FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT-5

Cloud Computing,

Introduction to Cloud Computing

The Internet of Things (IoT) involves the internet-connected devices we use to perform
the processes and services that support our way of life. Another component set to help IoT
succeed is cloud computing, which acts as a sort of front end. Cloud computing is an
increasingly popular service that offers several advantages to IOT, and is based on the concept of
allowing users to perform normal computing tasks using services delivered entirely over the
internet. A worker may need to finish a major project that must be submitted to a manager, but
perhaps they encounter problems with memory or space constraints on their computing device.
Memory and space constraints can be minimized if an application is instead hosted on the
internet. The worker can use a cloud computing service to finish their work because the data is
managed remotely by a server. Another example: you have a problem with your mobile device
and you need to reformat it or reinstall the operating system. You can use Google Photos to
upload your photos to internet-based storage. After the reformat or reinstall, you can then either
move the photos back to you device or you can view the photos on your device from the internet
when youwant.

Concept

In truth, cloud computing and IoT are tightly coupled. The growth of IoT and the rapid
development of associated technologiescreate a widespread connection of ―things.‖This has lead to
the production of large amounts of data, which needs to be stored, processed and accessed. Cloud
computing as a paradigm for big data storage and analytics. While IoT is exciting on its own, the
real innovation will come from combining it with cloud computing. The combination of cloud
computing and IoT will enable new monitoring services and powerful processing of sensory data
streams. For example, sensory data can be uploaded and stored with cloud computing, later to be
used intelligently for smart monitoring and actuation with other smart devices. Ultimately, the
goal is to be able to transform data to insight and drive productive, cost-effective action from
those insights. The cloud effectively serves as the brain to improved decision-making and
optimized internet-based interactions.However, when IoT meets cloud, new challenges arise.
There is an urgent need for novel network architectures that seamlessly integrate them. The
critical concerns during integration are quality of service (QoS) and qualityof experience (QoE),
as well as data security, privacy and reliability. The virtual infrastructure for practical mobile
computing and interfacing includes integrating applications, storage devices, monitoring devices,
visualization platforms, analytics tools and client delivery. Cloud computing offers a practical
utility-based model that will enable businesses and users to access applications on demand
anytime and fromanywhere.
Characteristics

First, the cloud computing of IoT is an on-demand self service, meaning it‘s there when you need
it. Cloud computing is a web-based service that can be accessed without any special assistance or
permission from other people; however, you need at minimum some sort of internet access.
Second, the cloud computing of IoT involves broad network access, meaning it offers several
connectivity options. Cloud computing resources can be accessed through a wide variety of
internet-connected devices such as tablets, mobile devices and laptops. This level of convenience
means users can access those resources in a wide variety of manners, even from older devices.
Again, though, this emphasizes the need for network access points.
Third, cloud computing allows for resource pooling, meaning information can be shared with
those who know where and how (have permission) to access the resource, anytime and
anywhere. This lends to broader collaboration or closer connections with other users. From an
IoT perspective, just as we can easily assign an IP address to every "thing" on theplanet, we can
 share the "address" of the cloud-based protected and stored information with others and pool
resources.
Fourth, cloud computing features rapid elasticity, meaning users can readily scale the service to
their needs. You can easily and quickly edit your software setup, add or remove users, increase
storage space, etc. This characteristic will further empower IoT by providing elastic computing
power, storage and networking.
Finally, the cloud computing of IoT is a measured service, meaning you get what you pay for.
Providers can easily measure usage statistics such as storage, processing, bandwidth and active
user accounts inside your cloud instance. This pay per use (PPU) model means your costs scale
with your usage. In IoT terms, it's comparable to the ever-growing network of physical objects
that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between
these objects and other internet-enabled devices and systems; just like your cloud service, the
service rates for that IoT infrastructure may also scale with use.

Service and Deployment

Service models

Service delivery in cloud computing comprises three different service models: software as a
service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS).

Software as a service (SaaS) provides applications to the cloud‘s end user that are mainly
accessed via a web portal or service-oriented architecture-based web service technology. These
services can be seen as ASP (application service provider) on the application layer. Usually, a
specific company that uses the service would run, maintain and give support so that it can be
reliably used over a long period of time.

Platform as a service (PaaS) consists of the actual environment for developing and provisioning
cloud applications. The main users of this layer are developers that want to develop and run a
cloud application for a particular purpose. A proprietary language was supported and provided
by the platform (a set of important basic services) to ease communication, monitoring, billing
and other aspects such as startup as well as to ensure an application‘s scalability and flexibility.
Limitations regarding the programming languages supported, the programming model, the ability
to access resources, and the long-term persistence are possibledisadvantages.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides the necessary hardware and software upon which a
customer can build a customized computing environment. Computing resources, data storage
resources and the communications channel are linked together with these essential IT resources
to ensure the stability of applications being used on the cloud. Those stack models can be
referred to as the medium for IoT, being used and conveyed by the users in different methods for
the greatest chance of interoperability. This includes connecting cars, wearables, TVs,
smartphones, fitness equipment, robots, ATMs, and vending machines as well as the vertical
applications, security and professional services, and analytics platforms that come withthem.
Deployment models
Deployment in cloud computing comprises four deployment models: private cloud, public cloud,
community cloud and hybrid cloud.

A private cloud has infrastructure that‘s provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization
comprising multiple consumers such as business units. It may be owned, managed and operated
by the organization, a third party or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off
premises.

A public cloud is created for open use by the general public. Public cloud sells services to
anyone on the internet. (Amazon Web Services is an example of a large public cloud provider.)
This model is suitable for business requirements that require management of load spikes and the
applications used by the business, activities that would otherwise require greater investment in
infrastructure for the business. As such, public cloud also helps reduce capital expenditure and
bring down operational ITcosts.

A community cloud is managed and used by a particular group or organizations that have shared
interests, such as specific security requirements or a common mission.
Finally, a hybrid cloud combines two or more distinct private, community or public cloud
infrastructures such that they remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or
proprietary technology that enables data and application portability. Normally, information that‘s
not critical is outsourced to the public cloud, while business-critical services and data are kept
within the control of the organization.

CLOUD STORAGE API

A cloud storage API is an application program interface that connects a locally-based application
to a cloud-based storage system, so that a user can send data to it and access and work with data
stored in it. To the application, the cloud storage system is just another target device, like tape or
disk-based storage. An application program interface (API) is code that allows two software
programs to communicate with each other. The API defines the correct way for a developer to
write a program that requests services from an operating system (OS) or other application. APIs
are implemented by function calls composed of verbs and nouns. The required syntax is
described in the documentation of the application beingcalled.

How APIs work

APIs are made up of two related elements. The first is a specification that describes how
information is exchanged between programs, done in the form of a request for processing and a
return of the necessary data. The second is a software interface written to that specification and
published in some way for use.The software that wants to access the features and capabilities of
the API is said to call it, and the software that creates the API is said to publish it.

Why APIs are important for business

The web, software designed exchange information via the internet and cloud computinghave all
combined to increase the interest in APIs in general and services in particular.Software that was
 once custom-developed for a specific purpose is now often written referencing APIs that provide
broadly useful features, reducing development time and cost and mitigating the risk of
errors.APIs have steadily improved software quality over the last decade, and the growing
number of web services exposed through APIs by cloud providers is also encouraging the
creation of cloud-specific applications, internet of things (IoT) efforts and apps to support mobile
devices and users.

Three basic types of APIs

APIs take three basic forms: local, web-like and program-like.

1. Local APIs are the original form, from which the name came. They offer OS
or middleware services to application programs. Microsoft's .NET APIs, the TAPI
(Telephony API) for voice applications, and database access APIs are examples of the
local APIform.

2. Web APIs are designed to represent widely used resources like HTML pages and are
accessed using a simple HTTP protocol. Any web URL activates a web API. Web APIs
are often called REST (representational state transfer) or RESTful because the publisher
of REST interfaces doesn't save any data internally between requests. As such, requests
from many users can be intermingled as they would be on theinternet.

3. Program APIs are based on remote procedure call (RPC) technology that makes a
remote program component appear to be local to the rest of the software. Service oriented
architecture (SOA) APIs, such as Microsoft's WS-series of APIs, are programAPIs.

IoT / Cloud Convergence

Internet-of-Things can benefit from the scalability, performance and pay-as-you-go nature of
cloud computing infrastructures. Indeed, as IoT applications produce large volumes of data and
comprise multiple computational components (e.g., data processing and analytics algorithms),
their integration with cloud computing infrastructures could provide them with opportunities for
cost-effective on-demand scaling. As prominent examples consider the following settings:

A Small Medium Enterprise (SME) developing an energy management IoT product, targeting
smart homes and smart buildings. By streaming the data of the product (e.g., sensors and WSN
data) into the cloud it can accommodate its growth needs in a scalable and cost effective fashion.
As the SMEs acquires more customers and performs more deployments of its product, it is able
tocollectandmanagegrowingvolumesofdatainascalableway,thustakingadvantageofa
―pay-as-you-grow‖model. Moreover, cloud integration allows the SME to store and
processmassive datasets collected from multiple (rather than a single)deployments.

A smart city can benefit from the cloud-based deployment of its IoT systems and applications. A
city is likely to deploy many IoT applications, such as applications for smart energy
management, smart water management, smart transport management, urban mobility of the
citizensandmore.Theseapplicationscomprisemultiplesensorsanddevices,alongwith
computational components. Furthermore, they are likely to produce very large data volumes.
Cloud integration enables the city to host these data and applications in a cost-effective way.
Furthermore, the elasticity of the cloud can directly support expansions to these applications, but
also the rapid deployment of new ones without major concerns about the provisioning of the
required cloud computing resources.

A cloud computing provider offering pubic cloud services can extend them to the IoT area,
through enabling third-parties to access its infrastructure in order to integrate IoT data and/or
computational components operating over IoT devices. The provider can offer IoT data access
and services in a pay-as-you-fashion, through enabling third-parties to access resources of its
infrastructure and accordingly to charge them in a utility-based fashion.

These motivating examples illustrate the merit and need for converging IoT and cloud computing
infrastructure. Despite these merits, this convergence has always been challenging mainly due to
the conflicting properties of IoT and cloud infrastructures, in particular, IoT devices tend to be
location specific, resource constrained, expensive (in terms of development/ deployment cost)
and generally inflexible (in terms of resource access and availability). On the other hand, cloud
computing resources are typically location independent and inexpensive, while at the same time
providing rapid and flexibly elasticity. In order to alleviate these incompatibilities, sensors and
devices are virtualized prior to integrating their data and services in the cloud, in order to enable
their distribution across any cloud resources. Furthermore, service and sensor discovery
functionalities are implementing on the cloud in order to enable the discovery of services and
sensors that reside in different locations.

Based on these principles the IoT/cloud convergence efforts have started since over a decade i.e.
since they very early days of IoT and cloud computing. Early efforts in the research community
(i.e. during 2005-2009) have focused on streaming sensor and WSN data in a cloud
infrastructure. Since 2007 we have also witnessed the emergence of public IoT clouds, including
commercial efforts. One of the earliest efforts has been the famous Pachube.com infrastructure
(used extensively for radiation detection and production of radiation maps during earthquakes in
Japan). Pachube.com has evolved (following several evolutions and acquisitions of this
infrastructure) to Xively.com, which is nowadays one of the most prominent public IoT clouds.
Nevertheless, there are tens of other public IoT clouds as well, such
as ThingsWorx, ThingsSpeak,Sensor-Cloud,Realtime.io and more. The list is certainly non-
exhaustive. These public IoT clouds offer commercial pay-as-you-go access to end-users wishing
to deploying IoT applications on the cloud. Most of them come with developer friendly tools,
which enable the development of cloud applications, thus acting like a PaaS for IoT in the cloud.
Similarly to cloud computing infrastructures, IoT/cloud infrastructures and related services can
be classified to the followingmodels:

1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) IoT/Clouds: These services provide the means for

accessing sensors and actuator in the cloud. The associated business model involves the
IoT/Cloud provide to act either as data or sensor provider. IaaS services for IoT provide
access control to resources as a prerequisite for the offering of related pay-as-you-go
services.
 2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) IoT/Clouds: This is the most widespread model for
IoT/cloud services, given that it is the model provided by all public IoT/cloud
infrastructures outlined above. As already illustrate most public IoT clouds come with a
range of tools and related environments for applications development and deployment in
a cloud environment. A main characteristic of PaaS IoT services is that they provide
access to data, not to hardware. This is a clear differentiator comparing toIaaS.

3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) IoT/Clouds: SaaS IoT services are the ones enabling their
uses to access complete IoT-based software applications through the cloud, on-demand
and in a pay-as-you-go fashion. As soon as sensors and IoT devices are not visible, SaaS
IoT applications resemble very much conventional cloud-based SaaS applications. There
are however cases where the IoT dimension is strong and evident, such as applications
involving selection of sensors and combination of data from the selected sensors in an
integrated applications. Several of these applications are commonly called Sensing-as-a-
Service, given that they provide on-demand access to the services of multiple sensors.
Note that SaaS IoT applications are typically built over a PaaS infrastructure and enable
utility based business models involving IoT software andservices.

These definitions and examples provide an overview of IoT and cloud convergence and why it is
important and useful. More and more IoT applications are nowadays integrated with the cloud in
order to benefit from its performance, business agility and pay-as-you-go characteristics. In
following chapters of the tutorial, we will present how to maximize the benefits of the cloud for
IoT, through ensuring semantic interoperability of IoT data and services in the cloud, thus
enabling advanced data analytics applications, but also integration of a wide range of vertical
(silo) IoT applications that are nowadays available in areas such as smart energy, smart transport
and smart cities. We will also illustrate the benefits of IoT/cloud integration for specific areas
and segments of IoT, such as IoT-based wearablecomputing.

Sensor-Cloud

Sensor-Cloud is a new paradigm for cloud computing that uses the physical sensors to accumulate
its data and transmit all sensor data into a cloud computing infrastructure. Sensor-Cloud handles
sensor data efficiently, which is used for many monitoring applications

A Sensor-Cloud collects and processes information from several sensor networks, enables information
sharing on big scale, and collaborates with the applications on cloud among users. It integrates several
networks with a number of sensing applications and cloud computing platform by allowing applications to
be cross-disciplinary that may span over multiple organizations . Sensor-Cloud enables users to easily
gather, access, process, visualize, analyze, store, share, and search for a large number of sensor data from
several types of applications and by using the computational IT and storage resources of the cloud.
In a sensor network, the sensors are utilized by their specific application for a special purpose, and this
application handles both the sensor data and the sensor itself such that other applications cannot use this.
This makes wastage of valuable sensor resources that may be effectively utilized when integrating with
other application's infrastructure. To realize this scenario, Sensor-Cloud infrastructure is used that
enables the sensors to be utilized on an IT infrastructure by virtualizing the physical sensor on a cloud
computing platform. These virtualized sensors on a cloud computing platform are dynamic in nature and
hence facilitate automatic provisioning of its services as and when required by users. Furthermore, users
need not to worry about the physical locations of multiple physical sensors and the gapping between
physical sensors; instead, they can supervise these virtual sensors using some standard functions.

Within the Sensor-Cloud infrastructure, to obtain QoS(Quality of Service ), the virtual sensors are
monitored regularly so users can destroy their virtual sensors when they become meaningless. A user
interface is provisioned by this Sensor-Cloud infrastructure for administering, that is, for controlling or
monitoring the virtual sensors, provisioning and destroying virtual sensors, registering and deleting of
physical sensors, and for admitting the deleting users. For example, in a health monitoring environment,
a patient may use a wearable computing system (that may include wearable accelerometer sensors,
proximity sensors, temperature sensors, etc.) like Life Shirt and Smart Shirt or may use a handheld
device loaded with sensors, and consequently the data captured by the sensors may be made accessible
to the doctors. But out of these computing systems, active continuous monitoring is most demanding,
and it involves the patient wearing monitoring devices to obtain pervasive coverage without being
inputted or intervened. However, the diverse monitoring scheme defers in their QoS requirements, which
are as follows.

Sensor-Cloud infrastructure provides service instances (virtual sensors) automatically to the end users as
and when requested, in such a way that these virtual sensors are part of their IT resources (like disk
storage, CPU, memory, etc.). These service instances and their associated appropriate sensor data can be
used by the end users via a user interface through the web crawlers as described in Figure . However, for
the service instance generation, the IT resources (like CPU, storage devices, etc.), sensor capable
devices, and service templates (which is used to create virtual sensors) should be prepared first in
Sensor-Cloud infrastructure. Users make the request for service instances according to their needs by
selecting an appropriate service template of Sensor-Cloud, which will then provide the needed service
instances freely and automatically because of cloud computing services integration. Once service
instances become useless, they can then be deleted quickly by users to avoid the utilization charges for
these resources. Sensor service provider will manage the service templates (ST) and it can add or delete
the new service template when the required template is no longer needed by applications and services .
Automation of services played a vital role in provisioning of cloud computing services, and automation
 can cause the delivery time of services to be better. Before the emergence of cloud computing, services
were provided by human influence and the performance metrics like efficiency, flexibility, delivery
times, and so forth would have experienced an adverse effect on the system. However, the cloud
computing service model has reduced the cost expenses and delivery time and has also improved the
efficiency and flexibility.

Brief overview of Sensor-Cloud architecture.

Advantages of Sensor-Cloud

Cloud computing is very encouraging solution for Sensor-Cloud infrastructure due to several reasons
like the agility, reliability, portability, real-time, flexibility, and so forth. Structural health and
environment-based monitoring contains highly sensitive data and applications of these types cannot be
handled by normal data tools available in terms of data scalability, performance, programmability, or
accessibility. So a better infrastructure is needed that may contain tools to cope with these highly
 sensitive applications in real time. In the following, we describe the several advantages and benefits of
Sensor-Cloud infrastructure that may be the cause of its glory, and these are as follows.

(1) Analysis. The integration of huge accumulated sensor data from several sensor networks and
the cloud computing model make it attractive for various kinds of analyses required by users
through provisioning of the scalable processing power.
(2) Scalability. Sensor-Cloud enables the earlier sensor networks to scale on very large size
because of the large routing architecture of cloud . It means that as the need for resources
increases, organizations can scale or add the extra services from cloud computing vendors
without having to invest heavily for these additional hardware resources .
(3) Collaboration. Sensor-Cloud enables the huge sensor data to be shared by different groups of
consumers through collaboration of various physical sensor networks. It eases the
collaboration among several users and applications for huge data sharing on the cloud.
(4) Visualization. Sensor-Cloud platform provide a visualization API to be used for representing
the diagrams with the stored and retrieved sensor data from several device assets. Through the
visualization tools, users can predict the possible future trends that have to be incurred .
(5) Free Provisioning of Increased Data storage and Processing Power. It provides free data
storage and organizations may put their data rather than putting onto private computer systems
without hassle. It provides enormous processing facility and storage resources to handle data
of large-scale applications .
(6) Dynamic Provisioning of Services. Users of Sensor-Cloud can access their relevant
information from wherever they want and whenever they need rather than being stick to their
desks.
(7) Multitenancy. The number of services from several service providers can be integrated easily
through cloud and Internet for numerous service innovations to meet user's demand. Sensor-
Cloud allows the accessibility to several numbers of data centers placed anywhere on the
network world .
(8) Automation. Automation played a vital role in provisioning of Sensor-Cloud computing
services. Automation of services improved the delivery time to a great extent .
(9) Flexibility. Sensor-Cloud provides more flexibility to its users than the past computing
methods. It provides flexibility to use random applications in any number of times and allows
sharing of sensor resources under flexible usage environment.
(10) Agility of Services. Sensor-Cloud provides agile services and the users can provision the
expensive technological infrastructure resources with less cost . The integration of wireless
sensor networks with cloud allows the high-speed processing of data using immense
 processing capability of cloud.
(11) Resource Optimization. Sensor-Cloud infrastructure enables the resource optimization by
allowing the sharing of resources for several number of applications . The integration of
sensors with cloud enables gradual reduction of resource cost and achieves higher gains of
services. With Sensor-Cloud, both the small and midsized organizations can benefit from an
enormous resource infrastructure without having to involve and administer it directly .
(12) Quick Response Time. The integration of WSN's with cloud provides a very quick response to
the user, that is, in real-time due to the large routing architecture of cloud . The quick response
time of data feeds from several sensor networks or devices allows users to make critical
decisions in near real time.

Smart Cities and Smart Homes

Implementing IoT system in home and city leads them to become as smart home and smart city.
Smart home or smart city make life quite easier and smarter

Smart Cities

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is the novel cutting-edge technology which proffers to connect
plethora of digital devices endowed with several sensing, actuation and computing capabilities
with the Internet, thus offers manifold new services in the context of a smart city. The appealing
IoT services and big data analytics are enabling smart city initiatives all over the world. These
services are transforming cities by improving infrastructure, transportation systems, reduced
traffic congestion, waste management and the quality of human life. In this paper, we devise a
taxonomy to best bring forth a generic overview of IoT paradigm for smart cities, integrated
information and communication technologies (ICT), network types, possible opportunities and
major requirements. Moreover, an overview of the up-to-date efforts from standard bodies is
presented. Later, we give an overview of existing open source IoT platforms for realizing smart
city applications followed by several exemplary case studies. In addition, we summarize the
latest synergies and initiatives worldwide taken to promote IoT in the context of smart cities.
Finally, we highlight several challenges in order to give future researchdirections.
 IoT based smart city taxonomy

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IOT BASED SMART CITY TAXONOMY

This section presents a taxonomy of IoT based smart cities which categorizes the literature on the
basis of existing communication protocols, major service providers, network types,
standardization efforts, offered services, and crucial requirements.

Communication Protocols

IoT based smart city realization significantly relies on numerous short and wide range
communication protocols to transport data between devices and backend servers. Most
prominent short range wireless technologies include Zig-Bee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wireless
Metropolitan Area Network (WiMAX) and IEEE 802.11p which are primarily used in smart
metering, e-healthcare and vehicular communication. Wide range technologies such as Global
System for Mobile communication (GSM) and GPRS, Long-Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-
Advanced are commonly utilized in ITS such as vehicle-to infrastructure (V2I), mobile e-
healthcare, smart grid and infotainment services. Additionally, LTE-M is considered as an
evolution for cellular IoT (C-IoT). In Release 13, 3GPP plans to further improve coverage,
battery lifetime as well as device complexity [7]. Besides well-known existing protocols, LoRa
alliance standardizes the LoRaWAN protocol to support smart city applications to primarily
ensure interoperability between several operators. Moreover, SIGFOX is an ultra narrowband
radio technology with full star-based infrastructure offers a high scalable global network for
realizing smart city applications with extremely low power consumption. A comparative
summary2 of the major communicationprotocols.

Service Providers
Pike Research on smart cities estimated this market will grow to hundreds of billion dollars by
2020, with an annual growth of nearly 16 billion. IoT is recognized as a potential source to
increase revenue of service providers. Thus, well-known worldwide service providers have
already started exploring this novel cutting edge communication paradigm. Major service
providers include Telefonica, SK telecom, Nokia, Ericsson, Vodafone, NTT Docomo, Orange,
Telenor group and AT&T which offer variety of services and platforms for smart city
applications such as ITS and logistics, smart metering, home automation and e-healthcare.

Network Types
IoT based smart city applications rely on numerous network topologies to accomplish a fully
autonomous environment. The capillary IoT networks offer services over a short range.
Examples include wireless local area networks (WLANs), BANs and wireless personal area
networks (WPANs). The application areas include indoor e-healthcare services, home
automation, street lighting. On the other hand, applications such as ITS, mobile e-healthcare and
waste management use wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs),and
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504
mobile communication networks. The above networks pose distinct features in terms of data, size,
coverage, latency requirements, and capacity.

Smart Homes

A smart home system can be something that makes our life quite easy. Starting from energy management
where the power controls system in the AC appliances where we use the thermostat, all this is managed to
cut down the power consumption that's taking place. A door management system, security management
system, water management system are the part of this as well. Still, these are vital things that stand out in
the smart home system. The limitation of IoT in smart home application stops where our imagination stops.
Anything that we wish to automate or want to make our life easier can be a part of smart home, a
smartphone system as well.

Now, a smart home usually is going to be a base of a smart city. The smart city is an evolution of a smart
home. Here, it is not just the sensors of a single home that is connected, here its correlation or a network or
a connection between various organizations, various domains as well as multiple segments of that city as a
whole. In the smart city, the life of every single dependent becomes more comfortable and in tune really
help to develop that city to greater extends as such. Now, the key factor for a smart city is government
support as well, and if the governments are willing to take this step, then we hope we would see a smart city
completely build on the Internet of Things.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504
Connected Vehicles

Internet of Things (IoT) has crucial applications in the transportation system. IoT plays an important role
in all the field of transportation as air-transportation, water-transportation, and land transportation. All the
component of these transportation fields is built with smart devices (sensors, processors) and interconnected
through cloud server or different servers that transmit data to networks.

Connected to every means of travel

IoT in transportation is not only for traveling from one place to another, but it also makes safer, greener and
more convenient. For example, a smart car performs work simultaneously such as navigation,
communication, entertainment, efficient, more reliable travel. IoT facilitates travelers to remain seamlessly
connected to every means of travel. The vehicle is connected with the variety of wireless standards to the
internet such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, intelligent traffic system, and even to other vehicles.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504

Traffic Monitoring and Avoid Collision

Sensors built inside or outside a vehicle suggest lane departure and continuously monitor object at all side
to avoid the collision. IoT component of transportation does not only mean within the vehicle, but it extends
beyond car to communicate other, enabling automate real-time decision to optimize travel. For example,
traffic monitoring camera identifies the accident or traffic conjunction and send an alert message to the
nearest traffic control room and send current traffic conjunction information to other near vehicles to divert
their route.

IoT also helps in tracking vehicle current location and distance travel.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504
Smart Grid

Smart Grid is of great importance for a safe and efficient world. Smart Grid is an iot based application
created to provide mutual electronic interaction of suppliers and consumers and to obtain many
benefits as a result.

Thanks to IoT for smart grid, early detection of electrical current as a result of mishaps (lighting,
traffic problems, earthquakes, etc.) is performed. With this detection, events can be managed and
solutions are found. Smart Grid makes this system thanks to a network. This network contains
transmission lines, software, substations, smart counters, etc

Why is Smart Grid IoT Applications Important

The development of Internet of Things technology and the emergence of advanced technology solutions
such as smart grids will solve the problems related to energy consumption and production in the most
effective ways. The transformation of current grid systems into smart grids is necessary to detect power
failures, repair without interruption, minimize losses in transmission and distribution, increase
efficiency and generate new energy sources. A few explanations of why smart grid iot
applications are required are listed below:

1- To Ensure Smart Energy Use

Thanks to smart networks, energy consumption and costs are greatly reduced. For example, smart city
applications and smart lighting can be used. This saves energy. Depending on the time of day or
weather, lighting can be provided. Lighting interruptions can be eliminated in a short time. In smart
homes, energy consumption can be minimized when people are not at home. Smart energy usage saves
energy and has many benefits.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504

Smart Energy Use

2- Provides Clean Energy Usage

Thanks to Smart Grid technologies, batteries are becoming less and less important in our lives. In
terms of carbon, it is an efficient system. For more sustainable solutions, green technology should be
used in iot solutions. A clean world is everyone’s dream. Environmental cleanliness is the key to
healthy living both now and for future generations. Smart grids also benefit.

Clean Energy Usage

 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504
3- Due to Low Cost
Energy cuts lead to huge costs. Smart grids will help you to be aware of the power failure immediately
and know where it is cut down will reduce costs. Therefore, iot in the field of energy will provide
huge savings.

Low cost with smart grids

4- Increased Energy Need

There is an increasing need for energy, both with the development of technology and the emergence of
new habits as well as the increase in population. Smart grids can be the solution to this increasing
energy need.

5- To Find Faster Solutions to Regional Problems

Smart cities help to get more information about regional issues more quickly. With the help of smart
networks, systems can be created to respond to droughts and forest fires instantly.

These are just a few of the situations that explain the importance of smart grids. There are many more
benefits and these benefits will increase as technology advances.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504

smart grid

Industrial IoT

Case Study: Agriculture

Another important domain for Iot is the agriculture domain where IoT system plays vital role for soil and
crop monitoring and provides a proper solution accordingly.

Using smart farming through IoT technologies helps farmer to reduce waste generation and increase the
productivity.

There are several IoT technologies available that work on agriculture domain. Some of them are:

o Drones for field monitoring

o Sensor for soil monitoring
o Water pump for water sully
o Machines for routine operation
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504

Smart Irrigation System

One of the parts of smart agriculture using IoT is smart irrigation system. In the smart irrigation system, IoT
checks the moisture level in the environment or in the water lanes that the farmer has created.

Now, let's understand the working process of this smart irrigation system. Usually, the two main IoT
devices that used here is the Arduino board and the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi becomes the main
processing unit, and an Arduino board is placed from each of water channels. These Arduino boards
themselves connect to multiple sensors which are part of this water channel so what these sensors check the
moisture present in these lanes as such. So, let's say a specific lane does not meet the minimum required
moisture then the Arduino board would send a signal to the Raspberry Pi. Again all these devices are
connected on the same wireless router network, and the Raspberry Pi would identify the lack of moisture
and pass a signal to the relay. The relay, in turn, would initiate the water pump and the water would be
parked now to ensure that water is not wasted. The smart irrigation system would be a gate control system
and only that gate will open where the moister is less. Once the sensors detect that the moisture level has
gone beyond the required limit, it would again transmit another signal to the Raspberry Pi asking it to stop
the pump as well. So, this helps a farmer to save a lot of water and also makes life quite easier as well. So,
after this, the farmer only task is to either setting up new plans or creating new water channels.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504

Case Study: Healthcare

IoT technology brings numerous applications in healthcare, from remote monitoring to smart sensors to
medical device integration. It keeps the patients safe and healthy as well as improves the physician delivers
care towards the patients.

Healthcare devices collect diverse data from a large set of real-world cases that increases the accuracy and
the size of medical data.

Factor affecting IoT Healthcare Application

There are various factors that affect the IoT healthcare application. Some of them are mention below:

o Continuous Research: It requires continuous research in every field (smart devices, fast
communication channel, etc.) of healthcare to provide a fast and better facility for patients.
o Smart Devices: Need to use the smart device in the healthcare system. IoT opens the potential of
current technology and leads us toward new and better medical device solutions.
o Better Care: Using IoT technology, healthcare professionals get the enormous data of the patient,
analysis the data and facilitate better care to the patient.
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504

o Medical Information Distribution: IoT technology makes a transparency of information and

distributes the accurate and current information to patients. This leads the fewer accidents from
miscommunication, better preventive care, and improved patient satisfaction.

Simple Healthcare System Architecture

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT ) in healthcare transforms it into more smart, fast and more
accurate. There is different IoT architecture in healthcare that brings start health care system.

Exception Handling in Java - Javatpoint

Product Infrastructure: IoT product infrastructure such as hardware/software component read the sensors
signals and display them to a dedicated device.

Sensors: IoT in healthcare has different sensors devices such as pulse-oximeter, electrocardiogram,
thermometer, fluid level sensor, sphygmomanometer (blood pressure) that read the current patient situation
(data).
 KG Reddy College of Engineering & Technology
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
Chilkur (Village), Moinabad (Mandal), R. R Dist, TS-501504
Connectivity: IoT system provides better connectivity (using Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.) of devices or sensors
from microcontroller to server and vice-versa to read data.

Analytics: Healthcare system analyzes the data from sensors and correlates to get healthy parameters of the
patient and on the basis of their analyze data they can upgrade the patient health.

Application Platform: IoT system access information to healthcare professionals on their monitor device
for all patients with all details.

IoT challenges in Healthcare

o Data security & privacy
o Integration: multiple devices & protocols
o Data overload & accuracy
o Cost