LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of the session, students can:

• Understand Dalton’s atomic theory and its importance in the study of
matter

• Infer which of the theories of Dalton are no longer acceptable these days

• Identify and differentiate the subatomic particles inside the atom

• Determine the number of proton, neutrons and electrons using atomic

number and mass number

• Construct the electron configuration of some elements

ATOMS

• Basic component of matter that cannot

be seen with our eyes

• Indivisible and fundamentals units of all

matter
ATOMIC THEORIES
• 460-370BC- Democritus (Greece) said
that atoms were indivisible,
indestructible, fundamental units of
matter.
John Dalton
-1788-1844- a
chemist who
wanted to find
out in what ratios
different
elements
combine in
chemical
reactions.
• He performed experiment to arrived at his
atomic theory. Based on the results of his
experiments, he devised his atomic theories
which include the following.
• 1. All matter consists of tiny particles called
atoms.
• 2. An atom cannot be created, divided,
destroyed, or converted to any other type of
atom.
• 3. Atoms of particular elements have identical
properties
• 4. Atoms of different elements have
different properties.

• 5. Atoms of different elements combine in

simple whole-number ratios to produce
compounds. (combination of atoms)

• 6. Chemical change involves joining,

separating, or rearranging atoms
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES OF
AN ATOM
Charge and Mass Characteristics
Eugene Goldstein

• 1850-1930- anode
ray experiment
discovered the
positively charged
particles called
protons
James Chadwick

• 1871-1974

• Confirmed the
existence of the
neutral particles
neutrons
James Joseph Thomson

• 1856-1940

• Discovered the
electrons
• The nucleus is:
• Small compared with
the overall size of the
atom.
• Extremely dense;
accounts for almost all
of the atom’s mass.
• Positively charged
center of an atom.
• Ernest
13 Rutherford
Charge Neutrality of an Atom

• An atom as a whole is electrically

neutral (no net electrical charge).

# of Protons = # of Electrons

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 • Atomic Number (Z) – # of protons
in the nucleus of an atom.

• Mass Number (A) – sum of the # of

protons and the # of neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom.

15
Complete Chemical Symbol Notation

Mass number A
Symbol Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z

23
11
Na
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Element
• A pure substance in which all atoms present have

the same atomic number.

• All atoms with the same atomic number have the

same chemical properties and are atoms of the

same element.

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Isotopes
• Atoms of an element that have the same
number of protons and the same number of
electrons but different numbers of
neutrons.

• Show almost identical chemical properties;

chemistry of atom is due to its electrons.

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• Physical properties are often slightly
different because they have different
masses.

• In nature most elements contain

mixtures of isotopes
 Two Isotopes of Sodium

23 24
11
Na 11
Na

• Number of Protons = 11 • Number of Protons = 11

• Mass number = 23 • Mass number = 24
• Number of Neutrons = 12 • Number of Neutrons = 13

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 Exercise

A certain isotope X contains 23

protons and 28 neutrons.
• What is the mass number of this
isotope?

• Identify the element.

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 Exercise
A certain isotope X contains 23 protons
and 28 neutrons.
• What is the mass number of this
isotope?
51
• Identify the element.
Vanadium

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Atomic Masses
• Elements occur in nature as mixtures
of isotopes.
• Carbon = 98.89% 12C
1.11% 13C
<0.01% 14C
• Calculated average mass for the
isotopes of an element expressed on a
scale where 12
serves as the reference point. 6 C
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Average Atomic Mass for Carbon

98.89% of 12 amu + 1.11% of 13.0034 amu =

(0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13.0034 amu) =

12.01 amu

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 Exercise
An element consists of 62.60% of an isotope with mass
186.956 amu and 37.40% of an isotope with mass 184.953
amu.

• Calculate the average atomic mass and identify the element.

Average Atomic Mass = 186.207 amu

The element is rhenium (Re).

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 • Periodic Law – When elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number, elements
with similar chemical properties occur at
periodic (regularly recurring) intervals.

• Periodic Table – Tabular arrangement of the

elements in order of increasing atomic number
such that elements having similar chemical
properties are positioned in vertical columns.

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The Periodic Table

• Periods – horizontal rows of elements

• Groups – elements in the same vertical

columns; have similar chemical properties

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The Periodic Table

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Groups
• Table of common charges formed when
creating ionic compounds.

Group Charge
Alkali Metals (1A) 1+
Alkaline Earth Metals (2A) 2+
Halogens (7A) 1-
Noble Gases (8A) 0
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• Alkali Metals: soft, shiny metals that readily reacts with
water.

• Alkaline Earth Metals: soft, shiny metals moderately reactive

to water

• Halogens: reactive elements that are gases at room

temperature

• Noble gas: unreactive gases that undergo few, if any

chemical reactions

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Metal
• An element that
has the
characteristic
properties of
luster, thermal
conductivity,
electrical
conductivity, and
malleability.
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Nonmetal
• An element
characterized by
the absence of the
properties of luster,
thermal
conductivity,
electrical
conductivity, and
malleability.
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Selected Physical Properties
of Metals and Nonmetals

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Dividing Line Between
Metals and Nonmetals

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 Electron Shells
• A region of space about a nucleus that contains
electrons that have approximately the same
energy and that spend most of their time
approximately the same distance from the
nucleus.

• Electrons that occupy the first electron shell are

closer to the nucleus and have a lower energy
than electrons in the second electron shell.
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 Electron Subshells
• A region of space within an electron shell that
contains electrons that have the same energy.

Subshell Number of Electrons

s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
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Electron Orbitals

• A region of space within an electron

subshell where an electron with a
specific energy is most likely to be
found.
• An electron orbital can accommodate a
maximum of 2 electrons.

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Electron Orbitals

Subshell Number of Orbitals

s 1

p 3

d 5

f 7
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Electron Orbitals

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Orbitals Within the Same
Subshell Differ in Orientation

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Electron Spin

• As an electron “moves about” within an

orbital, it spins on its own axis in either a
clockwise or a counterclockwise direction.

• When two electrons are present in an

orbital, they always have opposite spins.

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 Rules for Assigning Electrons to
Various Shells, Subshells, and
Orbitals

1. Electron subshells are filled in order of increasing

energy.

2. Electrons occupy the orbitals of a subshell such that

each orbital acquires one electron before any orbital
acquires a second electron. All electrons in such singly
occupied orbitals must have the same spin.

3. No more than two electrons may exist in a given

orbital – and then only if they have opposite spins.
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Subshell
Energy
Order

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 Electron Configurations
• A statement of how many electrons an atom has in
each of its electron subshells.

• An oxygen atom as an electron arrangement of two

electrons in the 1s subshell, two electrons in the 2s
subshell, and four electrons in the 2p subshell.

Oxygen: 1s22s22p4

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Electron
Configurations

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Orbital Diagrams
• A notation that shows how many electrons
an atom has in each of its occupied
electron orbitals.
Oxygen: 1s22s22p4
Oxygen: 1s 2s 2p

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 Exercise
Determine the expected electron
configurations for each of the
following.

a) S

b) Ba

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Exercise
Determine the expected electron
configurations for each of the
following.

a) S
1s22s22p63s23p4
b) Ba

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p
66s2
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• The electron arrangement in the
outermost shell is the same for elements
in the same group.
• This is why elements in the same group
have similar chemical properties.
 Group 1A – very reactive
Li: 1s22s1
Na: 1s22s22p63s1
K: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

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 Electron Configurations and the
Periodic Table

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 Distinguishing Electron
• Last electron added to the electron
configuration for an element when electron
subshells are filled in order of increasing
energy.

• This last electron is the one that causes an

element’s electron configuration to differ from
that of an element immediately preceding it
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in the periodic table.

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 Classification Scheme on the
Periodic Table

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