EFFICACY OF GARLIC AND ONION PEEL EXTRACT AS BIO PESTICIDE FOR

EGGPLANT

A Research Presented to The Committee of Oral Examiners

DULOP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Dulop, Dumingag Zamboanga Del Sur

In Partial Fulfillment

Of The Requirements of The Subject

Practical Research I (PR)

BY:

Angel Mae Salvador

Jessel Mae Padora

Villacorta Danilyn

March 2025
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, conceptual framework, theoretical

framework, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitation and

definition of terms.

Background of the study

Agricultural Productivity is often threatened by pest infestations, which negatively

impact crop yield and quality. Eggplant (Solanum melongena), a widely cultivated vegetable, is

highly susceptible to insect pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and fruit borers, leading to

significant losses for farmers. Chemical pesticides are commonly used to combat these pests, but

their excessive application has been linked to environmental pollution, health risks, and

pesticides resistance (Pimentel, 2005). As a sustainable alternative, plant- based bio-pesticides

have gained attention for their eco-friendly properties and effectiveness in pest management.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) peels contain bio active compounds

such as allicin, flavonoids, and sulfur-based compounds which exhibit antimicrobial and

insecticidal properties (Benkeblia, 2004). Studies have shown that garlic extract acts as a natural

pesticide, disrupting the feeding and reproduction or insect pests (Ankri & Mirelman, 1999).

Similarly, onion extract has been reported to have repellent and toxic effects on certain

pests due to its high sulfur content (Block,2010). Given their availability as agricultural waste,

utilizing garlic and onion peel extract as bio-pesticides offer a cost-effective and environmentally

friendly solution for pest control.

for eggplant. By assessing their potential in repelling or liminating common eggplant pests, this

research seeks to provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides. This finding of this study may

contribute to sustainable pest management practices, benefiting farmers, consumers, and the

environment.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for the study “Efficacy of Garlic and Onion Peel Extract as

Bio -Pesticide for Eggplant’ is based on the relationship between the independent variable which

are Treatment 1: Garlic Peel Water and Treatment 2: Onion Peel Water and dependent variable

which is the its efficacy of bio-pesticide for eggplant.

Efficacy of Bio-pesticide for

T-1 Garlic peel water T-2 Onion peel water

Figure.1 schematic Diagram.

This study is grounded in several scientific principles and established theories related to

plant-based pest control, allelophathy, and organic agriculture. This framework provides a

foundation for understanding how garlic and onion peel extracts function as natural pesticides

and their potential impact on eggplant cultivation.

Key theories and principles supporting this study include:

Allelopathy Theory; This theory, introduced by Hans Molisch in 1937, explains how plants

produce biochemicals (allelochemicals) that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of

other organisms. Garlic and onion contain active compounds like allicin, sulfur compounds, and

flavonoids, which exhibit insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. The allelopathic effect of

these compounds is hypothesized to deter pests and reduce their population on eggplant crops.

The study assumes that the bioactive compounds found in garlic and onion peels will exhibit

allelopathic effects on pests, leading to a reduction in pest infestation on eggplant plants.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Theory

IPM is an ecological approach to pest control that combines biological, cultural, and

chemical methods to minimize pesticide use while effectively managing pest populations. This

framework supports using botanical pesticides as part of a sustainable pest management strategy.
This study aligns with IPM principles by investigating garlic and onion peel extracts as eco-

friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides, promoting a more sustainable and cost-effective

method for controlling eggplant pests.

Bioactive Compound Theory

This theory emphasizes that specific plant-derived compounds possess biological activity

that can influence living organisms. In the cases of garlic and onion, organosulfur compounds

(e.g., allicin and daily disulfide) and phenolic compounds as known to have antimicrobial and

insecticidal properties.

The study hypothesizes that these bioactive compounds present in garlic and onion peels can

disrupt insect physiology, causing pest mortality or deterrence, ultimately protecting eggplant

crops.

Organic Agriculture Theory

This theory advocates for agricultural practices that maintain ecological balance and avoid

synthetic chemicals. It emphasizes the use of natural products to enhance soil fertility and control

pests.

By exploring garlic and onion peel extracts as natural pesticides, the study contributes to the

advancement of organic farming methods that minimize environmental harm while supporting

sustainable eggplant production.

This theory suggests that plants produce secondary metabolites as a defense mechanism against

herbivores, pathogens, and other environmental threats. These compounds act as natural

pesticides or repellents.

Garlic and onion peels contain secondary metabolites that may serve as a defensive mechanism

against insect pests. The study investigates how these natural defenses can be harnessed to

protect eggplants.

Conceptual Framework Overview:

Input- Garlic and onion peel extracts, eggplant plants, pest species

Process- Extraction of bioactive compounds, application of extracts on eggplant, monitoring pest

activity

Output- Effectiveness of garlic and onion peels extracts in reducing pest infestation on eggplants

Statement of the problem

This study will be focus on the Efficacy of Garlic and Onion Peel Extract as Bio

Pesticide for Eggplant.

Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions:

1.What are the effects of different Pesticide (Garlic peel water) (Onion peel water) on the growth

performance of Eggplant?

2.What is the average of height and Leaf & growth field?

The benefits of the Future researcher can use the findings to develop new, eco-friendly

pest management products. This study may encourage investigations into other plant-based

pesticides, reducing dependence on harmful synthetic chemicals.

The benefits of farmers that Garlic and onion peels, often treated as agricultural waste,

offer an affordable alternative to commercial pesticides. This study helps farmers reduce

production costs by using readily available materials for pest management.The promotes the use

of natural pesticides, minimizing environmental pollution and reducing the health risks

associated with synthetic chemical exposure.

Scope and Limitation of the study

This study will be conducted to determine the efficacy of garlic and onion peel extract as

Bio pesticide for eggplant

T-1. Garlic Peel Water

T-2. Onion Peel Water

There are 10 hills planted in each plot. The amount of garlic peel water is 500ml and 500ml of

onion peel water will be applied to the eggplant.

Efficacy -The ability of a product or method to achieve the desired outcome or

effect. In this study, it refers to how effective garlic and onion peel extracts are in reducing or

controlling pest infestation on eggplant plants

Bio-Pesticide - A natural substance derived from living organisms (plants,

bacteria, fungi) used to control pests. In this study, it refers to the garlic and onion peel extract

solution used as a natural pesticide to manage insect pests on eggplants.

Garlic (Allium sativum)- A plant species known for its strong odor and bioactive

compounds, such as allicin, which have insecticidal and antimicrobial properties.

In this study, it refers to the dried peels of garlic used create an extract intended to repel or kill

pests on eggplant plants.

Onion (Allium cepa)-A bulbous vegetable known for its layers and sulfur-containing

compounds with pesticidal and antibacterial effects. In this study, it refers to the peels of onion

used to produce an extract that may help control pest populations on eggplants.

Extract- A concentrated substance obtained by isolating active components from

raw materials through processes like soaking or boiling. In this study, it refers to the liquid

solution made by soaking or boiling garlic and onion peels, which is applied to eggplants to test

its pest-control effectiveness.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena)- A vegetable crop with purple or green fruit

commonly grown for food in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, it refers to the plant

subjected to garlic and onion peel extract treatments to observe pest reduction and plant health.
 Pest -Any organism, particularly insects, that damage crops and reduces agricultural

productivity. In this study it refers to insects or other harmful organisms that attack eggplant

plant, which the garlic and onion peel extract aims to repel or kill.

Phytochemicals- bioactive chemical compounds reduced by plants that may have

protective or therapeutic effects.

Organic Pest Control- The management of pests using natural substances and biological

methods rather than synthetic chemicals.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)- A sustainable approach to pest control that

combines biological. Cultural, and chemical methods to minimize pest damage while reducing

environmental impact.
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the gathered related literature and studies linked to the presents

study.

Related Literature

The utilization of plant-based biopesticide has gained significant attention as sustainable

alternatives to synthetic chemicals in agriculture pest management. Among these, garlic (Allium

sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) extracts have been extensively studied for their pesticidal

properties. This literature review explores various studies that have investigated the efficacy of

garlic and onion extracts, particularly focusing on their potential as biopesticides for crops like

eggplant.

Related studies

A study “Garlic Based Biopesticide: A Novel Tool for integrated pest management”

highlights the broad-spectrum efficacy of garlic extracts have been effective against fungal

pathogens such as Alternaria SPP, powdery mildew, blackspot, phytophthora, and fusarium SSP,

as well as bacterial pathogens like pseudomonas.

The study also notes that the national research center for onion and garlic in Pune,

Maharashtra, India, has been pesticide, underscoring their potential in integrated pest

management strategies. (garlicbarrier.com)

protection against insect pests, “the authors discuss the utilization of garlic extracts as an eco-

friendly method for controlling herbivorous pests. The review emphasizes that garlic extracts

have shown efficacy in repelling or killing various insect pests, thereby offering a sustainable

alternative to chemical insecticides. The study also highlights that garlic extracts can stimulate

plant defenses, enhancing their resilience to insect damage and disease. (MDPI)

The study “Onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) as pest control intercrops

for cabbages in Zimbabwe” investigates the ability of onion and garlic to reduce pest problems

when intercropped with cabbages. The randomized complete block design experiment revealed

that intercropping cabbages with garlic or onion within rows significantly reduced pest

prevalence. This suggests that the presence of these Allium species can act as a deterrent to pests,

potentially reducing the reliance on synthetic pesticide. (iosjournals.org)

Furthermore, the study “effect of bio-pesticide on controlling pest, disease, and yield of

green onion under greenhouse condition” evaluated a spice bio-pesticide product derived from

garlic, chili, ginger. Onion, and lemongrass. The results indicated that a 6% concentration of the

bio-pesticide sprayed every 10 days resulted in the lowest anthracnose disease rate. Additionally,

a 4% concentration sprayed every 7 days led to a 31.4% increase in the yield of fresh green

onions compared to the control. This study underscores the potential of garlic ang onion-based

bio-pesticides in enhancing crop yield while managing pest and disease incidence. (so01.TCI-

THAIJJO.ORG)

The capstone project “garlic extract as an insecticide” explored the effectiveness of garlic

extract in killing and repelling insects on vegetable crops. The experimental study demonstrated

that garlic extract exhibited moderate to excellent performance in insecticidal activity across
different treatments. The findings suggest that garlic extract can serve as an effective natural

insecticide, offering a viable alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides for vegetable farmers.

(studylib.net)

Collectively, these studies provide substantial evidence supporting the efficacy of garlic

and onion extracts as biopesticides. Their broad- spectrum activity against various pests and

pathogens, coupled with their potential to enhance crop yields, positions them as valuable

components in sustainable agricultural practices. While specific studies on their application to

eggplant are limited, the documented effectiveness of these extracts on related crops suggests

promising potential for their use in eggplant pest management.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This chapter present the research design, research setting, research respondents, research

instruments, sampling design, data gathering procedure, and statistical technique used.

Research design

This study use experimental research design is centrally conserved with constructing

research that is high and casual (internal) validity. Randomizer experimental design provides the

highest levels of casual validity. Quasi experimental designs have a number of potential threats

to their casual validity, (ojmarth Mitchell, 2015).

Research Setting

This study was conducted in dulop national high school, Dulop Dumingag Zamboanga Del

Sur, calendar year 2025-2026. It offers complete Junior and Senior High School.

Materials

The following materials were used and this study:

1.Bolo
2.Digging Bar

3.Shovel

4.Notebook

5.Pen

6.Meter stick

7.Garlic peel water

8.Onion peel water

9.Eggplant seeds

10. Dull bolo

METHODS

Land Preparation-The area was prepared by plowing to make it easier and making plots.

Plotting was made by the use of shovel and blunt bolo. Removing of weeds and pulverizing the

plot was the next step to make planting easy. The two-plot measured 1m x 10m including canals.

Ensuring the soil is well drained and loose for optimal root growth. Each experimental plot

represented with two treatments. T1 applied with Garlic peel water using transplanting method

and treatments T2 applied with Onion peel water using transplanting method.

Fertilization- the researcher took the Garlic peel water and onion peel water as the source of

nutrients to eggplant to ensure good growth. The garlic peel water and onion peel water applied
thoroughly by using bottle of coke. This apply was placed in each plot after planting the

eggplant.

Planting

The plot 1 used Garlic and onion peel water of planting. The seed is about 1-inch depth with 5

inches’ distance per hill. Plot 2 using transplanting method space the seedling properly with a

distance of 5 inches to allow for proper growth and air circulation. Gently place the seedling into

the soil, ensuring the root ball is covered and the plants are well-supported.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT

Eggplant crops grow rapidly. To attain maximum growth and tenderness it must be supplied with

adequate moisture. Water the plant every four days during dry season or as needed. Hoeing of

the weeds must necessary at early stage of weeds growth before the plants shade the spaces in

between plants. Pest/ insects attacked to the eggplant plants controlled by using garlic peel and

onion peel extract or uprooting the infected plants or handpicking of worms to prevent stalk

damage.

The eggplant were harvested by using knife. Representative plants were harvested first followed

by non-representative plants. Handle the produce carefully to prevent damage, ensuring it

remains fresh.
GATHERING AND ANALYZING OF DATA

The data gathered were based on the following;

1.What are the effects of different Pesticide (Garlic peel water) (Onion peel water) on the

growth performance of Eggplant?

2.What is the average of height and Leaf & growth field?

Ankri & Mirelman, 1999: This study highlights the natural pesticidal properties of garlic

extract, particularly its ability to disrupt the feeding and reproduction of insect pests.

Benkeblia, 2004: This source discusses the bioactive compounds in garlic and onion peels,

such as allicin, flavonoids, and sulfur- based compound, and their antimicrobial and

insecticidal properties.

Pimentel, 2005: This reference is cited in the context on environment and health risks

associated with excessive use of chemical pesticides.

Block, 2010: This reference reports on the repellent and toxic effects of onion extract on

certain pests due to its high sulfur content