a (x + p ) 2 + q then the turning point is still at (−p ,q )

The a does not change the coordinates

The turning point is a minimum point if a > 0
or a maximum point if a < 0
This can also help you create the equation of a quadratic when given the turning point

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Your notes

It can also be used to prove or show results using the fact that any squared term, such as the squared
bracket (x ± p)2, will always be greater than or equal to 0
You cannot square a number and get a negative value
The smallest a squared term can be is 0

EXAM TIP

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To know if you have completed the square correctly, expand your answer to check

Your notes
WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) By completing the square, find the coordinates of the turning point on the graph of
y = x 2 + 6x − 11 .
Find half of +6 (call this p)

6
p= =3
2
Write x2 + 6x in the form (x + p)2 - p2

x 2 + 6x is the same as (x + 3) 2 − 32
Put this result into the equation of the curve

y = (x + 3) 2 − 32 − 11
Simplify the numbers

y = (x + 3) 2 − 20
Use the fact that the turning point of y = (x + p ) 2 + q is at (−p ,q )
Here p = 3 and q = -20
turning point at (-3, -20)

(b) Write −3x 2 + 12x + 24 in the form a (x + p ) 2 + q .

Factorise -3 out of the first two terms only

Use square-shaped brackets

−3 ⎡⎢⎣ x 2 − 4x ⎤⎥⎦ + 24
Complete the square on the x2 - 4x inside the brackets
Write in the form (x + p)2 - p2 where p is half of -4

−3 ⎡⎢⎣ (x − 2) 2 − (−2) 2 ⎤⎥⎦ + 24

Simplify the numbers inside the brackets
(-2)2 is 4

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−3 ⎡⎢⎣ (x − 2) 2 − 4 ⎤⎥⎦ + 24
Multiply -3 by all the terms inside the square brackets Your notes
(You do not multiply -3 by the 24)

−3(x − 2) 2 + 12 + 24
Simplify the numbers

−3(x − 2) 2 + 36
This is now in the form a(x + p)2 + q where a = -3, p = -2 and q = 36

−3(x − 2) 2 + 36

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Algebraic Fractions
Contents
Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
Adding & Subtracting Algebraic Fractions
Multiplying & Dividing Algebraic Fractions
Solving Equations with Algebraic Fractions

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Simplifying Algebraic Fractions

Your notes
Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
What is an algebraic fraction?
An algebraic fraction is a fraction with an algebraic expression on the top (numerator) and/or the
bottom (denominator)

How do you simplify an algebraic fraction?

If possible, factorise fully the top and bottom

2x 2x
E.g. =
x 2 + 3x x (x + 3)
Cancel common factors
This factor may be a single term

x (5x − 1) 5x − 1
E.g. =
4x 4
It could also be a common bracket

x (x + 2) x
E.g. =
(x + 2) (x − 1) x − 1
A common mistake is to cancel a factor that is not common to all terms in either the top or the bottom
of a fraction

6x
E.g. The fraction cannot be simplified
x +1
x is not common to all terms in the bottom of the fraction
and the expression on the bottom cannot be factorised

EXAM TIP
When asked to simplify an algebraic fraction, factorise top and bottom

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It is very likely that one of the factors will be the same on the top and the bottom
Use this fact to help you, if one of the expressions is difficult to factorise!
Your notes

WORKED EXAMPLE
4x + 6
Simplify
2x 2 − 7x − 15
Factorise the top, by using 2 as a common factor

2(2x + 3)
2x 2 − 7x − 15
Factorise the bottom using your preferred method
Using the fact that the top factorised to (2x + 3) may help!

2(2x + 3)
(2x + 3) (x − 5)
The common factors on the top and bottom reduce to 1 (cancel out)

2(2x + 3)
(2x + 3) (x − 5)
2
( x − 5)

Test yourselfNext topic

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Adding & Subtracting Algebraic Fractions

Your notes
Adding & Subtracting Algebraic Fractions
How do I add (or subtract) two algebraic fractions?
The rules for adding and subtracting algebraic fractions are the same as they are for fractions with
numbers
STEP 1
Find the lowest common denominator (LCD)
Sometimes the LCD can be found by multiplying the denominators together

1 1
E.g. The LCD for the fractions and is (x + 2) (x + 5)
x +2 x +5
1 1
Similarly, with numbers, the LCD of and is 2 × 5 = 10
2 5
Although multiplying the denominators will always give you a multiple, it is not necessarily the
lowest multiple

1 1
E.g. The LCD for the fractions and is 2x (not 2x 2 ) as both terms already include an x
x 2x
1 1
Similarly, with numbers, the LCD of and is just 4, not 2 × 4 = 8
2 4
Other examples include:

1 1
The LCD of and is (x + 2) (x − 1)
x +2 (x + 2) (x − 1)
1 1
The LCD of and is (x + 1) 2
x +1 (x + 1) 2
1 1
The LCD of and is (x + 3) (x − 1) (x + 4)
(x + 3) (x − 1) (x + 4) (x − 1)

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STEP 2
Write each fraction over the lowest common denominator Your notes
Multiply the numerator of each fraction by the same amount as the denominator

x 1 x (x + 2) (x − 4)
E.g. + = +
x −4 x +2 (x − 4) (x + 2) (x − 4) (x + 2)
STEP 3
Write as a single fraction over the lowest common denominator and simplify the numerator
Do this by adding or subtracting the numerators
Take particular care if subtracting

x (x + 2) + (x − 4) x 2 + 2x + x − 4 x 2 + 3x − 4
E.g. = =
(x − 4) (x + 2) (x − 4) (x + 2) (x − 4) (x + 2)
STEP 4
Check at the end to see if the top factorises and the fraction can be simplified

(x + 4) (x − 1)
E.g. , the top factorises but there are no common factors so it is in its most
(x − 4) (x + 2)
simple form

EXAM TIP
Leaving the top and bottom of your answer in factorised form will help you see if anything
cancels at the end

WORKED EXAMPLE
x 3
(a) Express − as a single fraction.
x +4 x −1
The lowest common denominator is (x + 4) (x − 1)
Write each fraction over this common denominator, remember to multiply the top of the fractions
too

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x (x − 1) 3(x + 4)
−
(x + 4) (x − 1) (x − 1) (x + 4) Your notes
Combine the fractions, as they now have the same denominator

x (x − 1) − 3(x + 4)
(x + 4) (x − 1)
Simplify the numerator
Be careful expanding with the negative signs

x 2 − x − 3x − 12 x 2 − 4x − 12
=
(x + 4) (x − 1) (x + 4) (x − 1)
Factorise the top

(x + 2) (x − 6)
(x + 4) (x − 1)
There are no terms which would cancel here, so this is the final answer

( x + 2) ( x − 6)
( x + 4) ( x − 1)
x −4 x −1
(b) Express − as a single fraction.
2(x − 3) 2x
The lowest common denominator is 2x (x − 3)
(You could also use 4x (x − 3) but this wouldn't be the lowest common denominator)

Write each fraction over this common denominator, remember to multiply the top of the fractions
too

x (x − 4) (x − 1) (x − 3)
−
2x (x − 3) 2x (x − 3)
Combine the fractions, as they now have the same denominator

x (x − 4) − (x − 1) (x − 3)
2x (x − 3)

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Simplify the numerator

Be careful expanding with negative signs
Your notes
(x 2 − 4x ) − (x 2 − 4x + 3) x 2 − 4x − x 2 + 4x − 3 −3
= =
2x (x − 3) 2x (x − 3) 2x (x − 3)
There is nothing else that can be factorised on the numerator, so this is the final answer

−3
2 x ( x − 3)
3
There are other accepted answers, e.g.
2x (3 − x )

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Multiplying & Dividing Algebraic Fractions

Your notes
Multiplying & Dividing Algebraic Fractions
How do I multiply algebraic fractions?
STEP 1
Simplify both fractions first by fully factorising

x 2x + 4 x 2(x + 2)
E.g. × = ×
3x + 6 x +7 3(x + 2) x +7
STEP 2
Cancel any common factors on top and bottom (from either fraction)

x 2(x + 2) x 2
E.g. × = ×
3(x + 2) x +7 3 x +7
STEP 3
Multiply the tops together
Multiply the bottoms together

2x
E.g.
3(x + 7)
STEP 4
Check for any further factorising and cancelling

2x
E.g. has no common factors so is in its simplest form
3(x + 7)

How do I divide algebraic fractions?

Flip (find the reciprocal of) the second fraction and replace ÷ with ×

a b
So ÷ becomes ×
b a

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3x − 12 2x + 8 3x − 12 x +3
E.g. ÷ = ×
x x +3 x 2x + 8 Your notes
Then follow the same rules for multiplying two fractions

WORKED EXAMPLE
x +3 2x + 6
Divide by 2 , giving your answer as a simplified fraction.
x − 4 x − 16
Division is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal (the fraction flipped)

x +3 2x + 6 x + 3 x 2 − 16
÷ 2 = ×
x − 4 x − 16 x − 4 2x + 6
Factorise all numerators and denominators to see which factors cancel out
You need to use the difference of two squares, x 2 − 42 = (x − 4) (x + 4)

x + 3 x 2 − 16 x + 3 (x − 4) (x + 4)
× = ×
x −4 2x + 6 x −4 2(x + 3)
Multiply the remaining numerators and denominators together

1 × (x + 4) x + 4
=
1×2 2
Check to see if you missed any terms that are the same on the top and bottom that could be
cancelled

x +4
is already in its simplest form
2
x +4
2

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Solving Equations with Algebraic Fractions

Your notes
Solving Algebraic Fractions
How do I solve an equation that contains algebraic fractions?
There are two methods for solving equations that contain algebraic fractions
One method is to add or subtract the algebraic fractions first and then solve as usual

8 5
For example, to solve − =1
x +1 x +2
3x + 11
First subtract the fractions and simplify, =1
(x + 1) (x + 2)
Then cross-multiply, expand and solve

3x + 11 = 1(x + 1) (x + 2)
3x + 11 = x 2 + 3x + 2
0 = x2 − 9
0 = (x − 3) (x + 3)
x = 3 or x = − 3
Alternatively, you can remove the fractions first by multiplying everything on both sides of the
equation by each expression in the denominators and then solve

4 5
For example, to solve the equation + =5
x −3 x +1
First multiply every term in the equation by both (x − 3) and (x + 1) and cancel common factors
where possible

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Multiply every term by (x − 3) (this bracket goes in the numerator of any fractions)
4 5(x − 3) Your notes
(x − 3) + = 5(x − 3)
(x − 3) x +1
5(x − 3)
4+ = 5(x − 3)
x +1
Then multiply every term by (x + 1)

5(x − 3)
4(x + 1) + (x + 1) = 5(x − 3) (x + 1)
(x + 1)
4(x + 1) + 5(x − 3) = 5(x − 3) (x + 1)
Then solve

4x + 4 + 5x − 15 = 5(x 2 − 2x − 3)
9x − 11 = 5x 2 − 10x − 15
0 = 5x 2 − 19x − 4
0 = (5x + 1) (x − 4)
1
x = − or x = 4
5

EXAM TIP
When multiplying by an algebraic expression, use brackets around the expression, e.g.
(2x + 3)
Multiplying by both denominators at once can speed up the process, but take care if choosing
this technique in the exam!
and remember to multiply all terms on either side of the equation

WORKED EXAMPLE
2 5
− = 6p
p +3 p
Show that this equation can be written as 6p 3 + 18p 2 + 3p + 15 = 0 .

To clear the fractions, we multiply both sides of the equation by each denominator

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Start by multiplying all terms in the equation by the denominator (p + 3)

The (p + 3) on top and bottom will cancel in the first term
Your notes
5(p + 3)
2− = 6p (p + 3)
p
Now multiply all terms on both sides by the next denominator, p
The p on top and bottom will cancel in the second term

2(p ) − 5(p + 3) = 6p (p + 3) (p )
Expand brackets
Be careful with negative signs

2p − 5(p + 3) = 6p 2 (p + 3)
2p − 5p − 15 = 6p 3 + 18p 2
Collect like terms

−3p − 15 = 6p 3 + 18p 2

Add 3p and 15 to both sides of the equation

0 = 6p 3 + 18p 2 + 3p + 15
6 p 3 + 18 p + 3 p + 15 = 0

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Solving Linear Equations
Contents
Solving Linear Equations
Forming Equations from Words

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Solving Linear Equations

Your notes
Solving Linear Equations
What are linear equations?
A linear equation is one that can be written in the form ax + b = c

a , b , and c are numbers and x is the variable

2x + 3 = 5
3x + 4 = 1
x - 5 = -3
The greatest power of x is 1
There are no terms like x2

How do I solve linear equations?

You need to use operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing to get x on its own
Any operation you do to one side of the equation must also be done to the other side

For example, to solve 2x + 1 = 9 look at the +1 on the left

Undo this by subtracting 1 from both sides and simplifying

2x + 1 = 9
( − 1) ( − 1)
2x = 8
This equation is now easier to solve
2x is 2 × x so undo this by dividing both sides by 2 and simplifying

2x = 8
( ÷ 2) ( ÷ 2)

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x =4
The solution to the equation is x = 4 Your notes
Adding 1 was undone by subtracting 1
Multiplying by 2 was undone by dividing by 2
Addition and subtraction are said to be inverse (opposite) operations
Multiplication and division are also inverse operations

Does the order of steps matter?

As long as each step is applied correctly, the order in which inverse operations are applied does not
matter
Applying the operations in one order may be easier than another

Consider 4x + 8 = 12

It is easier to first subtract 8 from both sides

4x = 4
Then divide both sides by 4

x =1
If you want to first divide by 4, a common mistake is to write x + 8 = 3

This is incorrect as 8 has not been divided by 4

You must divide every term by 4

4x 8 12
+ =
4 4 4
x +2=3
Then subtract 2 from both sides

x =1

How do I solve linear equations with negative numbers?

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For example, 2 − 3x = 10

Subtract 2 from both sides and simplify Your notes

2 − 3x = 10
( − 2) ( − 2)
−3x = 8
Then divide both sides by -3 and simplify

−3x = 8

( ÷ − 3) ( ÷ − 3)
8
x=−
3
Some people prefer to write 2 − 3x = 10 as −3x + 2 = 10 , which is equivalent

You then subtract 2 and divide by -3 as before

EXAM TIP
Substitute your answer back into the original equation to check you got it right!

WORKED EXAMPLE
Solve the equation

9 − 7x = 5
Subtract 9 from both sides of the equation

−7x = − 4
Divide both sides by -7
Remember that a negative divided by a negative will result in a positive number

−4
x=
−7

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4
x=
7 Your notes

How do I solve linear equations with brackets?

If a linear equation involves brackets, expand the brackets first

For example, solve 2(x − 3) = 10

Expand the brackets

2x − 6 = 10
Then solve as shown previously
Add 6 then divide by 2

2x = 16
x =8
Expanding brackets first will always work, but you can also divide first

Dividing both sides of 2(x − 3) = 10 by 2 gives (x − 3) = 5

which gives x = 8

This method works but can lead to harder fractions

How do I solve linear equations with fractions?

If a linear equation contains fractions, multiply both sides by the lowest common denominator

x 9
For example, +4=
5 2
The lowest common denominator of 5 and 2 is 10
Multiply all terms on both sides by 10

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⎛⎜ x⎞ 9
⎜ 10 × ⎟⎟ + ( 10 × 4) = 10 ×
⎝ 5⎠ 2 Your notes
10x 90
+ 40 =
5 2
Simplify the fractions

2x + 40 = 45
Now solve as before, by subtracting 40, then dividing by 2

2x = 5
5
x=
2
Unless the question specifies otherwise, you can leave the answer like this
A decimal or mixed number would also be accepted

What if the unknown is on the denominator?

4
For example =3
x −2
Multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator

4
× (x − 2) = 3(x − 2)
x −2
Simplify the fractions, and expand any brackets

4 = 3(x − 2)
4 = 3x − 6
Now solve as before, by adding 6 to both sides, then dividing by 3

10 = 3x
10
=x
3

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WORKED EXAMPLE
Your notes
(a) Solve the equation

5(3 − 4x ) + 1 = 26
Expand the bracket

15 − 20x + 1 = 26
Simplify

16 − 20x = 26
It can be helpful to consider 16 - 20x as -20x + 16
Subtract 16 from both sides

−20x = 10
Divide both sides by -20 and simplify

10
x=
−20
1
x=−
2
1
x=−
2
-0.5 is also accepted
(b) Solve the equation

5x 1
=
4 2
The lowest common denominator of 4 and 2 is 4
Multiply both sides by 4

5x 1
4× =4×
4 2

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Simplify (cancel) the fractions

5x = 2 Your notes
To solve this equation, divide both sides by 5

2
x =
5
0.4 is also accepted

How do I solve linear equations with x terms on both sides?

Collect the x terms (or whichever variable is involved) together on one side
To do this, remove all the x terms from one side
It is easiest to remove the smallest x term to avoid negatives

For example, 4x − 7 = 11 + x

Remove the x term on the right-hand side, by subtracting x from both sides

4x − 7 = 11 + x
(−x ) (−x )
3x − 7 = 11
There are no longer any x terms on the right
This now has the same form as previously seen
Solve by adding 7 then dividing by 3

3x − 7 = 11
3x = 18
x =6

WORKED EXAMPLE
Solve the equation

4 − 5x = 6x − 29

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Remove the x terms from either side

We will remove them from the left as -5x is smaller than 6x
Your notes
Add 5x to both sides

4 = 11x − 29
Get 11x on its own by adding 29 to both sides

33 = 11x
Divide both sides by 11 to find x

3=x
x =3

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Forming Equations from Words

Your notes
Forming Linear Equations
How do I form expressions from words?
You can turn common phrases into expressions
Use x to represent an unknown value

2 less than "something" x −2

Double "something" 2x

5 lots of "something" 5x

3 more than "something" x +3

Half of "something" 1 x
x or
2 2

Common words indicating basic operations are:

Addition: sum, total, more than, increase
Subtraction: difference, less than, decrease
Multiplication: product, lots of, times as many, double, triple
Division: shared, split, grouped, halved, quartered
Brackets help keep the order correct
"something" add 1, then multiplied by 3

(x + 1) × 3 which simplifies to 3(x + 1)

Compare this to "something" multiplied by 3, then add 1

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x × 3 + 1 which simplifies to 3x + 1
You may have to choose which unknown to call x
Your notes
If Adam is 10 years younger than Barry, then Barry is 10 years older than Adam

Either represent Adam's age as x − 10 and Barry's age as x

Or represent Adam's age as x and Barry's age as x + 10

If Adam's age is half of Barry's age, then Barry's age is double Adam's age

So if Adam's age is x then Barry's age is 2x

1
This makes the algebra easier (rather than using x for Barry's age and x for Adam's age)
2
How do I form equations?
An equation is a statement with an equals sign that can be solved
Try to put in the phrase "is equal to" to see where the equals goes
Lisa's age is double Aisha's age and the sum of their ages is ("is equal to") 27

Represent Aisha's age as x and Lisa's age is 2x

The equation is 2x + x = 27

When solving, always give the answer in context

3x = 27 so x = 9
In context: "Lisa is 18 years old and Aisha is 9 years old"
Sometimes you might have two unknown values (x and y)
Use the information to form two simultaneous equations

WORKED EXAMPLE
A flowerbed has flowers of three different colours: red, yellow and purple.
The number of yellow flowers is three times the number of red flowers.
The number of purple flowers is 5 more than the number of yellow flowers.

If the difference between the number of purple flowers and red flowers is 29, find the number of

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yellow flowers.
Let the number of red flowers be x Your notes
x red flowers
Multiply this by 3 to get the number of yellow flowers

3x yellow flowers
Add 5 to the previous result to get the number of purple flowers

3x + 5 purple flowers
Find the difference between the number of purple and red flowers (purple subtract red, as purple is
larger)

3x + 5 − x
Set the difference equal to 29

3x + 5 − x = 29
Simplify the left-hand side (3x - x = 2x)

2x + 5 = 29
Solve the equation (subtract 5 then divide by 2)

2x = 29 − 5
2x = 24
24
x=
2
x = 12
This is not the answer to the question asked
The number of yellow flowers is 3x so multiply this answer by 3
There are 36 yellow flowers

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Edexcel IGCSE Maths A Your notes

(Modular): Higher Unit 1
Solving Quadratic Equations
Contents
Solving Quadratics by Factorising
Solving by Completing the Square
The Quadratic Formula
Deciding the Quadratic Method

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Solving Quadratics by Factorising

Your notes
Solving Quadratics by Factorising
How do I solve a quadratic equation using factorisation?
Rearrange it into the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Zero must be on one side
It is easier if you rearrange so that a is positive
Factorise the quadratic and solve each bracket equal to zero
If (x + 4)(x - 1) = 0, then either x + 4 = 0 or x - 1 = 0
Because if two things multiply together to give zero,
then one or the other of them must be equal to zero

To solve (x − 3) (x + 7) = 0

…solve first bracket = 0:

x–3=0
add 3 to both sides: x = 3
…and solve second bracket = 0
x+7=0
subtract 7 from both sides: x = -7
The two solutions are x = 3 or x = -7
The solutions in this example are the numbers in the brackets, but with opposite signs

What if there are numbers in front of the x's in the brackets?

The process is the same
There's a bit more work to find the solutions
You can't just write down the answers by changing the signs

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To solve (2x − 3) (3x + 5) = 0

…solve first bracket = 0 Your notes

2x – 3 = 0
add 3 to both sides: 2x = 3

3
divide both sides by 2: x =
2
…solve second bracket = 0
3x + 5 = 0
subtract 5 from both sides: 3x = -5

5
divide both sides by 3: x = −
3
3 5
The two solutions are x = or x = −
2 3
What if x is a factor?
The process is the same
Just be sure to handle the x correctly
That 'x as a factor' gives one of the solutions

To solve x (x − 4) = 0

it may help to think of x as (x – 0) or (x)

…solve first bracket = 0
(x) = 0, so x = 0
…solve second bracket = 0
x–4=0
add 4 to both sides: x = 4
The two solutions are x = 0 or x = 4

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It is a common mistake to divide (cancel) both sides by x at the beginning

If you do this you will lose a solution (the x = 0 solution) Your notes
How can I use my calculator to help with solving quadratics by
factorising?
You can use your calculator to help you to factorise

2 1
A calculator gives solutions to 6x 2 + x − 2 = 0 as x = − and x =
3 2
Reverse the method above to factorise!

6x 2 + x − 2 = (3x + 2) (2x − 1)
2 1
Be careful: a calculator also gives solutions to 12x2 + 2x – 4 = 0 as x = − and x =
3 2
But 12x2 + 2x – 4 ≠ (3x + 2) (2x − 1)

The right-hand side expands to 6x2 + ... not 12x2 + ...

Multiply outside the brackets by 2 to correct this

12x2 + 2x – 4 = 2(3x + 2) (2x − 1)

EXAM TIP
Remember that you can check your solutions by either
substituting them back into the original equation
using a different quadratic method
or using a calculator

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Solve (x − 2) (x + 5) = 0

Set the first bracket equal to zero

x–2=0
Add 2 to both sides

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x=2
Set the second bracket equal to zero Your notes
x+5=0
Subtract 5 from both sides
x = -5
Write both solutions together using “or”
x = 2 or x = -5
(b) Solve (8x + 7) (2x − 3) = 0

Set the first bracket equal to zero

8x + 7 = 0
Subtract 7 from both sides
8x = -7
Divide both sides by 8

7
x=−
8
Set the second bracket equal to zero
2x - 3 = 0
Add 3 to both sides
2x = 3
Divide both sides by 2

3
x=
2
Write both solutions together using “or”

7 3
x=− or x =
8 2

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(c) Solve x (5x − 1) = 0

Do not divide both sides by x (this will lose a solution at the end) Your notes
Set the first “bracket” equal to zero
(x) = 0
Solve this equation to find x
x=0
Set the second bracket equal to zero
5x - 1 = 0
Add 1 to both sides
5x = 1
Divide both sides by 5

1
x=
5
Write both solutions together using “or”

1
x = 0 or x =
5

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Solving by Completing the Square

Your notes
Solving by Completing the Square
How do I solve a quadratic equation by completing the
square?
To solve x2 + bx + c = 0
replace the first two terms, x2 + bx, with (x + p)2 - p2 where p is half of b
This is completing the square
x2 + bx + c = 0 becomes (x + p)2 - p2 + c = 0
(where p is half of b)
rearrange this equation to make x the subject (using ±√)
For example, solve x2 + 10x + 9 = 0 by completing the square
x2 + 10x becomes (x + 5)2 - 52
so x2 + 10x + 9 = 0 becomes (x + 5)2 - 52 + 9 = 0
make x the subject (using ±√)
(x + 5)2 - 25 + 9 = 0
(x + 5)2 = 16
x + 5 = ±√16
x + 5 = ±4
x = -5 ±4
x = -1 or x = -9
It also works with numbers that lead to surds
The answers found will be in exact (surd) form

EXAM TIP

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When making x the subject to find the solutions, don't expand the squared bracket back out
again!
Your notes
Remember to use ±√ to get two solutions

How do I solve by completing the square when there is a

coefficient in front of the x2 term?
If the equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 with a number (other than 1) in front of x2
you can divide both sides by a first (before completing the square)
For example 3x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
Divide both sides by 3
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
Complete the square on this easier equation
This trick only works when completing the square to solve a quadratic equation
i.e. it has an "=0" on the right-hand side
Don't do this when using completing the square to rewrite a quadratic expression in a new form
i.e. when there is no "=0"
For that, you must factorise out the a (but not divide by it)
⎡⎢ b ⎤⎥⎥
ax 2 + bx + c = a ⎢⎢ x 2 + x ⎥ + c and so on
⎢⎢
⎣ a ⎥⎥⎦

How does completing the square link to the quadratic

formula?
The quadratic formula actually comes from completing the square to solve ax2 + bx + c = 0
a, b and c are left as letters when completing the square
This makes it as general as possible
You can see hints of this when you solve quadratics
For example, solving x2 + 10x + 9 = 0

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by completing the square, (x + 5)2 = 16 so x = -5 ± 4 (as above)

−10 ± 64 8 Your notes

by the quadratic formula, x = = −5 ± = -5 ± 4 (the same structure)
2 2

WORKED EXAMPLE
Solve 2x 2 − 8x − 24 = 0 by completing the square.

Divide both sides by 2 to make the quadratic start with x2

x 2 − 4x − 12 = 0
Halve the middle number, -4, to get -2
Replace the first two terms, x2 - 4x, with (x - 2)2 - (-2)2

(x − 2) 2 − (−2) 2 − 12 = 0
Simplify the numbers

(x − 2) 2 − 4 − 12 = 0
(x − 2) 2 − 16 = 0
Add 16 to both sides

(x − 2) 2 = 16
Take the square root of both sides
Include the ± sign to get two solutions

x − 2 = ± 16 = ± 4
Add 2 to both sides

x =2 ±4
Work out each solution separately
x = 6 or x = -2

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The Quadratic Formula

Your notes
Quadratic Formula
What is the quadratic formula?
A quadratic equation has the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a ≠ 0)
you need "= 0" on one side
The quadratic formula is a formula that gives both solutions to a quadratic equation:

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

EXAM TIP
Make sure the quadratic equation has "= 0" on the right-hand side
Otherwise it needs rearranging first

How do I use the quadratic formula to solve a quadratic

equation?
Read off the values of a, b and c from the equation
Substitute these into the formula
Write this line of working in the exam
Put brackets around any negative numbers being substituted in
To solve 2x2 - 8x - 3 = 0 using the quadratic formula:
a = 2, b = -8 and c = -3

− (−8) ± (−8) 2 − 4 × 2 × (−3)

x=
2×2
Either type this into a calculator or simplify by hand
Type it once using + for ± then again using - for ±

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The solutions are x = 4.3452078... or x = -0.34520787....

To 3 decimal places: x = 4.345 or x = -0.345 Your notes
To 3 significant figures: x = 4.35 or x = -0.345

EXAM TIP
Always look for how the question wants you to leave your final answers
For example, correct to 2 decimal places

How do I write the solutions in an exact (surd) form?

You may be asked to give answers in an exact (surd) form
In the example above, work out the number under the square root sign
Be careful with negatives!

(−8) 2 − 4 × 2 × (−3) = 64 + 24 = 88
Now square root this number and use surd rules to simplify

88 = 4 × 22 = 4 × 22 = 2 22
Substitute this back into the formula and simplify

8 ± 2 22 2(4 ± 22 ) 4 ± 22
x= = =
4 4 2

4+ 22 4− 22
The solutions in exact (surd) form are x = or x =
2 2
Calculators that can solve quadratics will give solutions in exact (surd) form

What is the discriminant?

The part of the formula under the square root (b2 – 4ac) is called the discriminant
The sign of this value tells you if there are 0, 1 or 2 solutions
If b2 – 4ac > 0 (positive)
then there are 2 different solutions

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If b2 – 4ac = 0
then there is only 1 solution Your notes
sometimes called "two repeated solutions"
If b2 – 4ac < 0 (negative)
then there are no solutions

If your calculator gives you solutions with i terms in, these are "complex" and are not what we
are looking for
Interestingly, if b2 – 4ac is a perfect square number ( 1, 4, 9, 16, …) then the quadratic expression
could have been factorised!
Can I use my calculator to solve quadratic equations?
If your calculator solves quadratic equations, use it to check your final answers
But a correct method and working must still be shown

WORKED EXAMPLE
Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions of the equation 3x2 - 2x - 4 = 0.
Give each solution as an exact value in its simplest form.
Write down the values of a, b and c
a = 3, b = -2, c = -4

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
Substitute these values into the quadratic formula, x =
2a
Put brackets around any negative numbers

− (−2) ± (−2) 2 − 4 × 3 × (−4)

x=
2×3
Simplify the expressions

2 ± 4 + 48 2 ± 52
x= =
6 6

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Simplify the surd

2 ± 4 × 13 2 ± 2 13 Your notes
x== =
6 6
Simplify the fraction

1± 13
x=
3

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Deciding the Quadratic Method

Your notes
Deciding the Quadratic Method
If you have to solve a quadratic equation but are not told which method to use, here is a guide for what to
do.

When should I solve by factorisation?

Use factorisation when the question asks to solve by factorisation
For example
part (a) Factorise 6x2 + 7x – 3
part (b) Solve 6x2 + 7x – 3 = 0
Use factorisation when solving two-term quadratic equations
For example, solve x2 – 4x = 0
Take out a common factor of x to get x(x – 4) = 0
So x = 0 and x = 4
For example, solve x2 – 9 = 0
Use the difference of two squares to factorise it as (x + 3)(x – 3) = 0
So x = -3 and x = 3
(Or rearrange to x2 = 9 and use ±√ to get x = ±3)
Factorising can often be the quickest way to solve a quadratic equation

When should I use the quadratic formula?

Use the quadratic formula when the question says to leave solutions correct to a given accuracy (2
decimal places, 3 significant figures etc)
This is a hint that the equation will not factorise
Use the quadratic formula when it may be faster than factorising
It's quicker to solve 36x2 + 33x – 20 = 0 using the quadratic formula than by factorisation

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Use the quadratic formula if in doubt, as it always works

When should I solve by completing the square? Your notes
Use completing the square when part (a) of a question says to complete the square and part (b) says to
use part (a) to solve the equation
Use completing the square when making x the subject of harder formulae containing both x2 and x
terms
For example, make x the subject of the formula x2 + 6x = y
Complete the square: (x + 3)2 – 9 = y
Add 9 to both sides: (x + 3)2 = y + 9

Take square roots and use ±: x + 3 = ± y +9

Subtract 3: x = − 3 ± y +9
Completing the square always works
But it's not always quick or easy to do

EXAM TIP
If your calculator solves quadratic equations, use it to check your solutions
If the solutions on your calculator are whole numbers or fractions (with no square roots), this
means the quadratic equation does factorise

WORKED EXAMPLE
(a) Solve x 2 − 7x + 2 = 0 , giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places.

“Correct to 2 decimal places” suggests using the quadratic formula

Substitute a = 1, b = -7 and c = 2 into the formula
Put brackets around any negative numbers

− (−7) ± (−7) 2 − 4 × 1 × 2
x=
2×1
Use a calculator to find each solution
x = 6.70156… or 0.2984...

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Round your final answers to 2 decimal places

x = 6.70 or x = 0.30 (2 d.p.) Your notes
(b) Solve 16x 2 − 82x + 45 = 0 .

Method 1
If you cannot spot the factorisation, use the quadratic formula
Substitute a = 16, b = -82 and c = 45 into the formula
Put brackets around any negative numbers

− (−82) ± (−82) 2 − 4 × 16 × 45
x=
2 × 16
Use a calculator to find each solution

9 5
x= or x =
2 8
Method 2
If you do spot the factorisation, (2x – 9)(8x – 5), then use that method instead

(2x − 9) (8x − 5) = 0
Set the first bracket equal to zero

2x − 9 = 0
Add 9 to both sides then divide by 2

2x = 9
9
x=
2
Set the second bracket equal to zero

8x − 5 = 0
Add 5 to both sides then divide by 8

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8x = 5
5 Your notes
x=
8
9 5
x= or x =
2 8

(c) By writing x 2 + 6x + 5 in the form (x + p ) 2 + q , solve x 2 + 6x + 5 = 0 .

This question wants you to complete the square first

Find p (by halving the middle number)

6
p= =3
2
Write x2 + 6x as (x + p)2 - p2

x 2 + 6x = (x + 3) 2 − 32
= (x + 3) 2 − 9
Replace x2 + 6x with (x + 3)2 – 9 in the equation

(x + 3) 2 − 9 + 5 = 0
(x + 3) 2 − 4 = 0
Now solve it
Make x the subject of the equation (start by adding 4 to both sides)

(x + 3) 2 = 4
Take square roots of both sides (include a ± sign to get both solutions)

x +3= ± 4 = ±2
Subtract 3 from both sides

x = −3 ±2
Find each solution separately using + first, then - second

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x = - 1 or x = - 5
Even though the quadratic factorises to (x + 5)(x + 1), this is not the method asked for in the question Your notes

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