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Government College of Engineering Keonjhar
LECTURE NOTES
MATHS-II
VECTOR CALCULUS
Module - III (10 Hours)
Syllabus: Vector differential calculus: vector and scalar functions and
fields, Derivatives, Curves, tangents and arc Length, gradient, divergence,
curl.
SCALAR- Quantities having only magnitude
VECTOR- Magnitude as well as direction 𝒀
• P(𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
POSITION VECTOR ⃗
𝒓
Position vector OP at point P( O 𝑿
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ 𝒁
MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR
|⃗ | √
UNIT VECTOR
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂
|⃗ | √
VECTOR PRODUCT
DOT Product- ⃗ ⃗ |⃗ ||⃗ |
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂̂ ̂ ̂ , ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗
Vector Calculus Module III Dr. Atul Kumar Ray
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CROSS Product- ⃗ ⃗ |⃗ ||⃗ |
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗ | |
POINT FUNCTION
SCALAR POINT FUNCTION: A scalar point function is a function that assigns a real
number (i.e. a scalar) to each point of some region of space.
(
VECTOR POINT FUNCTION: A vector function is a function that assigns a vector to a set
of real variables. Its general form is
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
e.g.
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE AND CURL
DEL OPERATOR
Vector differential operator
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
GRADIENT OF SCALAR FUNCTION
The gradient of scalar function is defined as
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
• ⃗⃗ is normal vector to the surface
DIVERGENCE OF VECTOR FUNCTION ⃗
If ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ , then divergence of vector function is defined as
⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
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CURL OF VECTOR FUNCTION ⃗
If ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ , then Curl of vector function is defined as
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ || ||
Question 1
Prove that
(i) ⃗⃗ ⃗
(ii) ⃗⃗ ⃗
(iii) Curl grad
Soln. :
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
(i) ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √
⃗⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ )(
( ( (
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ )(
( ( (
̂ ̂ ̂
( ( ( (
̂ ̂
( ( ̂
( (
{ ̂ ̂ ̂}
= ⃗ Proved.
Vector Calculus Module III Dr. Atul Kumar Ray
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(ii) ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ ) ̂ ̂ ̂
= 1 + 1 + 1 =3
(iii)
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ || ||
Here, ⃗ ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
Curl grad ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ )
(̂ ̂ ̂ ) (̂ ̂ ̂ )
̂ ̂ ̂
| |
| |
Curl grad ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ )
(̂ ̂ ̂ ) (̂ ̂ ̂ )
̂ ̂ ̂
| |
| |
̂( ) ̂( ) ̂( )
̂ ̂ ̂
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IMPORTANT NOTES
1. Solenoidal Vector
If ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗
Then ⃗ is called Solenoidal vector
2. Irrotational Vector
If ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗
Then ⃗ is called irrotational vector
3. Directional Derivative
Directional derivative of scalar function at point ( in the direction of unit
vector ̂ is
Question 1
Show that
⃗ ( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂
is solenoidal.
Soln. : If ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗
Then ⃗ is called Solenoidal vector
Given ⃗ ( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂
⃗⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ ) {( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂}
( ( (
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So, ⃗⃗ ⃗
Hence ⃗ is solenoidal.
Question 2
Determine the value of so that
⃗ ( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂
is irrotational.
Soln. : If ⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗
Then ⃗ is called irrotational vector
⃗ ( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ⃗ || ||
( ( ( (
̂( ) ̂( )
( (
̂( )
( ( ( (
̂( ) ̂( )
( (
̂( )
( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂
For Irrotational Vector
⃗⃗ ⃗
( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
So, for , ⃗ is called irrotational vector
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Question 3
Find the directional derivative of
at Point P (1, 2, 3) in the direction of line PQ, where Q is the point
(5, 0, 4).
Soln.: Directional derivative of scalar function at point ( in the direction of
unit vector ̂ is
Step I- Find scalar function (surface)
Step II- Find Gradient of
⃗⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ )(
( ( (
̂ ̂ ̂
Step I- Find scalar function (surface)
Step II- Find Gradient of
( ( (
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
Step III- Substittute Point P (1, 2, 3) in
⃗⃗ ( ̂ ( ̂ ( ̂
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
Step IV- Find Unit Vector ̂
Given ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
( ̂ ̂ ̂) (̂ ̂ ̂
( ̂ ̂ ̂)
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂
|⃗ | √ √
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Step V – Apply definition of Directional derivative
̂
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and̂
√
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( )
√
√ √
Question 4
Find the directional derivative of
at
Point (2, -1, 1) in the direction of normal to the surface at ( .
Soln.: Directional derivative of scalar function at point ( in the direction of
unit vector ̂ is
Step I- Find scalar function (surface)
Step II- Find Gradient of
⃗⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂ )(
( ( (
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ( ̂ ̂
Step III- Substittute Point (2, -1, 1) in
⃗⃗ ̂ ( ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
Step IV- Find Unit Vector ̂
Given ⃗ normal to the surface at ( .
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⃗ ⃗⃗
( ( (
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
At (-1, 2, 1), ⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂
|⃗ | √ √
Step V – Apply definition of Directional derivative
̂
̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂
√
̂ ̂
̂ (̂ ̂ ̂) ( )
√
( ( ( (
√ √
CURVES AND ARC LENGTH
1) Arc Length: The arc length of a curve y = f(x) over the interval [a,b] is ∫
where, √ ( ) ( ,a≤x≤b
√ ( ) if ( ,c≤y≤d
2) Plane curve: Given a smooth curve C defined by the function ⃗ ( ( ̂
( ̂. where t lies within the interval the arc length of C over the interval is
∫ √( ) ( ) . i.e. √( ) ( )
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3) Space curve: Given a smooth curve C defined by the function ⃗ ( ( ̂ ( ̂
( ̂. where t lies within the interval the arc length of C over the interval is
∫ √( ) ( ) ( )
EXAMPLE 1
Suppose ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂. What is the distance along the helix
from (1,0,0) to ( , , t).
Sol. We know that this curve is a helix.
⃗( ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ (
̂ ̂ ̂
The distance along the helix from (1,0,0) to ( , , t)
∫| ( | ∫ √( ( √ [ ] √
Note: The value of t that gets us distance s along the helix is , and so the same
√
curve is given by ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂
√ √ √
EXAMPLE 2
Find the length of the cycloid ⃗ ( ⟨t−sin t, 1−cos t⟩ generated by the unit circle .
Sol. We know that given cycloid is
⃗( ( ̂ ( ̂
( , (
∫ √( ) ( )
∫ √( ) ( ) ∫ √( (
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∫ √( ( ∫√ ( (
∫√ ( √ ∫√ ( ) ∫ ( )
The cycloid is generated by the unit circle, Thus will vary from 0 to
∫ ( ) [ ( )] [ ] (
Assignment
Evaluate following integral for curve C:
There will be separate question set for Assignments and Practice.
Vector Calculus Module III Dr. Atul Kumar Ray
