VRAN And OPENRAN
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Learning Outcomes
1. Understanding RAN Evolution
• Traditional to Virtual RAN (vRAN): RAN has evolved from traditional, hardware-centric systems
to more flexible, software-based architectures (vRAN), allowing for improved scalability, efficiency,
and lower costs. vRAN implementation involves decoupling software and hardware, but faces
challenges such as complexity and dependency on high-performance servers.
2. O-RAN Framework and Alliance
• History & Vision: O-RAN promotes an open, interoperable RAN ecosystem, aiming to reduce
vendor lock-in and foster innovation. The O-RAN Alliance works on open standards to create a
flexible, programmable RAN, incorporating AI/ML for intelligent network management.
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3. Key 3GPP RAN Architecture Components
• C-RAN and gNB: 3GPP's C-RAN splits baseband processing from radio units, with components
like the gNB-CU (Centralized Unit) and gNB-DU (Distributed Unit), and key interfaces like E1 and
F1 connecting network elements for efficient management.
4. O-RAN Architecture and Interfaces
• Building Blocks: O-RAN’s architecture integrates RICs, O-Cloud, and xApps for enhanced
control and automation. Key interfaces like A1, E2, and O1 are used for communication and
management, allowing seamless integration with 3GPP standards and real-time network
optimization.
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5. RAN Intelligence and Service Management
• RIC and SMO: The SMO manages network services, while the RIC (Real-Time and Non-
Real-Time) handles tasks like mobility, QoS, and interference management. Interfaces like
E2 and O1 enable communication between RAN elements, with use cases like Traffic
Steering and QoS optimization improving overall network performance.
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1. Evolution of RAN
• History & Evolution: RAN (Radio Access Network) has evolved from
traditional, monolithic systems to more flexible, efficient architectures.
• Traditional RAN to Distributed RAN to Centralized RAN: Initially, RAN functions were
centralized, but with Distributed RAN (DRAN) and Centralized RAN (CRAN), these
functions were split for better performance and efficiency.
• Evolution to Virtual RAN (vRAN): Virtual RAN uses software to separate hardware and
software, improving scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency.
• vRAN Implementation & Limitations: vRAN reduces the need for proprietary hardware
but has limitations such as complex network management and dependency on high-
performance servers.
2. What is O-RAN?
• History & Objectives: O-RAN (Open RAN) aims to promote open, interoperable RAN
components and reduce vendor lock-in.
• O-RAN Alliance: The O-RAN Alliance is a global initiative driving open standards for
RAN with contributions from various telecom industry leaders.
• Over all Vision: To create an open, flexible, and programmable RAN architecture,
leveraging cloud technologies, AI/ML, and vendor diversity.
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3. 3GPP RAN Architecture
• C-RAN (3GPP): Centralized RAN in 3GPP refers to separating the baseband
unit from the radio unit, improving resource pooling and efficiency.
• gNB-CU and gNB-DU: These are the control unit and distributed unit in the 5G
architecture, with CU handling higher layers and DU managing lower layers.
• E1 and F1 Interfaces: These interfaces connect various parts of the RAN (e.g., CU to
DU, or between different network elements).
4. Main O-RAN Architecture
• Building Blocks: The O-RAN architecture includes components like the RAN Intelligent
Controllers (RIC), O-Cloud, and xApps.
• O-RAN Alliance: The O-RAN Alliance is a global initiative driving open standards for
RAN with contributions from various telecom industry leaders.
• Simple Use Case: Traffic steering based on real-time data to optimize network
performance.
• Relation to 3GPP: O-RAN complements 3GPP’s standards and allows flexible, open
integration of network functions.
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5. Service Management and Orchestration (SMO)
• Purpose: SMO orchestrates and manages RAN functions, ensuring optimal
network performance and resource allocation.
• Non-Real Time RIC: Focuses on policy management, network design, and configuration
without real-time constraints.
• Interfaces: A1 (for communication with the RIC) and O1 (for management and
monitoring).
6. Near-Real Time RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) &
E2 Interface
• Purpose & Responsibilities: The Near-Real Time RIC handles tasks like mobility
management and QoS in near-real time.
• xApps & AI/ML Models: It includes applications (xApps) and AI/ML models for
optimized decision-making and network performance.
• E2 Interface: The E2 interface connects the Near-Real Time RIC to the RAN elements,
enabling efficient communication and control.
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Thank You
for Your Attention
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