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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

MTH122/MAT121: ELEMENTARY
MATHEMATICS II

Dr. Ogbu Famous Imaga

MODULE 1: FUNCTIONS

2
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

Learning outcomes:
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
• define a function;
• evaluate a function;
• identify a function.

3
Ordered Pair: An ordered pair is a pair formed
by two elements that are separated by a comma
and written inside the parantheses. For example,
(x, y) represents an ordered pair, where 'x' is
called the first element and 'y' is called the
second element of the ordered pair.

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Relation

Relation is defined as the relationship between two sets.

If we are given two sets set A and set B and set A has a
relation with set B then each value of set A is related to a
value of set B through some unique relation.

Here, set A is called the domain of the relation, and set B is

called the range of the relation.

5
Consider the following sets the following sets
A={1,2,3,4} and B={1,8,27,64}.

The relation R is from set A to B is represented by

the rule y = 𝑥 3 : 𝑦𝜖𝐵, 𝑥𝜖𝐴 .

The relation R can be represented as an order pair

as R={(1,1),(2,8),(3,27),(4,6)}

It can also be represented as a mapping as 𝑥 → 𝑥 3

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Function: is a rule which assigns an element in
the domain to an element in the range in such a
way that each element in the domain
corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

The notation f(x) read “f of x” or “f at x” means

function of x while the notion y=f(x) means y is a
function of x. The letter x represents the input
value, or independent variable.

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Example: A function C=f(d) gives the number of classes
C, a student takes in a day, d of the week. What does
f(Monday)=4 mean?

Solution. From f(Monday)=4, we see that the input day

is Monday while the output value, number of courses is
4. Thus, the student takes 4 classes on Mondays.

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Determine whether these mappings are functions
1
a) 𝑥 → 𝑥

2
b) 𝑥 → 𝑦 where 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0

9
Representation of Functions
Tables

Equations

Graphs

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Table Representation of Functions

The function represented by Table can be written as

f(1)=3, f(2)=1, f(3)=4, f(4)=2, and f(5)=3

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Equation Representation of Functions

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13
14
NOTE: Not every equation is a function.

15
REVIEW

16
Question

2x - 3
1. Let f(x)= 2
. Evaluate the following
x +1

(i) f(1)

(ii) f(a+ 2)

(iii) f(a2 )

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 Answers
1
−
i) 2

2a + 1
ii) a 2
+ 4a + 5

2a 2 − 3
iii) 4
a +1

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Question

Determine which of the following is a function.

i) x + y = 4
3

ii) x + 2 y = 8
2 2

iii) [(5,6),(5,7),(6,6),(6,7)]

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Answers

i) A function

ii)Not a function

iii)Not a function

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Unit 2: Domain and Range of a Function

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this unit, you should be able to

❖find the domain of a function;
❖find the range of a function

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Let a function be given as y=f(x).
The domain of the function f(x) is the set of all
real numbers x for which the function is defined.

The range of the function f(x) is the set y-values

such that y=f(x) for some x in the domain.
Functions can also be represented as f : X → Y
where X is the domain and Y is the range.
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Steps to Finding the Domain of a Function

❖Identify the input values.

❖Identify any restrictions on the input value. For instance, if there is a

denominator, identify numbers that that cause division by zero and
real numbers that result in an even root, such as a square root of a
negative number.

❖ Write the domain in an interval form excluding any restricted

values from the domain.

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24
25
Solution. The function contains an even root. Since only nonnegative numbers
have square roots, we exclude any real number that result in a negative
number in the radicand. Set the radicand to be greater than or equal to zero
and solve for x.
3x + 15  0
3x  −15
15
x−
3
x  −5
you exclude any number less than -5. Hence domain of f(x) is [−5, ).

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 1
Find the domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −9

Factor the radicand of the denominator to obtain that 𝑥 ≠ 3, −3.

Test points less than -3, for instance -4, we have −4 2 −9=7>0

Test points less between -3 and 3, for instance 2, we have 2 2 − 9 = −5. This
wont work because of the square root.

Test points greater than 3, for instance 4, we have 4 2 − 9 = 7 > 0.

The domain is (−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞)

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Steps to Finding the Range of a Function

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29
30
REVIEW

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iv) 𝑓 𝑥 = 6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2

v) 𝑓 𝑥 = log(𝑥 2 − 4)

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33
Unit 3: Composite and Inverse of a Function
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, students should be able to:

❖use algebraic expressions to combine functions;
❖create composite functions;
❖evaluate composite functions;
❖verify inverse functions;
❖find the inverse of a function.

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Combining Functions using Algebraic Operations
Let f(x) and g(x) be any two functions, then
1. Sum is (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)
2. Difference is (f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)
3. Product is (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x)
 
4. Quotient is  f ( x ) = f ( x ) , where g( x )  0
g g( x )

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 Example: Let f(x)=x2-3x-4 and g(x)=3x+1. Find each of the
following functions:
(a)( f + g )( x ) (b) (f - g)(x)  f 
(c) ( fg )( x ) (d)  ( x )
g
Solution:
a) ( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x )
= x 2 − 3 x − 4 + 3 x +1
= x2 − 3

b) ( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x)
= x 2 − 3 x − 4 − (3 x + 1)
= x2 − 6x − 5

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c) ( fg )( x ) = ( x 2 − 3 x − 4)(3 x + 1)
= 3 x ( x 2 − 3 x − 4) + 1( x 2 − 3 x − 4)
= 3 x 3 − 9 x 2 − 12 x + x 2 − 3 x − 4
= 3 x 3 − 8 x 2 − 15 x − 4

f  f(x)
d)  ( x ) =
g g( x )
x − 3x − 4
2
=
3 x +1

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The domain of the functions ( f + g )( x ), ( f − g )( x ) and (fg)(x) is ( −,  ),
f  −, − 1    − 1 ,  
while the domain for is    
g  3  3 

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Composition of Functions

The composition of functions f and g is defined as

( f g )( x ) = f ( g( x ))

Example: Given f(x)=5x2 +2x -9 and g(x)=1-5x. Find

a) ( f g )( x ) b) ( g f )( x ) c) ( f g )(3)

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 Solution:
( a)( f g )( x ) = f ( g( x ))
= f (1 − 5 x )
= 5(1 − 5 x )2 + 2(1 − 5 x ) − 9
= 5(25 x 2 − 10 x + 1) + 2 − 10 x − 9
= 100 x 2 − 60 x − 6
(b) ( g f )( x ) = g( f ( x ))
(c) ( f g )(3) = 100(3)2 − 60(3) − 6
= g(5 x 2 + 2 x − 9)
= 900 − 180 − 6
= 1 − 5(5 x 2 + 2 x − 9) = 714
= 1 − 25 x 2 + 10 x − 45
= −25 x 2 + 10 x − 44
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Combining Functions using Algebraic Operations

Let f and g be two functions such that f ( g( x )) = x and g( f ( x )) = x, then

f(x) and g(x) are the inverses of each other. Specifically, g(x)=f-1(x) and
f(x)=g-1(x).
x +8
Example: Let f(x)=5x-8 and g( x ) = . Show that each function is
the inverse of the other. 5

41
Solution:
 x +8
f ( g( x )) = 5  −8
 5 
= x +8−8
=x
Similarly, 5x − 8 + 8
g( f ( x )) =
5
5x
=
5
=x

42
Determine if each function is the inverse of the other:
x −2
a) f ( x ) = 3 x − 2, g( x ) =
3
b) f ( x ) = 1 + 2, g( x ) = 1
x x −2

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Existence of the Inverse of a Function

The inverse of a function exists if the function is one-to-one.

Let us consider a function y = x 3 + 9 . The inverse is found by solving for x as

x = 3 y − 3 . This equation shows that x is a function of y because it sends each
input to a different output. Such a function is called a one-to-one function.

Consider the function y = x 2 . The inverse of this function by solving for x, is

x =  y which is not a function as each input is sent to more than one output.
Hence, its inverse does not exit.

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How to find the inverse of a function

To find the inverse of a function f(x)=y

i) Replace f(x) with y.
ii) Replace every x with y and replace every y with x.
iii) Solve the equation resulting from the second step for y.
iv) Replace y with f-1(x).
v) Verify the result by showing that ( f f −1
)( x ) = x and ( f −1
f )( x ) = x .

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 2x + 3
Example: Given f ( x ) = . Find f-1(x).
x −5

Solution:
2x + 3
Replace f(x) with y: y =
x −5
2y + 3
Replace every x with y and replace every y with x: x =
y −5

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Solve for y: x ( y − 5) = 2 y + 3
xy − 5 x = 2 y + 3
xy − 2 y = 5 x + 3
y ( x − 2) = 5 x + 3
5x + 3
y=
x −2
5x + 3
Hence f ( x ) =
−1

x −2

Finally, verify the result.

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Some common types of functions

(i) Polynomial functions e.g. y = 2x 2 + 4x − 1,

y = x 3 − 5x 2 + 6x
(ii) Trigonometric functions e.g. sinx , cos 2x , tan5x
(iii) Logarithm function e.g. log2 9x , log10 7x
(iv) Exponential function e.g. e5x , 6e8x

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REVIEW

1. Given f ( x ) = ( x − 3) , find f-1(x).

x +4
2. Let g( x ) = . Find the following: i) g-1(x) ii) ( g g )( x )
−1

2x − 5
x2
3. Find the inverse of the function: f ( x ) = 2 , x  0
x +1

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ANSWERS
1) f −1( x ) = x 2 + 3
4 + 5x
2i )
2 x −1
2 ii ) x

x
3) f ( x ) =
−1

1− x

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