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Script For Lecture

The document is a lecture on Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps), highlighting their role in boosting low-level signals and their importance in analog electronics. It discusses the concepts of feedback, the two golden rules for analyzing Op-Amp circuits, and the configurations of inverting and non-inverting circuits. Additionally, it explains the use of Op-Amps in current to voltage conversion and potential applications like photometers.

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Earl Pannila
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13 views2 pages

Script For Lecture

The document is a lecture on Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps), highlighting their role in boosting low-level signals and their importance in analog electronics. It discusses the concepts of feedback, the two golden rules for analyzing Op-Amp circuits, and the configurations of inverting and non-inverting circuits. Additionally, it explains the use of Op-Amps in current to voltage conversion and potential applications like photometers.

Uploaded by

Earl Pannila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Slide 1

Good Morning …. And welcome to the short lecture of Operational Amplifiers. My name is Earl and I’m
coming from the department of electronics.

Slide 2

Objects, just read.

Slide 3

Like all amplifiers Op-amp is a circuit designed to boost the power of a low level signal. it’s the
workhorse of all analog electronics due to its versatility.

Slide 4

Do the calculation of why open loop gain cannot be used ?

In case of amplifiers if the feedback signal gets added onto the externally applied input signal before
reaching the amplifier input, then the feedback is called positive feedback, and if it gets subtracted from
the input signal input signal it is called negative feedback. In general Negative feedback seems bad, and
positive is good, but in electronics, positive feedback means runaway or oscillation, and negative
feedback leads to stability.

Slide 5

There are two golden rules both are practically correct with the very high gain and high input impedance
of the Op-Amp. Any complex Op-amp circuit can be analyzed using these two simple golden rules and
Kirchoff's laws.

Slide 6

As mentioned, Op amps are not used alone, rather it is connected to passive components in a feedback
circuit. There are two such basic circuit configurations employing an op amp and two resistors, inverting
and non-inverting.

Here you can see how op amp is employed in inverting configuration with negative feedback. We can
see a loop closing input and output and therefore now we call this “closed loop”. This will reduce the
gain significantly bringing the differential input in to a practical range. As per the golden rules, the two
terminals tracking each other in potential, therefore point So will work as a virtual ground.

Slide 7

Explain in the Analysis steps with animation

The – sign indicates that the input and the output are 180 degree out of phase.
Slide 8

Explain analysis

Slide 9

Here we have a circuit with practically zero internal resistance and giving a current value in terms of a
voltage which is proportional to the current. In fact it is a current to voltage converter. If a voltmeter
calibrated in terms of current is connected to the output, the circuit can also be used as an ammeter.

This Idea can be extended to construct a photometer by converting the photocurrent produced by a
photodiode to a voltage.

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