Cardiovascular Disease

• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis
• Myocardial Infraction
• Hyperlipidemia
 Hypertension

• Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common

condition where the pressure of your blood in your vessels is
consistently too high.
• The maximum incidence is between the ages 40 to 60.
• Systolic pressure is over 150 mm Hg and diastolic pressure of over 95
mm Hg.
• Obesity is associated with an increased tendency to hypertension.
When obesity and hypertension co-exist, the chances of developing
other cardiovascular complications are increased.
 Risk factors
Factors that increase the risk of hypertension include:
• Being overweight or obese
• Not being physically active
• Consuming a high-salt diet
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Older age
• Genetics
Symptoms
People with high blood pressure may not experience symptoms, but
warning signs can include headaches, chest pain, or blurry vision.
Complications
Untreated hypertension can lead to serious health problems, including
heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and eye problem
 Treatment
The treatment consists of the following:
• Rest
• Administration of drugs to reduce blood pressure and
• Diet
Diet management
• Diet is an important factor in the management of hypertension. A low sodium rice diet
suggested by Kemper has been extensively used in the treatment of cases with
hypertension.
• The beneficial effects of this diet have been attributed to its low calorie, protein, fat and
sodium contents.
Kempner’s Rice Diet
• Kempner recommended a rigid rice-fruit-sugar diet for hypertension. It provides about
2000 kcal, 20 g fat, 20 g proteins, 150 mg sodium and 200 mg chloride.
• All fruits and fruit juices are permitted. Vitamin supplements are given to meet the daily
DASH Diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
• Focuses on: Fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, low-fat or fat-free
dairy, fish, poultry, beans, seeds,
and nuts
• Limits: Foods high in salt, added
sugar, saturated fat, and trans fat
• Increases: Intake of potassium,
magnesium, protein, fiber, and
other nutrients
 Myocardial Infraction/ Heart Attack
• Myocardial Infraction is a syndrome caused by permanent damage to a portion of the
heart muscle due to sudden myocardial ischemia secondary due to insufficient blood
supply to the heart.
• As a result of necrosis of a part of heart muscle, an increase in the concentration of
several enzymes is observed.
• Clinical symptoms include, severe pain, shock, cardiac dysfunction and fall in blood
pressure.
Treatment
▪ Complete rest
▪ Relief of pain by drugs
▪ Combating shock
▪ Administration of oxygen and
▪ Administration of anticoagulants
The type of diet given to the hospitalised patient after severe myocardial infraction depends
on the severity of the condition.
Karrel Diet
• When milk is tolerated without abdominal distention the karrel diet is
given. The karrel diet consists of 800 ml of milk, given in quantities of
200 ml once in 4 hours.
Diet restrictions: The diet restrictions include avoidance of heavy
meals. A low cholesterol, low sodium, low fat diet (rich in essential fatty
acids) should be given in small amounts at a time.
 Atherosclerosis

• The term ‘Atherosclerosis’ is used to denote a

condition in which lipid is deposited in the intima of
blood vessels.
• Progression of the atherosclerotic process results in
narrowing of the blood vessel and may lead to
intravascular thrombosis.
• Atherosclerosis, also known as "hardening of the
arteries", is a common disease that occurs when
plaque builds up in the walls of arteries.
• Plaque is a sticky substance made up of cholesterol ,
fat, blood cells, calcium, and other substances found in
the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and causes your
arteries to narrow. That limits the flow of oxygen-rich
blood to body.
The important contributory causes of the development of atherosclerosis
are:
• High calorie intake
• High saturated fat and cholesterol intake
• Increased level of cholesterol in blood
• Sedentary life and
• Stress and strain
Principles of treatment
• Rest in bed and drugs as prescribed by the physician
• Modified diet and
• Miscellaneous precautionary factors
 Modification in the diet
• The diet will have to be modified with respect to:
• Calories
• Fats and cholesterol
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Vitamins and
• Minerals
Calories: For obese patients, it may be necessary to reduce calorie intake.
Fats: The fat should consist of vegetable oils rich in essential fatty acids (EFA) as this will help to
lower blood cholesterol level. Hydrogenated fats and vegetable fats with low EFA content should be
avoided.
Cholesterol: The cholesterol intake should be restricted to about 300 mg/day.
Proteins: The diet should contain adequate amounts of proteins to meet the recommended
allowances.
Vitamins: The diet should provide the daily requirements of all the vitamins.
Minerals: Intake of all minerals should be adequate to meet the daily requirements.
 Hyperlipidemia

• Hyperlipidemia, also known as high

cholesterol, is a condition where there are
abnormally high levels of lipids or fats in the
blood. It's a common disorder that can increase
the risk of heart disease, stroke, and artery
disease.

• Hyperlipidemia can be caused by a number of

factors, including: Genetics, Eating habits,
Exercise habits, and other diseases like
diabetes and hypertension.
Types of Hyperlipidemia
 A diet for hyperlipidemia
Reducing saturated and trans fats
• Limit saturated fats to less than 7% of your daily calories and eliminate trans fats. Foods high in
saturated fat include red meat, fried foods, butter, and high-fat dairy products.
Increasing healthy fats
• Replace saturated and trans fats with poly- and monounsaturated fats, such as those found in olive,
canola, safflower, sunflower, and soybean oils. You can also add omega-3-rich foods like salmon,
herring, mackerel, flaxseeds, and walnuts.
Increasing fiber
• Aim for 20-30 grams of dietary fiber per day. Soluble fiber can help block cholesterol from being
absorbed into the bloodstream.
• Eating bioactive foods
• Eat more fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole-grain products. Fruits are high in fiber
and antioxidants, which can help lower cholesterol.
• Eating lean protein
• Eat lean protein like chicken or fish instead of red meat.
Exercising
• Get at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise at least three to four times a week.