explain oxidation pond entire chapter and design formulas in 3 pages and 2 examples
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Sure! Here’s a simplified 3-page summary of the Oxidation Pond chapter with design formulas and 2
solved examples, ideal for quick understanding and exam preparation.
Page 1: Introduction to Oxidation Ponds
🌿 What is an Oxidation Pond?
An oxidation pond (also called a waste stabilization pond) is a large, shallow basin used for
biological wastewater treatment using natural processes involving algae, bacteria, and sunlight.
✅ Objectives:
Remove Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Reduce pathogens
Settle suspended solids
🧪 Types of Oxidation Ponds:
1. Anaerobic Pond:
o No oxygen; treats high-strength waste.
o Depth: 2.5 – 5 m
o BOD Removal: 40–60%
2. Facultative Pond:
o Has aerobic (top) and anaerobic (bottom) zones.
o Depth: 1–2.5 m
o Most common type
o BOD Removal: 70–85%
3. Aerobic Pond:
o Entirely aerobic (needs shallow depth).
o Depth: 0.5 – 1.5 m
o Often used as polishing pond
o BOD Removal: 60–90%
🌞 Working Principle:
Algae produce oxygen by photosynthesis.
Bacteria break down organic matter using this oxygen.
By-products are CO₂, water, and new biomass.
Solids settle at bottom and decompose anaerobically.
Page 2: Design of Oxidation Pond
📏 Design Parameters:
1. BOD loading:
o Typical range: 100–400 kg BOD/ha/day
2. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT):
HRT=VQ\text{HRT} = \frac{V}{Q}HRT=QV
o Where:
VVV = Pond volume (m³)
QQQ = Flow rate (m³/day)
3. Surface Organic Loading (facultative pond):
Ls=Q×BOD0AL_s = \frac{Q \times BOD_0}{A}Ls=AQ×BOD0
o LsL_sLs = Surface loading (kg/ha/day)
o AAA = Surface area (ha)
📚 Design Equations:
1. Volume of Pond:
V=Q×tV = Q \times tV=Q×t
2. Surface Area:
A=Q×BOD0LsA = \frac{Q \times BOD_0}{L_s}A=LsQ×BOD0
3. Depth (d):
d=VAd = \frac{V}{A}d=AV
4. BOD Removal Efficiency (approximate empirical):
E=11+k⋅tE = \frac{1}{1 + k \cdot t}E=1+k⋅t1
o kkk = BOD removal rate constant (0.1–0.3 day⁻¹ depending on temperature)
5. Adjusted kkk for Temperature:
kT=k20⋅(1.06)T−20k_T = k_{20} \cdot (1.06)^{T - 20}kT=k20⋅(1.06)T−20
Page 3: Solved Examples
🔍 Example 1: Design a Facultative Pond
Given:
Flow = 300 m³/day
BOD = 200 mg/L
Surface loading rate = 250 kg/ha/day
HRT = 10 days
Solution:
1. BOD load per day:
=300×200×11000=60 kg/day= 300 \times 200 \times \frac{1}{1000} = 60 \text{
kg/day}=300×200×10001=60 kg/day
2. Area:
A=60250=0.24 ha=2400 m²A = \frac{60}{250} = 0.24 \text{ ha} = 2400 \text{ m²}A=25060
=0.24 ha=2400 m²
3. Volume:
V=Q×t=300×10=3000 m³V = Q \times t = 300 \times 10 = 3000 \
text{ m³}V=Q×t=300×10=3000 m³
4. Depth:
d=30002400=1.25 md = \frac{3000}{2400} = 1.25 \text{ m}d=24003000=1.25 m
✅ Answer:
Surface Area = 2400 m²
Volume = 3000 m³
Depth = 1.25 m
🔍 Example 2: Check BOD Removal
Given:
BOD₀ = 180 mg/L
HRT = 15 days
k₍₂₀₎ = 0.2 day⁻¹
Temperature = 30°C
Solution:
1. Adjusted kkk:
kT=0.2⋅(1.06)30−20=0.2⋅(1.06)10≈0.2⋅1.79=0.358k_T = 0.2 \cdot (1.06)^{30 - 20} = 0.2 \cdot
(1.06)^{10} ≈ 0.2 \cdot 1.79 = 0.358kT=0.2⋅(1.06)30−20=0.2⋅(1.06)10≈0.2⋅1.79=0.358
2. Efficiency:
E=11+0.358×15=11+5.37≈0.157=15.7%E = \frac{1}{1 + 0.358 \times 15} = \frac{1}{1 + 5.37} ≈
0.157 = 15.7\%E=1+0.358×151=1+5.371≈0.157=15.7%
3. BOD removed:
=180×0.157≈28.3 mg/L= 180 \times 0.157 ≈ 28.3 \text{ mg/L}=180×0.157≈28.3 mg/L
✅ Answer:
BOD removed = 28.3 mg/L
Remaining BOD = 151.7 mg/L
