Week 1: Colonialism in Africa

 Positive Impacts:

 Military and Technical Aid: Help from former colonial rulers.

 Political Parties: Helped in the fight for independence.

 Common Language: English and French became common

languages.

 Civil Service and Legal System: Developed along British and

French lines.

 Infrastructure: Roads, railways, and electricity.

 New Elites: Educated and politically aware Africans.

 Western Education: More educational opportunities.

 Common Central Bank: Shared currency in French territories.

 Negative Impacts:

 Economic Exploitation: Wealth taken to Europe.

 Communication: Built for resource extraction, not for Africans.

 Slave Trade: Humiliation and deportation of leaders.

 Colonial Education: Trained Africans for low-level jobs.

 Traditional Rulers: Lost real power.

 Cash Crops: Focus on crops like cocoa and cotton.

 Unity Problems: Division into English and French-speaking

countries.

Week 2: Nationalism in West Africa

 Meaning: Efforts to oppose colonial rule and pride in one's country.

 Factors for Growth:

 Western Education: Common language for fighting colonialism.

 World Depression: Economic hardships led to demands for self-

government. Willinks, second republic commission, colonialism.
1975 and 1963
  Economic Exploitation: Monopoly by European firms.

 High Cost of Living: Increased agitation for self-government.

 Political Parties: Increased political participation.

 Religion: Christian missionaries disregarded African traditions.

 Heavy Taxes: Sparked nationalist activities.

 Racial Discrimination: In civil service.

Week 3: Nationalism After WWII

 External Factors:

 Atlantic Charter: Right to choose government.

 UN's Anti-Colonial Stance: Supported independence.

 British Labor Party: Opposed colonialism.

 Independence of Other Countries: Inspired Nigerian

nationalists.

 Pan-African Leaders: Preached against racial discrimination.

 Loss of British Prestige: Reduced influence.

 WWII: Exposed myth of white supremacy.

 Super Powers: USA and USSR supported independence.

 Internal Factors:

 Racial Discrimination: In civil service.

 Elective Principle (1922): Limited voting rights.

 Return of Ex-Service Men: New ideas for freedom.

 Educated Elites: Mobilized masses.

 Political Parties and Newspapers: Vital for decolonization.

 Trade Unions: Supported nationalist leaders.

 Poor Prices: For African produce.

 Christianity and Schools: Realized equality.

Week 4: Constitutional Development in Nigeria

  Nigeria Council of 1914: Advisory body with traditional rulers.

 National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA): Formed in

1920, demanded more African participation and opposed
discrimination.

Week 5: Clifford’s Constitution (1922)

 Features: Introduced elective principle, and political activities.

 Merits: Allowed political parties, newspapers, and elections.

 Demerits: Disenfranchised many Nigerians, dominated by Europeans.

Week 6: Macpherson Constitution (1951)

 Features: Central and regional legislatures, more powers to regions.

 Merits: Involved Nigerians in making the constitution.

 Demerits: Too much power to the governor, limited real ministerial

responsibilities.

Week 7: Lyttleton Constitution (1954)

 Features: First federal constitution, regional legislatures.

 Merits: Introduced federal structure, direct elections.

 Demerits: No prime minister, regionalized public service.

Week 8: London and Lagos Constitutional Conferences (1957 and

1958)

 London (1957): Self-government for regions, creation of prime

minister's office.

 Lagos (1958): Nigeria to become independent on October 1, 1960.

Week 9: Independence Constitution (1960)

 Features: Federal structure, parliamentary system, bicameral

legislature.

 Achievements: Nigeria became a sovereign state, increased

employment.

 Weaknesses: Retained Queen as head of state, highest court in

Britain.
Week 10: Republican Constitution (1963)

 Features: President replaced Queen, Supreme Court as highest court.

 Merits: Full control by Nigerians, guaranteed rights.

 Demerits: President elected by parliament, not people.

Week 11: Second Republican Constitution (1979)

 Features: Presidential system, separation of powers, bicameral

legislature.

 Merits: Popularly elected president, fixed terms.

 Demerits: Expensive, potential for power concentration.

Differences Between 1963 and 1979 Constitutions

 1963: Parliamentary system, prime minister as head of government.

 1979: Presidential system, president as head of state and government.

Week Four: Constitutional Development in Nigeria

The Nigeria Council of 1914

 Created after the amalgamation by Lord Lugard.

 Consisted of 24 official and 12 unofficial members, including Europeans

and Nigerian Traditional Rulers.

 Advisory body without legislative power, serving as a medium for

public opinion.

 Abolished in 1922 by Sir Hugh Clifford, who set up a Legislative Council

for Southern Nigeria, while the North was governed by proclamation.

The National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA)

 Formed in 1920 by Joseph Casely-Hayford (Gold Coast) and Dr.

Akinwade Savage (Nigeria).
  Members from Ghana, Gambia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

 Demanded more African participation in administration, judiciary, and

other government areas.

 Opposed discrimination and advocated for elective principles,

education development, and improved medical sectors.

 Africans were elected into the legislative councils.

 The elective principle was introduced in Nigeria (1922), Sierra

Leone (1924), and Gold Coast (1925).

 Higher education institutions were established, including Fourah

Bay College, Yaba College, and Achimota College.

 The NCBWA encouraged the growth of newspapers like Daily News

(Nigeria, 1925) and Morning Star (Gold Coast).

 The elective principle led to the rise of political parties like NNDP
(Nigeria) and NCSL (Sierra Leone).

Aims of the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA)

1. Increased African Participation in Governance – Advocated for

greater African involvement in administration, judiciary, and key
government positions.

2. Opposition to Racial Discrimination – Fought against

discriminatory policies and promoted equal rights for Africans.

3. Introduction of Elective Principles – Called for electoral

representation and democratic participation in governance.

4. Educational Development – Pushed for the establishment of

universities and improvement of the education sector.

5. Improved Healthcare – Demanded better medical services and

healthcare facilities in British West African colonies.

6. Economic and Social Reforms – Sought policies that would enhance

economic opportunities and social welfare for Africans.
Effects of the NCBWA

 Africans elected into legislative councils.

 Introduction of elective principles in Nigeria (1922), Sierra Leone

(1924), and Gold Coast (1925).

 Establishment of higher educational institutions like Fourah Bay

College, Yaba College, and Achimota College.

 Development of newspapers in British West Africa.

 Emergence of political parties like NNDP in Nigeria and NCSL in Sierra

Leone.

Willinks Commission of Inquiry (1957) – Summary

The Willinks Commission was established to investigate the fears of

minority groups regarding discrimination and domination by majority
ethnic groups. It aimed to address their concerns without necessarily
creating new regions.

Key Recommendations:

1. Bill of Rights – Fundamental human rights of minorities should be

protected in the constitution.

2. No Boundary Adjustments – No changes to the boundaries between

the Northern and Western regions.

3. Federal Police Protection – The Federal Police Force should

ensure the security of minorities.

4. Sharia Court Alternative – Non-Muslims in the North could opt for

a non-Muslim court instead of a Sharia court.

5. Development for Niger Delta – Special development boards

should be created for the Niger Delta region.

6. Majority Party Support – Majority political parties must gain

minority support to govern effectively.
 7. Special Minorities Commission – A joint Federal-Regional
commission should oversee minority affairs.

Week Five: The Clifford’s Constitution of 1922

Features

 Secretary of State for Colonies: Cabinet minister in Britain.

 Head of State: Governor Hugh Clifford, representing the Queen of

England.

 Executive Council: All European, no Nigerian members.

 Legislative Council: 46 members (27 officials, 19 unofficial, including

10 Nigerians).

 Elective Principle: First elections conducted into the Legislative Council.

 Political Activities: Formation of political parties, e.g., NNDP of Herbert

Macaulay.

Merits

 Allowed political activities and formation of political parties.

 Established newspapers to boost political activities.

 Introduced elective principle for Nigerians to elect representatives.

 Established a new Legislative Council for Southern Nigeria.

 Inspired nationalist activities and prepared the ground for self-

government.

Demerits

 Disenfranchised majority of Nigerians.

 Dominated by Europeans in both executive and legislative councils.

 Elective principle applied only in the legislative council.

 Governor had veto power over issues.

 Brought about sectionalism, excluding the North.

Week Six: Richard’s Constitution of 1946

Aims and Objectives

 Create regional councils for North, West, and East.

 Promote unity and greater participation of Nigerians.

 Introduce legislative council accommodating all sections of Nigeria.

 Divide the country into three administrative units.

 Create links between native authorities and legislative council.

Features

 Executive Council: Dominated by Europeans.

 Legislative Council: Wider representation of Nigerian interests.

 Qualification to vote: Restricted to male adults with specific income.

 House of Assembly: Members elected by native authorities.

 Elective Principle: Limited franchise.

 Legislature: Unified North and South under one legislature.

 Regionalism: Created Eastern, Western, and Northern regions.

Merits

 Laid foundation for national unity and federalism.

 Introduced bi-cameral legislature in the North.

 Integrated North and South for registration and unity purposes.

Demerits

 Dominated by Europeans.

 Divided country into unequal parts, promoting tribalism and

sectionalism.

 Disenfranchised many Nigerians.

 Limited franchise to Lagos and Calabar.

 Nationalists rejected the constitution due to lack of consultation.

Week Seven: Lyttleton Constitution of 1954

Features
  First federal constitution adopted by Nigeria.

 Established offices of speakers and deputy speakers.

 Regionalized public service, marketing boards, and judiciary.

 Created office of regional premier.

 Granted law-making powers to regional legislatures.

 Revised revenue sharing formula.

 Granted administrative and legislative provision to Southern

Cameroon.

Important Provisions

 Federal House of Representatives: 184 members, directly elected.

 Federal Council of Ministers: Composed of Governor General, official

members, and regional ministers.

 Regional Executive Councils: Governors appointed leaders of majority

parties as premiers.

 Division of Powers: Exclusive, concurrent, and residual lists.

Achievements

 Introduced federal structure.

 Established offices of speaker and deputy speaker.

 Direct election into federal and regional legislatures.

 Prepared Nigeria for independence.

Weaknesses

 No provision for prime minister.

 Did not address imbalance created by Richard’s Constitution.

 Vested veto power on Governor General and regional governors.

 Regionalized public service, making regions stronger than the central.

Week Eight: London and Lagos Constitutional Conferences

London Constitutional Conference of 1957

 Granted self-government to Eastern and Western regions.

  Created office of prime minister.

 Established bicameral legislature at the central level.

 Enlarged membership of Federal House of Representatives.

 Set up Willinks Commission to examine fears of minority groups.

Lagos Constitutional Conference of 1958

 Recommended Nigeria's independence on October 1, 1960.

 Considered creation of states to allay fears of minorities.

 Adopted Willinks recommendation not to create states but entrench

fundamental human rights.

Week Nine: Independence Constitution of 1960

Features

 Retained federal structure.

 Governors-General became ceremonial head of state.

 Adopted parliamentary system of government.

 Bicameral legislature for federal and regional assemblies.

 Embodied Fundamental Human Rights.

 Detailed provisions for Nigerian citizenship.

Achievements

 Crowned nationalistic struggle with independence.

 Nigeria became a sovereign state.

 Increased employment in civil service and other sectors.

 Established bicameral legislative system.

Weaknesses

 Retained Queen of England as ceremonial head of state.

 Privy council in Britain was the highest court of appeal.

 Members of the senate were appointed, not elected.

 Failed to clearly state process for creation of states.

Week Ten: The First Republican Constitution of 1963

Features

 Enshrined Republican Constitution.

 Queen of England replaced by elected president.

 Supreme Court replaced Privy Council as highest court of appeal.

 Strengthened Fundamental Human Rights.

 Increased membership of legislative houses.

 Federal government assumed emergency powers over legislative arm.

Merits

 Elected president became head of state.

 Constitution was home-based.

 Supreme Court became final court of appeal.

 Guaranteed rights of citizens.

Demerits

 President represented minority interest.

 Legislative and executive arms were fused.

 Permitted carpet crossing.

 Parliamentary supremacy instead of constitutional supremacy.

Week Eleven: The Second Republican Constitution of 1979

Features

 Introduced Presidential System.

 Executive president elected by electorate.

 Separation of powers among three organs of government.

 Bicameral National Assembly.

 Governors and commissioners in each state.

Merits

 Separation of powers.
  Popularly elected president.

 Fixed term of office for political office holders.

 Supremacy of the constitution.

 Guaranteed fundamental human rights.

Demerits

 Expensive to operate.

 Impeachment clause could be misused.

 Concentration of powers in president's hands.

 Delay in execution of government programs.

Differences Between 1963 and 1979 Constitutions

 1963: Parliamentary System; 1979: Presidential System.

 1963: Prime Minister as head of government; 1979: Executive

president as head of state and government.

 1963: Ministers appointed from parliament; 1979: Ministers appointed

outside parliament.

 1963: Parliamentary supremacy; 1979: Supremacy of the constitution.

I hope this summary helps! If you need more details on any specific section,
feel free to ask.

Week One: Colonialism in Africa

Positive Impact of Colonialism

  Military and Technical Aid: Former colonial territories, especially
French ones, received military and technical aid from their colonial
masters.

 Development of Political Parties: Facilitated the struggle for

political independence.

 Common Language: Promoted common languages among colonial

territories (English for British colonies, French for French colonies).

 Uniform Civil Service: Developed along British and French systems.

 Common Legal System: Established a common legal system among

colonial territories.

 Development of Infrastructure: Roads, railways, and electricity

were developed for effective administration.

 Emergence of New Elites: Created a new set of elites based on

educational achievement and political exposure.

 Exposure to Western Education: Provided access to new forms of

education, opening more opportunities for Africans.

 Common Central Bank: Former French territories in West Africa,

except Guinea, had a common central bank issuing a common
currency.

Negative Impact of Colonialism

 Economic Dependence and Exploitation: Wealth was extracted

from Africa by colonial masters, impoverishing the continent.

 Means of Communication: Built to extract resources, not for the

benefit of Africans.

 Introduction of Slave Trade: Led to deportation and humiliation of

African leaders.

 Colonial Education: Aimed to train Africans for low-ranking

administrative roles and private capitalist firms owned by Europeans.

 Erosion of Traditional Rulers' Power: Traditional rulers were turned

into colonial puppets, responsible to the colonial government.

 Production of Cash Crops: Focused on producing cash crops like

cocoa, cotton, and palm produce.
  Problem of Unity: Divided West African countries into English-
speaking and French-speaking groups, creating unity issues within
ECOWAS.

Week Two: Nationalism in West Africa

Meaning

Nationalism is the effort made by Africans to oppose or reject colonial rule,

showing love and pride in their country, and the desire to form an
independent nation. It represents a sense of oneness among social groups
trying to control their destiny and environment.

Features of Nationalism Before Second World War

 Western Education: Provided a common language for fighting

colonialism.

 World Depression: Economic hardships from the First World War led
to agitation for self-government.

 Economic Exploitation: Monopoly of trade by European firms led to

nationalist movements.

 Lack of Educational Facilities: Limited funding for education by

missionaries.

 High Cost of Living: Increased prices and decreased living standards

fueled nationalist activities.

 Emergence of Political Parties: Increased demand for political

participation.

 Religion: Christian missionaries' disregard for African traditions played

a role in nationalism.

 Heavy Taxes: Imposed heavy taxes sparked nationalist activities.

 Racial Discrimination: Discrimination in civil service led to nationalist

movements.

Week Three: Nationalism in West Africa

External Factors

 Atlantic Charter: Declared the right of all people to choose their

government, encouraging decolonization.
  Anti-colonial Posture of U.N.O: Supported nations fighting for
independence.

 British Labour Party: Opposed colonial policies, influencing

nationalism.

 Independence of Some Countries: Independence of India (1947)

and Ghana (1957) inspired Nigerian nationalists.

 Activities of Pan-African Leaders/Organizations: Prominent

individuals and organizations preached against racial discrimination
and colonialism.

 Loss of British Prestige: Defeat of Britain reduced its global

prestige.

 World War II: Exposed the myth of white supremacy.

 Super Powers: Emergence of U.S.A and U.S.S.R encouraged

nationalist activities.

 Colonial Posture of United Nations Organization: Supported

decolonization.

Internal Factors

 Racial Discrimination: Treatment of Nigerians in civil service fueled

nationalism.

 Introduction of Elective Principle (1922): Disenfranchisement

provoked nationalism.

 Return of Ex-service Men: Soldiers returned with ideals for freedom.

 Activities of Educated Elites: Mobilized masses for independence.

 Establishment of Political Parties and Newspapers: Played vital

roles in decolonization.

 Trade Unions: Supported nationalist leaders through strikes.

 Poor Prices for African Produce: Contributed to nationalist

movements.

 Christianity and Schools: Promoted equality among men.

Factors Responsible for Slow Nationalist Activities in French West

Africa Colonies
  Policy of Assimilation: African elites enjoyed equal rights, reducing
agitation.

 Indignant Policy: Threatened African liberty, leading to arrests

without trial.

 Absence of Political Parties: Limited political expression.

 Granting of Citizenship: Africans enjoyed privileges, reducing need

for nationalist movements.

 Freedom of the Press: Censored press limited criticism of

government policies.

Effects of Nationalism on Nigeria

 Formation of Political Parties: Led to political education and

independence.

 Introduction of Newspapers: Played roles in decolonization.

 Independence of Nigeria: Achieved on October 1, 1960.

 Awareness of Political and Fundamental Rights: Increased among

Nigerians.

 Constitutional Development: Led to changes in Nigeria.

 Projection of Nigeria's Image: Improved globally.

 Modification of Racial Discrimination: Forced colonial rulers to

change policies.
🔵 What is a Circle?

A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
point called the center.

Important Terms in Circle Geometry

1. Radius (r) – A straight line from the center to the edge of the circle.

2. Diameter (d) – A straight line passing through the center, touching

two points on the circle.
Formula: d=2rd = 2rd=2r

3. Chord – A line segment that joins any two points on the circle.

4. Secant – A line that intersects a circle at two points.

5. Tangent – A line that touches the circle at exactly one point.

6. Arc – A portion of the circumference of the circle.

7. Sector – A "pizza slice" part of the circle.

8. Segment – A region inside the circle, cut off by a chord.

9. Circumference (C) – The perimeter of the circle.

Formula: C=2πrC = 2\pi rC=2πr

🔹 Theorems in Circle Geometry

These theorems help solve problems involving angles, chords, tangents, and
secants.

1️⃣ The Angle at the Center Theorem

📌 "The angle at the center is twice the angle at the circumference standing
on the same arc."

 If ∠ACB=x\angle ACB = x∠ACB=x, then ∠AOB=2x\angle AOB =

2x∠AOB=2x (where O is the center).

 Tip: If a problem gives an angle at the center, just divide it by 2 to find

the angle at the circumference.

🔹 Example: If ∠AOB=80∘\angle AOB = 80^\circ∠AOB=80∘, then

∠ACB=40∘\angle ACB = 40^\circ∠ACB=40∘.
2️⃣ The Angles in a Semicircle Theorem

📌 "An angle formed in a semicircle is always 90°."

 If a triangle is drawn inside a semicircle with the diameter as its

base, the angle opposite the diameter is always right-angled (90°).

 Tip: If you see a triangle inside a semicircle, immediately recognize the

right-angle triangle!

∠ACB=90∘\angle ACB = 90^\circ∠ACB=90∘.

🔹 Example: If the diameter is AB, and C is a point on the circle, then

3️⃣ Angles in the Same Segment Theorem

📌 "Angles in the same segment are equal."

 If two angles stand on the same arc, they are equal.

 Tip: If you see two angles subtended by the same chord on the same
side of the circle, they are equal.

🔹 Example: If ∠ABC=40, then ∠ADC=40∘.

4️⃣ Tangent Theorems

📌 The Tangent to a Circle is Perpendicular to the Radius

 A tangent and the radius at the point of contact always form a 90°
angle.

 Tip: If a problem involves a tangent, look for right-angled triangles

to apply Pythagoras’ theorem.

📌 Two Tangents from the Same External Point are Equal

 If two tangents are drawn from the same external point to a circle, they
are of equal length.

 Tip: If asked to find unknown lengths, set them equal to each

other.
5️⃣ Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem

📌 "The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180°."

 A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided shape with all vertices on the

circle.

 Tip: If you see a four-sided shape inside a circle, use opposite angles
sum to 180°.

🔹 Example: If ∠A+∠C=180∘\angle A + \angle C = 180^\circ∠A+∠C=180∘,

then ∠B+∠D=180∘\angle B + \angle D = 180^\circ∠B+∠D=180∘.

6️⃣ Alternate Segment Theorem

📌 "The angle between a tangent and a chord equals the angle in the
alternate segment."

 The angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle

made by the chord in the opposite segment.

 Tip: If a tangent is involved, look for the alternate segment angle.

🔹 Example: If the angle between the tangent and chord is 50°, then the
angle in the alternate segment is also 50°.

🏆 Tips & Hacks for Solving Circle Geometry Questions

✅ Label Your Diagram – Always mark given angles and lengths.

✅ Look for Right Angles – Tangents and semicircles often create 90°
angles.
✅ Use Theorems – If a problem involves a chord, cyclic quadrilateral, or
tangent, recall relevant theorems.
✅ Find Symmetry – If two tangents are drawn from the same point, they
are equal.
✅ Use Algebra for Unknowns – If two angles are equal, set them equal to
solve for xxx.
✅ Apply Pythagoras' Theorem – When dealing with right-angled
triangles in circle problems.

Final Summary Table

Theorem Key Idea Formula/Tip

Center angle = 2 × ∠O=2×∠C\angle O = 2 \times \

Angle at Center
Circumference angle angle C∠O=2×∠C

Angle in ∠C=90∘\angle C = 90^\

Always 90°
Semicircle circ∠C=90∘

Angles in Same ∠A=∠B\angle A = \angle

Equal angles
Segment B∠A=∠B

∠OT=90∘\angle OT = 90^\
Tangents
Perpendicular to Always 90°
circ∠OT=90∘
Radius

Two Tangents from

Equal in length TA=TBTA = TBTA=TB
the Same Point

Cyclic Opposite angles add ∠A+∠C=180∘\angle A + \angle

Quadrilateral to 180° C = 180^\circ∠A+∠C=180∘

∠T=∠A\angle T = \angle
Tangent angle =
Alternate
opposite segment
Segment Theorem A∠T=∠A
angle

🎯 Final Takeaway

Mastering Circle Geometry requires understanding these theorems,

identifying key patterns, and practicing with past questions. The more
you recognize tangents, chords, and cyclic quadrilaterals, the easier it
gets!