CSE – 1101: Computer Programming
[3.0 Credits]
Introduction to Programming
Languages
Prof. Md. Alamgir Hossain, CSE, Faridpur Engineering College
Computer Fundamentals (Reviews)
What is a Computer?
Hardware (CPU, RAM, HD, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, etc.)
Software
System Software (Operating System, Compilers)
Application Software
Block of a Computer:
Input Processing Output
History of Computers:
The early inventions was Chinese abacus.
Charles Babbage’s “Analytical engine” (1834).
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Computer Fundamentals (Reviews)
History & Generations:
First Generation (1937 – 1953)
Second Generation (1954 – 1962)
Third Generation (1963 – 1972)
Fourth Generation (1972 – 1984)
Fifth Generation (1984 – 1990)
Sixth Generation (1990 – till date)
Classification of Digital Computes
PC, Mainframe Computers, Minicomputers, Supercomputers
Computers in Society:
Advantages and Disadvantages
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Programming Languages
Computer Language is used by programmer to communicate with
computers.
Types of Programming Languages: (User End)
High Level Language
Simplicity
Portability
C, Fortran, Java
Low Level Language
Difficult
Machine dependence
Machine language
Mid Level Language
C (sometime called)
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Programming Languages (Cont.)
Types of programming languages (Structure)
Procedural programming languages.
A procedural language follows a sequence of statements or commands in order to
achieve a desired output.
Functional programming languages.
Object-oriented programming languages (OOP).
Scripting languages.
Logic programming languages.
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Program Characteristics
Integrity
The accuracy of the calculations
Clarity
The overall readability of the program, with particular emphasis on its underlying
logic.
Simplicity
The clarity and accuracy of a program are usually enhanced by keeping things as
simple as possible.
Efficiency
Concerned with execution speed and efficient memory utilization.
Modularity
Programs can be broken down into a series of identifiable subtasks.
Generality
Program to be as general as possible, within reasonable limits.
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Structured Programming
Encompasses a number of methodologies to produce good quality
design and code, which can be
Easily understood
Tested
Debugged
Modified
Maintained in future
Main Principles
Program design (top-down or button-up approach)
Decomposition of program into components
Structuring of control flow (Sequence, Selection, Iteration)
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Basic of a C Program
C program consists of functions (or modules).
Build-in functions
User define functions
One function’s name must be main.
The program always start executing from main function.
All other functions must be called (directly/indirectly) into the main function.
Any other function definitions must be defined ahead or after main function.
Each function must contain:
Function Heading (return type, function name, arguments (optional) enclosed in
parentheses)
Function Body (Declarations, statements)
Build-in functions file name must be included before main function.
Examples: printf(), scanf(), sqrt(), round() etc.
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Structure of a C Program
General form of a C Program:
#incluede<header file name>
int main(void)
{
statements;
return 0;
}
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Develop A Program
Analyze the Problem
(inputs, outputs and processing)
Design
(algorithm, flow chart)
Coding
(programming languages)
Testing & Debugging
( compile)
Running
(verify its correctness)
Documentation
(further use)
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Introduction to C Programming
C character Set
All uppercase & lowercase letters (A to Z & a to z)
The digits (0 to 9)
Special characters (+ , *, % , # etc.)
Keywords
Certain reserved words (int , for , char , if )
Only 32 standard keywords
Some compilers may include more 8 keywords
Identifiers
Names that are given to various program elements (variables, function)
Rules to give identifiers name
The first character must be a letter
Both uppercase and lowercase letters are permitted
The underscore character ( _ ) can also be included
The keywords cannot be used
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Data Types
int
Integer quantity
2 bytes or one word (varies from one compiler to another)
char
Single character
1 byte
float
Floating-point number (number containing a decimal point)
2 words (4 bytes)
double
Double-precision floating-point number
4 words (8 bytes)
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C Fundamentals
Constants:
Integer, unsigned, long, floating-point etc.
Escape Sequences:
\n, \a, \\, \t etc.
Variables:
All variables must be declared before use.
int a, b; char flag; float root1, root2;
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C Fundamentals (cont.)
Expression:
Consist of constant, variable or other element, interconnected by one
or more operators.
a + b; z = (x + y)/2.o;
Statements:
Expression statements, Compound statements, Control statements
Symbolic Constants:
#define name text ( #define PI 3.1415)
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Algorithm
Algorithm:
A procedure (set of instructions) used for solving a problem or
performing a computation.
step-by-step method for solving a problem.
Qualities of a Good Algorithm:
Input and output should be defined precisely.
Each step in the algorithm should be clear and unambiguous.
Algorithms should be most effective among many different ways to
solve a problem.
An algorithm should be written in such a way that it can be used in
different programming languages.
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Algorithm Example
Algorithm: Add two numbers entered by the user
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables A, B and Sum.
Step 3: Read values A and B
Step 4: Add A and B and assign the result to Sum.
Sum = A + B
Step 5: Display Sum.
Step 6: Stop.
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Flow Chart
Flow Chart:
A graphical representation of solving problems using pre-define symbols.
A flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm.
Symbols Used:
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Flow Chart Example
The Average Of Two Numbers Check Input Number Odd Or Even
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Simple Problems
Write a C program to find the average of three integer numbers,
taking inputs from keyboard and show the output on the
computer monitor.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x, y, z;
float avg;
printf("Enter three integer numbers:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
avg = (x+y+z)/3.0;
printf("\nAverage = %.2f\n",avg);
return 0;
}
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Simple Problems (cont.)
Write a C program to calculate the average of three numbers
(taking inputs from keyboard) and show the output as nearest
integer.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float x, y, z, avg;
printf("Enter three numbers:");
scanf("%f%f%f",&x,&y,&z);
avg = (x+y+z)/3.0;
printf("\nAverage = %.0f\n", round(avg));
return 0;
}
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The End
