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Physics - Grade 8 - Cambridge Notes

The document outlines various types of forces, categorizing them into contact forces (such as tension, normal force, and friction) and non-contact forces (like weight and electro-static force). It explains concepts related to floating and sinking, emphasizing the role of upthrust and density in determining whether an object will float or sink. Additionally, it distinguishes between mass and weight, defining mass as an intrinsic property and weight as the gravitational force acting on that mass.

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2K views3 pages

Physics - Grade 8 - Cambridge Notes

The document outlines various types of forces, categorizing them into contact forces (such as tension, normal force, and friction) and non-contact forces (like weight and electro-static force). It explains concepts related to floating and sinking, emphasizing the role of upthrust and density in determining whether an object will float or sink. Additionally, it distinguishes between mass and weight, defining mass as an intrinsic property and weight as the gravitational force acting on that mass.

Uploaded by

tapasya.veerapaneni2010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Physics

Types of Forces
Contact:
- Tension (The force transmitted through a rope, string, or cable when it is pulled
tight)
- Normal Force (The support force exerted by a surface to balance the weight of
an object resting on it)
- Thrust (The force that moves an object forward, typically generated by engines
or propellers)
- Lift (The force that acts upward on an object (such as an aeroplane) moving
through a fluid (air) to counteract its weight)
- Friction (A force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in
contact)
- Air Resistance (A type of friction that acts on objects moving through air. It
opposes the motion of the object)
Non-contact:
- Weight (The force of gravity acting on an object’s mass, pulling it toward the
centre of the Earth)
- Electro-static (The force between two charged objects. Like charges repel,
opposite charges attract)
- Magnetic (The force that acts between magnetic objects)

Examples:
Friction
1. Static Friction - the force that prevents relative motion between two contacting
surfaces when they are at rest
2. Sliding Friction - the resistance encountered when two objects in direct contact
move against each other
3. Rolling Friction - the positive force resisting the motion when a rolling body (ball,
tyre, or wheel) is on a surface

Measures of Friction are based on the type of materials that are in contact.
Friction coefficients measure how easily one object moves in relationship with another.
When you have a high coefficient of friction, you have a lot of friction between the
materials.

Floating and Sinking

Why do things float?


- When an object is put into water, the water exerts pressure on it
- This is because the moving water particles hit the surface of the object
- Both the horizontal forces are equal but opposite, so they are balanced
- However, the pressure of the water increases with depth
- Since the object area at the bottom and the top is the same, the force at the
bottom is larger
- This means there is an unbalanced force upwards, which causes upthrust

If upthrust is equal to or bigger than the


weight the object will float not it will
sink

Net/Resultant Force: the sum of all the forces acting on an object


Balanced Force: when the net force is zero
Unbalanced Force: when there is a net force
Floating and Density

Density = mass/volume
3 3
Unit - 𝑔/𝑐𝑚 or 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

Objects which are less dense than water will float


Objects which are more dense than water will sink

Weight and Mass


Mass: Mass measures the amount of matter in an object or substance. It is an intrinsic
property that does not change regardless of location

Weight: Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. It depends on both the
mass of the object and the gravitational pull at a given location

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