Course Code: MTH (EEE) 301
Course Title: Probability & Statistics;
Complex variable & Harmonics
Lecture-3
Introduction to Complex Number
Polar Form of Complex Number:
The polar form of complex number is
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∴ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
From Euler’s Theorem we know that,
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
So, the standard polar form of complex number is (also known as
Euler’s Polar Form)
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
( 𝑖)
Example: 𝑧 = is a complex number. Find
𝑖
i. m*𝑧+
ii. Convert the complex number from rectangular form to polar form.
Solution:
i. Here,
( 𝑖)
𝑧=
+𝑖
( 𝑖) ( 𝑖)
=
( + 𝑖) ( 𝑖)
( 𝑖 𝑖 )( 𝑖)
=
𝑖
( 𝑖 )( 𝑖)
=
𝑖
𝑖+ 𝑖
=
+
𝑖
= = 𝑖
∴ m* 𝑧 + =
ii. Modulus, r = √( ) + ( ) = √ + = √
The complex number lies in the third quadrant, so the principal
argument is
𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan . / = 𝜋 + tan ( ) = 𝜋 + tan .tan / = 𝜋 +
5𝜋
=
4
𝑖
Therefore, the polar form is 𝑧 = √ 𝑒
Example: Find the rectangular form of 𝑧 = √ 𝑒 𝑖 .
Solution: Given, 𝑧 = √ 𝑒 𝑖
Here 𝑟 = √ and 𝜃 =
We know that, 𝑎 = 𝑟 os = √ os =
And 𝑏 = 𝑟 s n = √ s n =
So, the rectangular form is 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = + 𝑖.
Exercise
1. Transform each of the following complex numbers in polar form
+ √ 𝑖, 5 + 5𝑖, √6 √ 𝑖, 𝑖
2. Express each of the following complex numbers in rectangular form
6𝑒 𝑖 , 5𝑒 𝑖
De`Moivre's Theorem:
De`Moivre's Theorem is a generalized formula to compute powers of a
complex number in it's polar form.
Looking at 𝑧 = 𝑟( os𝜃 + 𝑖s n𝜃) we can find (𝑧) (𝑧) easily:
𝑧 = (𝑧) (𝑧) = 𝑟 ( os + s n )
𝑧 = (𝑧 ) (𝑧) = 𝑟 ( os + s n )
Which brings us to De`Moivre's Theorem:
If 𝑧 = 𝑟( os + 𝑖s n ) and n are positive integers then
𝑧 = 𝑟 ( os𝑛 + 𝑖s nn ) = (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃
For finding n-th roots of a complex number:
Let, is the 𝑛 th root of the complex number 𝑧.
If, =𝑧
= (𝑧) = *𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖s n𝜃 )+
= 𝑟 , os(𝜃 + 𝜋) + 𝑖s n(𝜃 + 𝜋)-
𝜃 𝜃
∴ = 𝑟 0 os . / + 𝑖s n . /1; where, = , , , ,𝑛
Example: Find the root of the complex number ( + 𝑖) and locate
them in the complex plane.
Solution: Here, the numbers of root of the complex number are three.
Here, we have, Modulus, r = √( ) + ( ) = √
The complex number lies in the second quadrant, so the principal
argument is 𝜃 = 𝜋 tan . / = 𝜋 tan . /
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 tan .tan / = 𝜋 =
4 4 4
Now, by De`Moivre's Theorem,
𝜋 𝜋
( + 𝑖) = (√ ) [ os ( + 𝜋) + 𝑖s n ( + 𝜋)]
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
+ 𝜋 + 𝜋
= * os ( 4 ) + 𝑖s n ( 4 )+
When, = , 𝑧 = * os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )+
𝜋 𝜋
= 0 os . / + 𝑖s n . /1
4 4
When = , 𝑧 = * os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )+
𝜋 𝜋
= [ os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )]
When = , 𝑧 = * os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )+
9𝜋 9𝜋
= [ os ( ) + 𝑖s n ( )]
Exercise:
1. Find the root of the complex number ( √ 𝑖) and locate
them in the complex plane.
2. Find the root of the complex number ( + 𝑖)
THANK YOU
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