THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
MODULE 2
MR. NOEL R. BLAZA, JR.
INTRODUCTION
The periodic table is an essential part of any chemistry
course. Its simple chart-like appearance belies the wealth of
information that it contains. In this module, students will
learn about the origin of the modern periodic table of
elements and explore an interactive version that teaches
them how to extract information from it.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. Understand how the elements arranged on the periodic
table.
2. Show how chemical properties are related to position of
the component elements on the periodic table.
3. Identify elements on the periodic table.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01ORGANIZATION OF THE
02 ELEMENT SYMBOLS
PERIODIC TABLE
03 ROWS AND COLUMNS
04
DETERMINING CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES USING THE
PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
• Dmitri Mendeleev published the
first periodic table of elements in
1869. He showed that when
elements were ordered according
to atomic weight, a pattern
resulted where similar properties
for elements recurred periodically.
• Based on the work of physicist
Henry Moseley, the periodic table
was reorganized on the basis of
increasing atomic number rather
than an atomic weight.
Dmitri Mendeleev Henry Moseley
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
• The revised table could be used to
predict the properties of elements
that had yet to be discovered.
Many of these predictions were
later substantiated through
experimentation. This led to the
formation of the periodic law,
which states that the chemical
properties of the elements are
dependent on their atomic
numbers.
01
ORGANIZATION OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The periodic table lists elements by atomic number,
which is the number of protons in every atom of that
element. Atoms of an atomic number may have varying
numbers of neutrons (isotopes) and electrons (ions), yet
remain the same chemical element.
• Elements in the periodic table are arranged in periods
(rows) and groups (columns). Each of the seven periods
is filled sequentially by atomic number. Groups include
elements having the same electron configuration in
their outer shell, which results in group elements
sharing similar chemical properties.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The electrons in the outer shell are termed valence
electrons. Valence electrons determine the properties and
chemical reactivity of the elements and participate in
chemical bonding. The Roman numerals found above each
group specify the usual number of valence electrons.
• There are two sets of groups. The group A elements are
the representative elements, which have s or p sublevels
as their outer orbitals. The group B elements are the non-
representative elements, which have partly filled d
sublevels (the transition elements) or partly filled f
sublevels (the lanthanide series and the actinide series).
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The Roman numeral and letter designations give the electron
configuration for the valence electrons (e.g., the valence
electron configuration of a group VA element will be s2p3 with
5 valence electrons).
• Another way to categorize elements is according to whether
they behave as metals or non-metals.
• Most elements are metals. They are found on the left hand
side of the table.
• The far right side contains the nonmetals, plus hydrogen
displays non-metal characteristics under ordinary conditions.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Elements that have some properties of metals and some
properties of nonmetals are called metalloids or semimetals.
These elements are found along a zigzag line that runs from
the upper left of group 13 to the bottom right of group 16.
• Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity,
are malleable and ductile, and have a lustrous metallic
appearance.
• In contrast, most non-metals are poor conductors of heat and
electricity, tend to be brittle solids, and can assume any of a
number of physical forms.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
• While all of the metals except mercury are solid under
ordinary conditions, non-metals may be solids, liquids,
or gases at room temperature and pressure. Elements
may be further subdivided into groups.
• Groups of metals include the alkali metals, alkaline
earth metals, transition metals, basic metals,
lanthanides, and actinides. Groups of nonmetals include
the nonmetals, halogens and noble gases.
02
ELEMENT SYMBOLS
ELEMENT SYMBOLS
• The periodic table is structured as an 18 x 7 grid,
positioned above a smaller double row of elements.
• The periodic table only lists chemical elements, and
includes each isotope of each element within one call.
• In the typical periodic table, each element is listed by
its element symbol and atomic number. For example,
“H” denotes hydrogen, “Li” denotes lithium, and so on.
ELEMENT SYMBOLS
• Most elements are represented by the first letter or first
two letters of their English name, but there are some
exceptions.
• Two notable exceptions include silver and mercury. The
symbol for silver is “Ag” from Latin argentum, which means
“gray” or “shining.” The symbol for mercury “Hg” from the
Latinized Greek hydrargyrum, which means “water-silver.”
• Many periodic tables include the full name of element as
well and color-code the elements based on their phase at
room temperature (solid, liquid, or gas).
03
ROWS AND COLUMNS
ROWS AND COLUMNS
• The element symbol is always
almost accompanied by other
information such as atomic
number and atomic weight.
• Atomic number describes the
number of protons in one
atom of that element. For
example, an atom of oxygen
contains 8 protons.
ELEMENT INFORMATION
Atomic number 26 55.847
u
Atomic weight
Symbol
Fe 7.874
g/cm³
Density
Name Iron
Melting point 1,811o 3,134o Boiling point
ROWS AND COLUMNS
• Elements are listed in order of increasing
atomic number from left to right. Each row of
the periodic table is called a period and each
column of the periodic table is called a group
(or family).
• Some groups have specific names like the
halogens or noble gases. Elements within the
same period or group have similar properties.
04
DETERMINING CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES USING THE
PERIODIC TABLE
DETERMINING CHEMICAL PROPERTIES USING THE
PERIODIC TABLE
• Chemical properties of each element are
determined by the element’s electronic
configuration, and particularly by its outermost
valence electrons.
• An element’s location in the periodic table is largely
dependent on its electrons; the number of valence
shell electrons determines its group, and the type of
orbital in which the valence electrons lie in
determines the element’s block.
DETERMINING CHEMICAL PROPERTIES USING THE
PERIODIC TABLE
• In addition, the total number of electron shells of an
atom determines which period it belongs to.
Because of its structure, the periodic table has
become an extremely useful tool for assessing and
predicting elemental and chemical trends.
THANK
YOU!
