Chap 2: Potential & Capacitance

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Potential Difference .
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 SI unit of potential difference is volt (V) . Electric Potential .
It has been named after the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta

1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 =
1 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

Or 1𝑉 = 1𝑁𝑚 𝐶 −1 = 1𝐽𝐶 −1

The potential difference between two points in an electric

field is said to be 1 volt if 1 joule of work has to be done in
moving a positive charge of 1 coulomb from one point to the
other against the electrostatic forces.

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Electric Potential due to a Point Charge . Derivation: Electric Potential due to a Point Charge .

👉The electric potential due to a point charge is spherically symmetric.

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Electric Potential at an Axial Point of a Dipole . Derivation : Electric Potential at an Axial Point of a Dipole .

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 Electric Potential at an Equatorial Point of a Dipole . Derivation : Electric Potential at an Equatorial Point of a Dipole .

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Differences b/w electric potential of a dipole and a single charge . Electric Potential due to a System of Charges .

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Electric Potential due to uniformly charged thin Spherical Shell . Derivations: Potential due to uniformly charged thin Spherical Shell .

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 Important Concepts: Electric Potential .

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Relation between Electric Field and Potential .

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Derivations :Relation between Electric Field and Potential . Important Concepts .

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 Equipotential Surface .
Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform electric field
(E) of 5 × 103 𝑁𝐶 −1 as shown in the figure. Find the
potential difference between A and C.

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Properties of equipotential Surface . Equipotential Surfaces Some Examples .

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Electric Potential Energy . Derivation of Electric Potential Energy of Two point Charges .

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 Units of electrostatic Potential energy . Potential Energy of a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field .

👉electron volt is the potential energy gained or lost by an

electron in moving through a potential difference of 1 volt.

1𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽

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Derivation: Potential Energy of a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field . Special Cases .

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Three point charges, +𝑄, +2𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3𝑄 are placed at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle ABC of side 𝑙 Fig. if these charges are displaced to
the midpoints 𝐴1 , 𝐵1 and 𝐶1 respectively, find the amount of the work
Conductors .
done in shifting the charges to the new locations.
These are the substances which allow scale
physical movement of electric charges.

👉Ex. Silver, copper, aluminium, graphite,

human body, acids, alkalies, etc.

Insulators .
These are the substances which do not
allow physical movement of electric
charges

👉example, diamond, glass, wood, mica,

wax, distilled water, ebonite, etc.
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 Free and Bound Charges . Behaviour of Conductors in Electrostatic Fields .

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Behaviour of Conductors in Electrostatic Fields . Electrostatic Shielding .

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Dielectrics . Polarization of Dielectrics .

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 Polarization . Polarization of a non-polar dielectric in an external electric field .
Both polar and non-polar dielectrics develop a net dipole
moment in the presence of an external electric field. This
fact is called polarization of the dielectric.

The Polarization 𝑃Ԧ is defined as the dipole moment per

unit volume

and its magnitude is usually referred to as the

polarization density.

The direction of 𝑃Ԧ is same as that of the external field

𝐸0 .

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Polarization of a Polar dielectric in an External electric field . Reduced Field inside a Dielectric and Dielectric Constant .

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Polarisation density.
Electric Susceptibility .
The ratio of the polarization to 𝜀0 times the
electric field is called the electric susceptibility
of the dielectric. (𝜒)

𝑃
𝜒=
𝜀0 𝐸

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 Relation between 𝜿 and 𝝌 Derivation Relation between 𝜿 and 𝝌

𝜿=𝟏+𝝌

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Dielectric Strength . Electrical capacitance of a conductor.

Note: The capacitance of a conductor

does not depend on the nature of its
material and the amount of charge
existing on the conductor.

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Units of Capacitance . Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor .

The SI unit of capacitance is farad (F), named in the
honour of Michael Faraday.

The capacitance of conductor is 1 farad if the addition

of a charge of 1 coulomb to it, increases its potential by
1 volt.
1 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 1𝐶
∴ 1𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑜𝑟 1𝐹 = = 1𝐶𝑉 −1
1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 1𝑉

One farad is a very large unit of capacitance.

practical units:
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1𝑚𝐹 = 10−3 𝐹
1 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1𝜇𝐹 = 10−6 𝐹
1 𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1𝑝𝐹 = 10−12 𝐹

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 Capacitor Symbol . Parallel Plate Capacitor .

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Derivations Parallel Plate Capacitor . Combination of Capacitors in Series .

Capacitors in series. When the negative plate of one capacitor
is connected to the positive plate of the second, and the
negative of the second to the positive of third and so on, the
capacitors are said to be connected in series.

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Derivation Combination of Capacitors in Series . Combination of Capacitors in Parallel .

Capacitors in parallel. When the positive plates of all capacitors
are connected to one common point and the negative plates to
another common point, Combination is parallel.

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 In the circuit shown in Fig., if the point C is earthed
Combination of Capacitors in Parallel . and point A is given a potential of + 1200 𝑉, find
the charge on each capacitor and the potential at
the point B.

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Energy Stored in a Capacitor .

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Energy Density of an Electric Field . Redistribution of Charges .

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 Loss of energy in Redistribution of Charges . Capacitance with Partially filled Dielectric .

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Capacitance with Partially filled Dielectric . Effect of Dielectric on Various Parameters .

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Corona Discharge .

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