ENGLISH SKILLS - GRAMMAR
123Grammar - is the set of rules that govern how words are used to form sentences in a
language. It defines the structure and organization of words, phrases, and clauses to ensure
clear and meaningful communication.
Basic Sentence Structure:
● Subject (S): The person or thing doing the action.
● Verb (V): The action or state.
● Object (O): The person or thing receiving the action.
Example: "The cat (S) chased (V) the mouse (O)."
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
● Definition: W things, or ideas.
● Types:ords that name people, places,
○ Common: cat, city, book.
○ Proper: New York, Maria.
○ Countable: apple(s), car(s).
○ Uncountable: water, information.
○ Abstract: happiness, freedom.
○ Concrete: table, tree.
b. Pronouns
● Replace nouns to avoid repetition.
○ Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
○ Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
○ Reflexive: myself, yourself.
○ Relative: who, whom, which, that.
c. Verbs
● Show actions or states of being.
○ Main Verbs: run, eat, think.
○ Auxiliary Verbs: is, are, have, do.
○ Linking Verbs: seem, become.
d. Adjectives
● Describe or modify nouns.
○ Types: descriptive (big), comparative (bigger), superlative (biggest).
e. Adverbs
● Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
○ Types: time (yesterday), manner (quickly), place (here), frequency (often).
f. Prepositions
● Show relationships between nouns and other words.
○ Examples: in, on, at, with, by, for.
g. Conjunctions
● Connect words, phrases, or clauses.
○ Coordinating: and, but, or.
○ Subordinating: because, although.
○ Correlative: either/or, neither/nor.
ENGLISH SKILLS - GRAMMAR
h. Interjections
● Express strong emotions.
○ Examples: Wow! Ouch! Oh no!
3. Sentence Structure
● Simple Sentences: Contain one subject and one predicate.
○ Example: "She sings."
● Compound Sentences: Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
○ Example: "She sings, and he plays the guitar."
● Complex Sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
○ Example: "Although it rained, we went hiking."
4. Articles and Determiners
● Definite Article: "The" (used for specific nouns).
○ Example: "The moon is bright."
● Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An" (used for general nouns).
○ Example: "A cat is on the roof."
● Zero Article: No article used for plural or uncountable nouns when speaking generally.
○ Example: "Dogs are friendly."
5. Tenses
a. Present Tenses
● Simple Present: "She walks." (habit or fact)
● Present Continuous: "She is walking." (ongoing action)
● Present Perfect: "She has walked." (completed action with present relevance)
● Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been walking." (action continuing up to now)
b. Past Tenses
● Simple Past: "She walked."
● Past Continuous: "She was walking."
● Past Perfect: "She had walked."
● Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been walking."
c. Future Tenses
● Simple Future: "She will walk."
● Future Continuous: "She will be walking."
● Future Perfect: "She will have walked."
● Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been walking."
