Continuation of chapter2 27\12\2024
Concepts of Oscillation Rates in Simple Harmonic Motion
Period, Frequency, and Angular Frequency
T represents the period of the motion. The frequency f of the simple harmonic
motion is equal to the number of oscillations per unit time.
Therefore, the frequency is related to the period T by the following relation:
1
f = (Harmonic motion)
𝑇
and has the SI unit s , cycle/s, or hertz (Hz). Additionally, we define the angular
−1
frequency of the motion by the relation:
2π
ω = = 2πf= 𝑘
(Harmonic motion)
𝑇 𝑚
EXAMPLE
A 1.30 × 103 - kg car is constructed on a frame supported by four springs.
Each spring has a spring constant of 2.00× 104 N/m. If two people riding
in the car have a combined mass of 1.60× 102 kg, find the frequency of
vibration of the car when it is driven over a pothole in the road.
Find also
a) the period and
b) the angular frequency. Assume the weight is evenly distributed.
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 2
A 45.0 - kg boy jumps on a 5.00 - kg pogo stick with spring constant
3 650 N/m.
Find
(a) the angular frequency,
(b) the frequency, and
(c) the period of the boy’s motion
ANSWERS (a) 8.54 rad/s (b) 1.36 Hz (c) 0.735 s
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration as
Functions of Time
EXAMPLE
(a) Find the amplitude, frequency, and period of motion for an
object vibrating at the end of a horizontal spring if the equation for
its position as a function of time is
π
𝑥 = 0.240𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠( t)
8.00
(b) Find the maximum magnitude of the velocity and acceleration.
(c) What are the position, velocity, and acceleration of the object
after 1.00 s has elapsed
EXAMPLE 2
If the object – spring system is described by
x = (0.330 m) cos (1.50t)
Find
(a) the amplitude, the angular frequency, the frequency, and the period;
(b) the maximum magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration; and
(c) the position, velocity, and acceleration when t = 0.250 s.
ANSWERS (a) A = 0.330 m, v = 1.50 rad/s, f = 0.239 Hz, T = 4.18 s (b) v =0.495 m/s, a =0.743 m/s2 (c) x 5
0.307 m, v = 20.181 m/s, a =20.691 m/s2
Motion of a Pendulum
EXAMPLE
Using a small pendulum of length 0.171 m, a geophysicist counts
72.0 complete swings in a time of 60.0 s. What is the value of g in
this location?
SOLUTION
Waves
In a transverse wave, the elements of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction
of the wave. An
example is a wave on a stretched string. In a longitudinal wave, the elements of the medium move
parallel to the direction of the wave velocity. An example isa sound wave.
EXAMPLE
1.A wave has a wavelength of 3.00 m. Calculate the frequency of the wave if it is
(a) a sound wave and
(b) a light wave. Take the speed of sound as 343 m/s and the speed of light as
3.00× 108 m/s.
2. a) Find the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave with frequency 9.00 GHz,
which is in the microwave range.
(b) Find the speed of a sound wave in an unknown fluid medium if a frequency
of 567 Hz has a wavelength of 2.50 m.
WAVES
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE3
A harmonic wave traveling along a string in the direction of increasing x
has the
following form
y=0.4 sin(0.2 x − 5 t),
where all the numerical constants are in SI units.
(a) Find the amplitude, wave number, angular frequency, and speed of
the wave.
(b) Find the wavelength, period, and frequency of the wave.
The Speed of Waves on Strings
EXAMPLE
A string that is taut under tension of magnitude τ =40N has a linear density
μ of 64 g/m. A wave is traveling along the string with a frequency f of
120Hz and amplitude A of 8mm.
(a) Find the speed of the wave.
(b)What is the rate of energy that must be supplied by a generator to
produce this wave in the string?
(c) If the string is to transfer energy at a rate of 500W, what must be the
required wave amplitude when all other parameters remain the same?
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 2
To what tension must a string with mass 0.010 0 kg and length 2.50
m be tightened so that waves will travel on it at a speed of 125 m/s?
ANSWER 62.5 N
Interference of Waves
The superposition principle states that if two or more traveling
waves are moving through a medium, the resultant wave is found
by adding the individual waves together point by point. When
waves meet crest to crest and trough to trough,
they undergo constructive interference. When crest meets trough,
the waves undergo destructive interference.
Reflection of Waves
When a wave pulse reflects from a rigid boundary, the pulse is
inverted. When the boundary is free, the reflected pulse is not
inverted.
END OF CHAPTER 2
