ç;ksx 1

mís';
ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dk mi;ksx
(i) NksVh xksyh;@csyukdkj oLrq dk O;kl ekius osQ fy,A
(ii) nh xbZ Kkr æO;eku dh fu;fer oLrq dh foekvksa dks ekius esa rFkk mldk ?kuRo
Kkr djukA
(iii) nh xbZ csyukdkj oLrq tSls chdj@fxykl@oSQyksjhehVj dk vkarfjd O;kl ,oa xgjkbZ
ekius esa ,oa mldk vk;ru ifjdfyr djukA

midj.k ,oa lkexzh

o£u;j oSQyhilZ] xksy oLrq tSls yksyd dk xksyd vFkok dk¡p dh xksyh] Kkr æO;eku
dk vk;rkdkj xqVdk rFkk csyukdkj oLrq tSls chdj@fxykl@oSQyksjhehVjA

ekid ;qfDr dk fooj.k

1- ofuZ;j oSQfyilZ esa LVhy osQ cus nks LosQy gksrs gSa & ,d eq[; LosQy rFkk nwljk ofuZ;j
LosQy tks eq[; LosQy osQ vuqfn'k ljdrk gSA eq[; LosQy ,oa ofuZ;j LosQy nksuksa gh
NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa (va'kksa) esa foHkkftr gksrs gSa ijarq bu Hkkxksa osQ ifjek.k fHkUu gksrs gSaA
eq[; iSekus ij lsaVhehVj (cm) rFkk feyhehVj
(mm) esa va'kkadu gksrs gSaA blesa nks c¼ guq A rFkk
C LosQy osQ ledks.k ij çf{kIr gksrs gSaA ljdoka
ofuZ;j LosQy esa nks guq (B, D) tks blls rFkk eq[;
LosQy ls ledks.k ij çf{kIr gksrs gSa ,oa blesa èkkrq dh
,d ifêðdk (N) gksrh gSaA tc guq ,d nwljs ls Li'kZ
djrs gSa rks eq[; LosQy dk 'kwU; vad ofuZ;j LosQy
osQ 'kwU; vad osQ laikrh gksrk gSA guq rFkk ifêðdk dh
vfHkdYiuk oLrqvksa osQ O;kl @ yackbZ @ xgjkbZ dks
ekius osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA ?kqMa h P dk mi;ksx ofuZ;j fp=k E 1-1 o£u;j oSQfyilZ
LosQy dks eq[; LosQy ij ljdkus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA isap S dk mi;ksx ofuZ;j LosQy dks fdlh fLFkfr ij fLFkj djus osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

2- lkekU; LosQy dk vYirekad 1mm gksrk gSA bl ekid midj.k osQ vYirekad esa
lq/kj osQ fy, bls vkSj NksVs va'kksa esa foHkkftr djuk dfBu dk;Z gSA ofuZ;j LosQy bl
mís'; dh iwfrZ djrk gSA

fl¼kar
eq[; LosQy osQ ,d Hkkx (M.S.D.) rFkk ofuZ;j LosQy osQ ,d Hkkx (V.S.D.) osQ
ifjek.kksa osQ varj dks bl midj.k dk vYirekad dgrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g og NksVh&ls&NksVh
nwjh gS ftls bl midj.k }kjk ekik tk ldrk gSA
n V.S.D. = (n – 1) M.S.D.

mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lwË

e[q; LoQsy oQs NkVs&sl&sNkVss Hkkx dk ifjek.k
(a) ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dk vYirekad ¾ ofu;Z j LoQsy ij oqQy Hkkxkas dh l[a;k

æO;eku m m
( b) vk;rkdkj oLrq dk ?kuRo = vk;ru ¾ V ¾ l.b.h ;gk¡ m oLrq dk æO;eku] l
bldh yackbZ] b pkSM+kbZ rFkk h Å¡pkbZ gSA
π D ′2
(c) csyukdkj ([kks[kyh) oLrq dk vk;ru] V = πr2h' = .h ' ;gk¡ h' oLrq dh
4
vkarfjd xgjkbZ] D' vkarfjd O;kl ,oa r vkarfjd fËT;k gSA

dk;Zfof/
(a) y?kqeki dh NksVh fdlh xksy vFkok csyukdkj oLrq dk O;kl ekiuk
1- ofuZ;j oSQfyilZ osQ guqvksa dks can jf[k,A eq[; LosQy osQ 'kwU; vad dk çs{k.k dhft,A
bls ofuZ;j LosQy osQ 'kwU; vad osQ iw.kZr% laikrh gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha gS] bl
midj.k ls fy, x, çR;sd çs{k.k esa bl 'kwU;kad =kqfV dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk vko';d
gSA 'kwU;kad =kqfV dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kus dh fofèk dk fooj.k i`"B 26&27 esa fn;k x;k
gSA
2- ofuZ;j LosQy osQ ml va'kkad dks <w¡f<, tks eq[; LosQy osQ fdlh va'kkad osQ laikrh
gksA ;fn vko/Zd ysal miyCèk gks rks mldh lgk;rk ls laikr (rqY;rk) osQ fy,
ofuZ;j LosQy osQ va'kkadksa (Hkkxksa) dh la[;k rFkk eq[; LosQy osQ Hkkxksa dh la[;k dk
Hkh izs{k.k dhft,A fdlh Hkh iSjsySDl&=kqfV ls cpko osQ fy, viuh vk¡[k dks laikr
djus okys Hkkxksa osQ Bhd lkeus jf[k,A
3- xfreku guq dks eqDr djus osQ fy, isap dks /hjs&/hjs <hyk dhft,A bls èkhjs&èkhjs
ljdkdj bruk [kksfy, fd blosQ fupys guqvksa AB osQ chp xksys@csyukdkj oLrq dks
gYosQ ls idM+s j[kk (fcuk fdlh vokaNuh; nkc Mkys) tk losQA guq oLrq osQ O;kl

24
 iz;ksx 1

osQ yacor gksus pkfg,A vc isap dks dl nhft, rkfd midj.k bl fLFkfr esa oLrq dks
Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tdM+ ysA
4- eq[; LosQy osQ lkeus o£u;j LosQy osQ 'kwU; vad dh fLFkfr dks lko/kuhiwoZd uksV
dhft,A lkekU;r%] ;g eq[; LosQy osQ fdlh Hkh NksVs Hkkx osQ iw.kZr% laikrh ugha gksxkA
ofuZ;j LosQy osQ 'kwU; vad osQ Bhd ck;ha vksj osQ eq[; LosQy osQ Hkkx dk ikB~~;kad
uksV dhft,A
5- ofuZ;j f[kM+dh esa ck;as fljs ('kwU;) ls nk;ha vksj ofuZ;j LosQy osQ ml va'kkad dk
lkoèkkuhiwoZd voyksdu djuk vkjaHk dhft, tks eq[; LosQy osQ fdlh va'kkad ls
Li"V :i esa laikr djrk gksA bldh la[;k (tSls) N dks lkoèkkuhiwoZd uksV dhft,A
6- midj.k osQ vYirekad ls 'N' dks xq.kk dhft, rFkk izkIr xq.kuiQy dks pj.k 4 esa
uksV fd, x, eq[; LosQy osQ ikB~;kad esa tksfM+,A ;ksx dh oS/rk osQ fy, ;g lqfuf'pr
dhft, fd xq.kuiQy dks mfpr ek=kdksa (lkekU;r% cm esa) esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k
x;k gS vFkok ughaA
7- oLrq dh rhu fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ij O;kl dk eku izkIr djus osQ fy, ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ
dks yxkdj mijksDr pj.kksa 3&6 dks nksgjkb,A
8- vius izs{k.kksa dks mfpr ek=kdksa lfgr rkfydk osQ :i esa [lkj.kh E 1.1 (a)] fyf[k,A
;fn vko';d gks rks çsf{kr ikB~;kad esa 'kwU;kad la'kksèku dhft,A
9- oLrq osQ O;kl osQ la'kksfèkr ikB~;kadksa dk ;ksxkRed ekè; Kkr dhft,A ifj.kke dks
mfpr ek=kdksa ,oa lkFkZd vadksa dh vkSfpR; la[;k }kjk O;Dr dhft,A
( b) fdlh fu;fer vk;krdkj oLrq dk ?kuRo ekius osQ fy, mldh foek,¡ ekiukA
1- vk;rkdkj oLrq dh yackbZ (;fn ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ foLrkfjr guqvksa dh lhek ls
vfèkd gS)A mfpr iSekus ls ekfi,A vU;Fkk xqVosQ dks yackbZ osQ vuq:i ofuZ;j
oSQyhilZ osQ guqvksa osQ chp iaQlkdj (a) esa of.kZr pj.k 3&6 dks nksgjkb,A
2- vk;rkdkj oLrq dks mfpr fLFkfr;ksa esa ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ guqvksa osQ chp j[kdj (a)
esa of.kZr pj.kksa 3&6 dks nksgjkdj oLrq dh vU; foek,¡ (pkSM+kbZ b rFkk Å¡pkbZ h)
Kkr dhft,A
3- mfpr ekËdksa ,oa lkFkZd vadksa lfgr vk;rkdkj xqVosQ dh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ rFkk m¡QpkbZ
dh eki dks lkj.khc¼ dhft,A ;fn vko';d gks rks 'kwU;kad la'kksèku Hkh dhft,A
4- yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj Å¡pkbZ osQ fy, x, ikB~~;kadksa osQ i``Fko~Q&i``Fko~Q ;ksxkRed ekè; Kkr
dhft,A
(c) fn, x, chdj (vFkok blh izzdkj dh csyukdkj oLrq) dk vk;ru Kkr djus
osQ fy, bldk vkarfjd O;kl vkSj xgjkbZ ekiukA
1- ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ Åijh guqvksa CD dks bl izdkj lek;ksftr dhft, fd ;s chdj
dh Hkhrjh nhokjksa dks Nwus yxsa ijarq mu ij vuko';d nkc u yxk,¡A ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ
dks blh fLFkfr esa j[kus osQ fy, isap dks èkhjs&ls dfl,A

25
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

2- chdj@oSQyksjhehVj dk vkarfjd O;kl ekius osQ fy, (a) osQ vuqlkj pj.k 3&6
nksgjkb,A ,slk chdj dh nks fHkUu (dks.kh;) fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy, dhft,A
3- ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ eq[; LosQy okys fljs dks] chdj @ oSQyksjhehVj dh xgjkbZ ekius
osQ fy, mlosQ fljs osQ mikarh; ij jf[k,A ,slk bl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd ofuZ;j
oSQyhilZ dh iÙkh dk vxzfljk (fVi) chdj @ oSQyksjhehVj osQ Hkhrj mldh yackbZ osQ
vuqfn'k eqDr :i ls tk losQA
4- midj.k osQ guq dks bruk ljdkb, fd iÙkh (fLVªi) dk vxzfljk oSQyksjhehVj @ chdj
dh ryh osQ i`"B dks Li'kZ djus yxsA ;g è;ku jf[k, fd ,slk djrs le; fLVªi ryh
osQ i`"B osQ iw.kZr% yacor gksA ouhZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ isap dks dfl,A
5- ç;ksx osQ Hkkx (a) osQ pj.k 4&6 dks nh xbZ oLrq dh xgjkbZ ekius osQ fy, nksgjkb,A
crZu osQ Hkhrj dh nks fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy, xgjkbZ osQ ikB~;kad ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ
}kjk yhft,A
6 mfpr ekËdksa rFkk lkFkZd vadksa esa çs{k.kksa dks rkfydk osQ :i esa (lkj.kh E 1-1(c))
fyf[k,A vko';d gks rks 'kwU;kad la'kks/u Hkh dhft,A
7- nh xbZ oLrq osQ vkarfjd O;kl rFkk xgjkbZ osQ la'kksf/r ikB~;kadksa dk i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q
;ksxkRed ekè; Kkr dhft,A ifj.kke dks mfpr ekËdksa rFkk lkFkZd vkSfpR; la[;k esa
O;Dr dhft,A

çs{k.k
(i) ofuZ;j dk vYirekad
eq[; LosQy dk 1 Hkkx (MSD) ¾ 1mm ¾ 0-1cm ofuZ;j LosQy osQ Hkkxksa dh la[;k]
N¾10

ofuZ;j LosQy osQ 10 v'kkad (Hkkx) ¾ eq[; LosQy osQ 9 v'kkad (Hkkx)
ofuZ;j LosQy dk 1 va'k ¾ eq[; LosQy osQ 0-9 va'k
ofuZ;j dk vYirekad ¾ eq[; LosQy dk 1 va'k & ofuZ;j LosQy dk 1 va'k
ofuZ;j dk vYirekad ¾ (1-0-9) eq[; LosQy osQ va'k
¾ 0-1 eq[; LosQy osQ va'k
ofuZ;j dk vYirekad (Vc) ¾ 0-1mm ¾ 0-01cm
oSdfYid
1MSD
ofuZ;j dk vYirekad = N

26
 iz;ksx 1

fp=k E 1.2 'kwU;kad =kqfV (i) 'kwU;kad =kqfV 'kwU; (ii) /ukRed 'kwU;kad =kqfV (iii) ½.kkRed
'kwU;kad =kqfV

1 mm
=
10

ofuZ;j dk vYirekad (Vc) = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm

(ii) 'kwU;kad =kqfV rFkk bldk la'kks/u
tc guq A rFkk B ,d nwljs ls Li'kZ djrs gSa rks ofuZ;j dk 'kwU; eq[; LosQy osQ 'kwU;
osQ laikrh gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks ;g dgk tkrk gS fd midj.k esa 'kwU;kad ËqfV
(e) gSA 'kwU;kad ËqfV /ukRed Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj ½.kkRed HkhA ;g bl rF; ij fuHkZj
djrk gS fd ofuZ;j LosQy dk 'kwU; eq[; LosQy osQ 'kwU; osQ nk;ha vksj gS vFkok ck;ha vksjA
bls fpË E 1-2 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa çsf{kr ikB~;kadksa esa la'kks/u dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA

(iii) /ukRed 'kwU;kad =kqfV

fp=k E1.2 (ii) }kjk /ukRed 'kwU;kad =kqfV dk ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k
ls Li"V gS fd tc ofuZ;j osQ nksuksa guq ,d nwljs osQ laioZQ esa gSa rc ofuZ;j dk 'kwU;kad
eq[; LosQy osQ 'kwU;kad osQ nk;ha vksj foLFkkfir gS (,slk midj.k osQ mRiknu esa =kqfV vFkok
mls mfpr <ax ls mi;ksx esa u ykus osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gS)A bl fLFkfr ls Li"V gS fd
bl midj.k ls fy;k x;k ikB~;kad okLrfod ikB~;kad ls vf/d gksxkA vr% izfs {kr ikB~;kad
esa leqfpr la'kks/u djuk vko';d gksxk tks ofuZ;j LosQy osQ 'kwU;kad osQ nk;ha vksj
foLFkkfir nwjh osQ rqY; gksxkA
vkn'kZ fLFkfr esa] ofuZ;j LosQy dk 'kwU;kad eq[; LosQy osQ 'kwU;kad osQ laikrh gksuk
pkfg,A ijarq fp=k E1.2 (ii) esa ofuZ;j dk ik¡pok va'kkad eq[; LosQy osQ fdlh va'kkad
osQ laikrh gSA vr%]

27
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

'kwU;kad =kqfV = +5x vYirekad

= + 0.05 cm
vr%] bl izdj.k esa 'kwU;kad =kqfV /ukRed gSA midj.k }kjk fy, x, izR;sd izsf{kr
ikB~;kad esa ls 'kwU;kad =kqfV (bl mnkgj.k esa +0.05cm) dks ^?kVkuk* gksxkA vr%
okLrfod ikB~;kad = izsf{kr ikB~;kad – (+ 'kwU;kad =kqfV)

(iv) ½.kkRekd 'kwU;kad =kqfV

fp=k E 1-2 (iii) }kjk ½.kkRed 'kwU;kad =kqfV dk ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fp=k
ls Li"V gS fd tc ofuZ;j osQ nksuksa guq ,d nwljs osQ laioZQ esa gSa rc ofuZ;j dk 'kwU;kad
eq[; LosQy osQ 'kwU;kad osQ ck;ha vksj foLFkkfir gSA bl fLFkfr ls Li"V gS fd bl midj.k
ls fy;k x;k ikB~;kad okLrfod ikB~;kad ls de gksxkA vr% izsf{kr ikB~;kad esa leqfpr
la'kks/u djuk vko';d gksxk tks ofuZ;j LosQy osQ ck;ha vksj foLFkkfir nwjh osQ rqY; gksxkA
fp=k E 1-2 (iii) esa ofuZ;j dk ik¡pok va'kkad eq[; LosQy osQ fdUgh va'kkad osQ
laikrh gSA vr%]
'kwU;kad =kqfV = –5x vYirekad
= – 0.05 cm

è;ku nhft, fd bl izdj.k esa 'kwU;kad =kqfV ½.kkRed gSA bl midj.k }kjk ekih xbZ
fdlh yackbZ osQ izsf{kr ikB~;kad esa ls Hkh ½.kkRed 'kwU;kad =kqfV (bl mnkgj.k esa – 0.05
cm) dks ?kVk;k tkrk gS rkfd okLrfor ikB~;kad izkIr fd;k tk losQA vr%]

okLrfod ikB~;kad = izsf{kr ikB~;kad – (–'kwU;kad =kqfV)

lkj.kh E.1.1(a)µNksVh xksyh;@csyukdkj oLrq osQ O;kl dk ekiu

Øe eq[; LosQy dk ofuZ;j osQ laikrh ofuZ;j LosQy dk çsf{kr O;kl M

ikB~;kad] M Hkkxksa dh la[;k ikB~;kad V = N × Vc + V (cm/

1.

2.

3.

4.

28
 iz;ksx 1

'kwU;kad ËqfV e = ± ... cm

çsf{kr O;kl dk ekè; = ... cm
lgh @ la'kksf/r O;kl ¾ çsf{kr O;kl dk ekè; & 'kwU;kad ËqfV
lkj.kh E.1.1 (b)µnh xbZ fu;fer oLrq (vk;rkdkj xqVdk) dh foekvksa dk ekiu

eq[; LosQy dk ofuZ;j osQ laikrh ofuZ;j LosQy dk ikB~;kad çsf{kr O;kl M
Øe
foek ikB~;kad] M Hkkxksa dh la[;k N V = N × Vc (cm/ + V (cm/
la[;k mm) mm)
(cm/mm)

1.
yackbZ (l) 2.
3.
1.
pkSM+kbZZ (b) 2.
3.
1.
Å¡pkbZ (h) 2.
3.

'kwU;kad ËqfV e = ±...cm

ekè; çsf{kr yackbZ ¾ ...cm, ekè; çsf{kr pkSM+kbZ ...cm,
ekè; çsf{kr Å¡pkbZ ¾...cm
la'kksf/r yackbZ ¾...cm la'kksf/r pkSM+kbZ ¾...cm la'kksf/r Å¡pkbZ ¾...cm

lkj.kh E1.1 (c)µfn, x, chdj @ oSQyksjhehVj @ csyukdkj fxykl osQ O;kl vkSj xgjkbZ dk ekiu

eq[; LosQy dk ofuZ;j osQ laikrh ofuZ;j LosQy dk ikB~;kad çsf{kr O;kl M
Øe
foek ikB~;kad] M Hkkxksa dh la[;k N V = N × Vc (cm/ + V (cm/
la[;k mm)
(cm/mm) mm)

vkarfjd O;kl 1.
2.
(D′)
3.

1.
xgjkbZ (h′) 2.
3.

'kwU;kad ËqfV e = ±...cm

ekè; O;kl ¾...cm

29
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

ekè; xgjkbZ ¾...cm

okLrfod O;kl ¾...cm
okLrfod xgjkbZ ¾...cm

ifjdyu
(a) xksys @ csyukdkj oLrq dk ekè; çsf{kr O;kl dk ekiu
D1 + D2 + ... + D6
ekè; çsf{kr O;kl] Do = cm
6
Do = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m

nh xbZ oLrq dk la'kksf/r O;kl] D = Do – (±e) = ... × 10–2 m

(b) vk;rkdkj xqVosQ dh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ rFkk m¡QpkbZ dk ekiu
l1 + l 2 + l 3
ekè; çsf{kr yackbZ] l o = cm
3
lo = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m

xqVosQ dh la'kksf/r yackbZ] l = l0 – (±e ) = ...cm

b1 + b2 + b 3
ekè; çsf{kr pkSM+kbZ] bo = cm
3
xqVosQ dh ekè; çsf{kr pkSM+kbZ] b0 = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m
xqVosQ dh la'kksf/r pkSM+kbZ] b = b0 – (±e) ... cm = ... × 10–2 m
h1 + h 2 + h 3
ekè; çsf{kr Å¡pkbZ] h o = cm
3
xqVosQ dh ekè; çsf{kr Å¡pkbZ] h0 = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m
xqVosQ dh okLrfod Å¡pkbZ] h = h0– (±e) = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m
vk;rkdkj xqVosQ dk vk;ru V = l × b × h = ... cm3 = ... × 10–6 m3
m
xqVosQ dk ?kuRo ρ=
V
= ... kgm –3

(c) chdj @ csyukdkj fxykl osQ vkarfjd O;kl dk ekiu

D1 + D2 + D 3
ekè; çsf{kr vkarfjd O;kl] Do =
3
Do = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m

la'kksf/r vkarfjd O;kl] D = Do –(±e) = ... cm = ... × 10– 2 m

h1 + h 2 + h 3
chdj @ csyukdkj fxykl dh ekè; çsf{kr xgjkbZ] h o =
3

30
 iz;ksx 1

la'kksf/r izsf{kr xgjkbZ = ... cm = ... ×10-2 m

h =h0 – (±e) = ... cm = ... × 10–2 m

chdj @ csyukdkj fxykl dk vkarfjd vk;ru

πD 2h
V= =... × 10 –6 m 3
4

ifj.kke
(a)xksy @ csyukdkj oLrq dk O;kl] D = ... × 10 -2 m
( b)fn, x, vk;rkdkj xqVosQ dk ?kuRo ρ = ... kgm–3
(c) fn, x, chdj @ csyukdkj fxykl dk vkarfjd vk;ru V = ... m3

lko/kfu;k¡
1- ;fn ofuZ;j LosQy eq[; LosQy ij vklkuh ls u ljdrk gks rks e'khu rsy @ xzh”k dk
mi;ksx dhft,A
2- isap dks vokaNuh; nkc fn, fcuk ofuZ;j osQ isap dks dfl, rkfd ofuZ;j LosQy ls
tqM+s isap dh pwfM+;ksa esa VwV&iwQV u gksA
3- isjsySDl ls cpko osQ fy, vk¡[k dks vafdr Hkkxksa osQ Bhd Åij jf[k,A
4- çR;sd çs{k.k dks mfpr ekËdksa ,oa lkFkZd vadksa lfgr uksV dhft,A

ËqfV;ksa osQ lzksr

ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ }kjk yh xbZ eki v'kq¼ gks ldrh gS] ;fn &
( i ) midj.k esa dksbZ 'kwU;kad ËqfV gS ftldk è;ku ugha j[kk x;k gSA
(ii) varjkyksa vFkok vuko';d nkc vFkok nksuksa ls cprs gq, ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dks oLrq osQ
lkFk mfpr fLFkfr esa vuqç;qDr ugha fd;k x;k gSA

ifjppkZ
1- ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ oqQN ,sls fuf'pr vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, vko';d rFkk mi;qDr gS tgk¡
oLrq dh okaNuh; foek,¡ eqDr :i ls fu/kZfjr dh tk ldrh gksaA bls cgqr&lh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk tSls fdlh /krq osQ xqVosQ esa ^d* O;kl
dk dksbZ fNæ cuk;k tkuk gSA ;fn fNæ dk O;kl d NksVk gS] tSls 2 mm] rks u rks
fNæ dk O;kl vkSj u gh mldh xgjkbZ bl midj.k ls ekih tk ldrh gSA

31
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

2- bl rF; dh vuqHkwfr Hkh vko';d gS fd yackbZ @ pkSM+kbZ @ eksVkbZ vkfn dk ofuZ;j

oSQyhilZ }kjk ekiu rHkh vko';d gksrk gS tc ifj.kke (fdlh rkj osQ vk;ru dks
fu/kZfjr djuk) esa mPp dksfV dh ifj'kq¼rk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bldk mi;ksx
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vFkZghu gksrk gS] tgk¡ ifj.kke ij ekiu dh ifj'kq¼rk dk dksbZ çHkko
ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ljy yksyd osQ ç;ksx esa xksyd osQ O;kl dk ekiu]
D;ksafd L >> dA

Lo&ewY;kadu
1- ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dk mi;ksx djosQ eki ysus osQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djus osQ Lrj dks
tkuus osQ fy, ;g vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA pwfM+;k¡ @ oaQxu @ oaQps vkfn tSlh oLrqvksa
ftudh foekvksa dh eki ofuZ;j oSQfyilZ }kjk vçR;{k :i ls] buosQ pkjksa vksj /kxk
yisVdj dh tk ldrh gSA nksuksa fof/;ksa }kjk çkIr ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk djosQ bl midj.k
osQ mi;ksx djus esa fodflr dkS'ky osQ Lrj dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- ofuZ;j fdlh LosQy dk vYirekad oSQls de dj nsrk gS\

lq>k, x, vfrfjDr ç;ksx@fØ;kdyki

1- fdlh fn, x, csyukdkj ikË osQ dk¡p @ /krq dk ?kuRo fu/kZfjr djukA
2- cksMZ rFkk njoktksa dh eksVkbZ dk ekiuA
3- ty ikbi osQ ckgjh O;kl dk ekiuA

vfrfjDr vH;kl
1- iQks
- fVZu&cSjksehVj esa yxs ofuZ;j esa lkekU;r% 20 VSD 19 MSD (çR;sd Hkkx dh yackbZ
1mm) osQ laikrh gksrs gSaA ofuZ;j dk vYirekad Kkr dhft,A
2- LisDVªksehVj @ lsDlVSaV esa yxs dks.kh; ofuZ;j esa lkekU;r% 60 VSD 59 MSD (çR;sd
Hkkx dk dks.k 10) osQ laikrh gksrs gSaA dks.kh; ofuZ;j dk vYirekad Kkr dhft,A
3- ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ ofuZ;j LosQy ij Hkkxksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ djus ij blosQ }kjk yh
xbZ eki dh ifj'kq¼rk fdl çdkj çHkkfor gksxh\
4- fn, x, flfyaMj rFkk ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ osQ ;qxy dk mi;ksx djosQ vki π dk eku oSQls
Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
¹laosQr% ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dk mi;ksx djosQ fl¯yMj dk O;kl D ekfi, rFkk /kxs dh
lgk;rk ls fl¯yMj dh ifjf/ Kkr dhft,A ifjf/ o O;kl (D) osQ vuqikr ls π dk
eku çkIr gksxkAº
5- ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ }kjk vki fdlh LVhy osQ fxykl dh nhokjksa dh eksVkbZ oSQls Kkr dj
ldrs gSa\
¹laosQr% ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ }kjk fxykl dk vkarfjd O;kl (Di) rFkk ckÞ; O;kl (Do)
ekfi,A rc fxykl dh 'khV dh eksVkbZ Dt = (Do – Di)@2ºA

32
 ç;ksx 2

mís';
LozwQxs”k dk mi;ksx djosQ
(a) fn, x, rkj dk O;kl ekiuk]
(b) nh xbZ 'khV dh eksVkbZ ekiuk rFkk
(c) fdlh vfu;fer iVy dk vk;ru ekiukA

midj.k rFkk lkexzh

rkj] /krq dh 'khV] vfu;fer iVy] feyhehVj xzki-Q isij] isafly rFkk LozwQxs”kA

LozwQxs”k dk fooj.k
fdlh ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dk mi;ksx djosQ vki 0-01 cm (0-1mm) rd dh yackbZ dh
;FkkFkZ eki ys loQrs gSaA yackbZ dh vkSj vf/d] 0-01mm vFkok 0-05mm rd dh]
;FkkFkZ eki osQ fy, LozwQxs”k dk mi;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bl çdkj LozwQxs”k ofuZ;j oS Q yhilZ dh
rqyuk esa mPp ifj'kq¼rk dh eki djus okyk
midj.k gSA vkius fdlh lkekU; isap (LozwQ) dk
çs{k.k fd;k gksxk ¹fpË E 2-1(a)ºA isap ij
pwfM+;k¡ gksrh gSaA fdUgha Hkh nks Øekxr pwfM+;ksa osQ
chp dk i`Fkdu leku gksrk gSA bl isap dks fpË E 2-1 ,d isap (a) fcuk fMcjh (b) fMcjh lfgr
bldh f<cjh (uV) esa okekorZ vFkok nf{k.kkorZ
?kw.kZu nsdj ihNs vFkok vkxs pyk;k tk ldrk gS
¹fpË E 2-1(b)ºA
,d iw.kZ ?kw.kZu nsus ij LozwQ }kjk vkxs ;k ihNs
dh vksj r; dh xbZ nwjh bldh nks Øekxr pwfM+;ksa
osQ chp osQ i`Fkdu osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA bls isap dk
pwM+h varjky dgrs gSaA fpË E 2-1(a) isap dk
pwM+h varjky p fnˆk;k x;k gSA ;g lkekU;r;k
1mm vFkok 0.5mm gksrk gSA fp=k E 2.2 esa
fpË E 2-2 LozwQxs”k
,d LozwQxs”k fn[kk;k x;k gSA blesa ,d isap ¶S¸
 ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

gksrk gS tks blosQ 'kh"kZ C dks jSpVs R }kjk ?kw.kZu nsus ij vkxs vFkok ihNs xfr djrk gSA blosQ
U izsQe dh ckgq D ls ,d jSfˆd LosQy LS tqM+k gksrk gSA bl jSfˆd LosQy dk NksVs&ls
NksVk Hkkx 1mm (,d çdkj osQ LozwQxs”k esa) vFkok 0.5mm gksrk gSA blosQ 'kh"kZ ij ,d
o`Ùkh; LosQy CS gksrk gS tks ?kw.kZu dj ldrk gSA o`Ùkh; LosQy ij 100 Hkkx gksrs gSaA tc
isap dk flj B LVM 'kwU;kad (cVu) ST osQ i`"B dks Li'kZ djrk
gS rks o`Ùkh; LosQy dk fdukjk 'kwU;kad ds laikrh gksuk pkfg,A
'kwU;kad ËqfV
;fn isap dk flj B LVM osQ i`"B dks Li'kZ djs rks o``Ùkh; LosQy
rFkk eq[; jSf[kd LosQy 'kwU;kad laikrh gksus pkfg, rFkk o`Ùkh;
iSekus dk ikB~;kad Hkh 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks ;g
dgk tkrk gS fd LozwQxst esa ËqfV gS ftls 'kwU;kad ËqfV dgrs gSaA
fpË E 2-3 esa LozwQxst osQ ,d Hkkx dk vkof/Zr n`';
fnˇk;k x;k gSA ftlesa iQyd A rFkk B laioZQ esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA
blesa LS rFkk CS osQ 'kwU; fpÉ laikrh gSaA
tc o`Ùkh; LosQy dk ikB~;kad jSf[kd LosQy ij 'kwU; ls
fp=k E 2.3 (a) ,d LozwQxsT+k ftlesa dksbZ 'kwU; ËwfV ugha gS vfèkd (vFkok /ukRed) gksrk gS rks fpË E 2-4 (a) esa fn[kk,
vuqlkj midj.k esa /ukRed 'kwU;kad ËqfV gksrh gSA tc o`Ùkh;

fp=k E 2-4 (a) /ukRed 'kwU;kad ËqfV dh dksbZ fLFkfr fpË E 2-4 (b) ½.kkRed 'kwU;kad ËqfV dh dksbZ fLFkfr

LosQy dk ikB~;kad jSf[kd LosQy ij 'kwU; ls de (vFkok

½.kkRed) gksrk gS rks fpË E 2-4 (b) esa fn[kk, vuqlkj
midj.k esa ½.kkRed 'kwU;kad ËqfV gksrh gSA
jSf[kd LosQy dk ikB~;kad ysuk
jSf[kd LosQy dk og fpÉ tks o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ fdukjs osQ fudV
gksrk gS jSf[kd LosQy dk ikB~;kad gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] (fpË
E 2-5 esa) jSf[kd LosQy ikB~;kad 0-5 cm gSA
fp=k E 2.5 LozwQxs”k ls eksVkbZ ekiuk
o`Ùkh; LosQy dk ikB~;kad ysuk
o`Ùkh; LosQy dk og Hkkx (va'kkad) tks eq[; (jSf[kd) LosQy dh js[kk osQ laikrh gksrk

34
 iz;ksx 2

gS] og o`Ùkh; LosQy dk ikB~;kad gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fpË E 2-5 esa fn[kk, vuqlkj
o`Ùkh; LosQy dk ikB~;kad 2 gSA
oqQy ikB~;kad
oqQy ikB~;kad = jSf[kd LosQy ikB~;kad + o`Ùkh; LosQy ikB~;kad × vYirekad
= 0.5 cm + 2 × 0.001cm = 0.502 cm

fl¼kar
isap }kjk pyh xbZ nwjh mls fn, x, ?kw.kZu osQ vuqØekuqikrh gksrh gSA isap dks mlosQ o`Ùkh;
LosQy osQ ,d Hkkx dk ?kw.kZu nsus ij isap }kjk pyh xbZ jSf[kd nwjh og vYire nwjh gksrh
gS tks bl midj.k }kjk ;FkkFkZrkiwoZd ekih tk ldrh gSA bls midj.k dk vYirekad
dgrs gSaA
vYirekad ¾ pwM+h varjky @ o`Ùkh; LosQy ij Hkkxksa (va'kksa) dh la[;k
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fdlh LozwQxs”k ftldk pwM+h varjky 1 mm rFkk ftlosQ o`Ùkh;
LosQy ij 100 Hkkx gS] mldk vYirekad 1mm @ 100 ¾ 0-01mm gksrk gSA ;g og
vYire yackbZ (nwjh) gS ftls bl LozwQxs”k ls ekik tk ldrk gSA
vU; çdkj osQ LozwQxs”k esa pwM+h varjky 0-5 mm rFkk o`Ùkh; LosQy ij 50 Hkkx gksrs
gSaA bl çdkj osQ LozwQxs”k dk vYirekad 0-5 mm @ 50 ¾ 0-01 mm gksrk gSA è;ku
nhft,] bl isap dks 1mm vkxs c<+us osQ fy, iwjs nks pDdj yxkus gksrs gSaA pw¡fd LozwQxs”k
dk vYirekad 0-001cm (vFkkZr~ 10&6m) gS blhfy, bls ekbØksehVj LozwQ (isap) Hkh
dgrs gSaA
(a) fdlh fn, x, rkj ds O;kl dk ekiu

dk;Zfof/
1- LozwQxs”k yhft, vkSj ;g tk¡p dhft, fd isap osQ 'kh"kZ ij yxk jSpsV R mfpr çdkj
ls dk;Z djrk gS vFkok ughaA
2- eku yhft, isap dks oqQN ?kw.kZu nhft, vkSj ;g çs{k.k dhft, fd ;g fdruh nwj
ihNs gVrk gSA ;g nwjh o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ fdukjs }kjk jSf[kd LosQy ij ikB~;kad gSA
blosQ i'pkr isap dk pwM+h varjky] vFkkZr isap }kjk ,d iw.kZ ?kw.kZu esa pyh xbZ nwjh
Kkr dhft,A ;fn o`Ùkh; LosQy dks n Hkkxksa esa va'kkafdr fd;k x;k gks rks ,d Hkkx
?kqekus ij pwM+h }kjk r; dh nwjh dks LozwQxs”k dk vYirekad dgrs gSa vFkkZr
pMw+ h varjky
vYirekad ¾ pwM+h varjky @ o`Ùkh; LosQy ij Hkkxksa dh la[;k ¾
n
3- LozwQxs”k osQ LVM rFkk isap osQ chp rkj dks jf[k,A jSpsV dks ?kw.kZu nsdj isap dks ml
le; rd vkxs c<+kb, tc rd fd fpË 2-5 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj rkj isap o LVM osQ

35
 ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

chp gYdk&lk dldj idM+k ugha tkrkA tc ^fDyd* èofu lqukbZ nsus yxs rks jSpsV
dks ?kqekuk can dj nhft,A
4- jSf[kd LosQy rFkk o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ ikB~;kad
yhft,A
5- bu nksuksa ikB~;kadksa }kjk rkj dk O;kl çkIr dhft,A

6- gks ldrk gS fd rkj dh vuqçLFk dkV iw.kZr%

o`Ùkh; u gksA vr% ¹fpË E 2-6º esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj ,d nwljs osQ yacor~ nks O;klksa dks ekiuk
fp=k E 2-6 (a) fpË E 2-6 (b) vko';d gksrk gSA ,d gh vuqçLFk dkV dh
fpË E 2-6 rkj osQ O;klksa d1 rFkk
fLFkfr ij rkj dks 90° dk ?kw.kZu nsdj bl fLFkfr
d2 osQ nks yacor~ vkof/Zr n`'; esa rkj dk O;kl uksV dhft, ¹fpË E 2-6(b)ºA
(a) rFkk (b)A d2 dks rkj dks
nf{k.kkorZ fn'kk esa 90° dk ?kw.kZu 7- ;g Hkh laHko gS fd rkj okLrfod :i ls csyukdkj u gksA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd
nsus osQ i'pkr~ çkIr fd;k x;k gSA rkj osQ fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij mlosQ O;kl ekis tk,¡ vkSj fiQj mldk ;ksxkRed ekè; çkIr
fd;k tk,A blosQ fy, rkj dh de&ls&de rhu vU; fLFkfr;ksa ij O;kl ekius osQ
fy, (3) vkSj (6) pj.kksa dks nksgjkb,A
8- çsf{kr O;klksa dk ekè; Kkr dhft,A
9- ;fn dksbZ 'kwU;kad ËqfViw.kZ gS] rks çsf{kr O;kl dks la'kksf/r dhft,A

çs{k.k rFkk ifjdyu

jSf[kd LosQy osQ y?kqÙke Hkkx dh yackbZ = ...mm

isap dks x ?kw.kZ nsus ij blosQ }kjk pyh nwjh] y = ...mm

y
isap dk pwM+h varjky =
x
= ...mm

o`Ùkh; LosQy ij Hkkxksa dh la[;k n = ...

pMwh+ varjky
vYirekad = = ...mm
n

'kwU;kad ËqfV fpÉ lfgr (Hkkx dh la[;k × vYirekad) = ...mm

36
 iz;ksx 2

lkj.kh E 2-1µrkj osQ O;kl dk ekiu

çsf{kr O;kl
Øe ,d fn'kk osQ vuqfn'k ikB~;kad (d1) yacor fn'kk osQ vuqfn'k ikB~;kad (d2) d1 + d 2
la[;k d=
2

jSf[kd LosQy o`Ùkh; LosQy O;kl d1 = M jSf[kd LosQy o`Ùkh; LosQy O;kl d2=
ikB~;kad ikB~;kad + n × L.C. ikB~;kad ikB~;kad M + n × L.C. ( mm)
M (mm) (n) (mm) M( mm) (n) ( mm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

ekè; O;kl =...mm

ekè; la'kksf/r O;kl = çsf{kr O;kl & ('kwU;kad ËqfV fpÉ lfgr)¾...mm

ifj.kke
LozwQxs”k ls ekius ij fn, x, rkj dk O;kl ¾...mm

lko/kfu;k¡
1- LozwQxs”k dh jSpsV O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx rkj ij vuko';d nkc ls cpko osQ fy, fd;k
tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ,slk u djus ls rkj dk O;kl ifjofrZr gks ldrk gSA
2- isap dks ,d gh fn'kk esa ?kw.kZu fn;k tkuk pkfg, oju isap esa pky mRiUu gks tk,xhA
3- isap dks Lora=krkiwoZd fcuk ?k"kZ.k osQ xfr djuk pkfg,A
4- rkj dh yackbZ osQ vuqfn'k O;kl dh eki de&ls&de pkj fofHkUu ¯cnqvksa ij djuh
pkfg,A
5- isjsySDl dh ËqfV ls cpko osQ fy, çR;sd ikB~;kad osQ le; vk¡[k LosQy osQ yacor
gksuh pkfg,A

=kqfV;ksa osQ lzksr

1- gks ldrk gS fd rkj ,dleku vuqçLFk dkV dk u gksA
2- fiPNV osQ dkj.k ËqfV dks de rks fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq iw.kZr% foyqIr ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA

37
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fiPNV =kqfV
vPNh xq.krk okys midj.kksa (LozwQxs”k vFkok Li+sQjksehVj) esa isap dh pwfM+;k¡ rFkk fMcjh
(ftlesa isap xfr djrk gS) ,d nwljs osQ lkFk n`<+rkiwod Z yxh gksrh gSaA rFkkfi ckj&ckj
mi;ksx fd, tkus osQ dkj.k isap rFkk fMcjh nksuksa gh f?kl ldrs gSaA blosQ dkj.k nks
pwfM+;ksa osQ chp ,d varjky cu tkrk gSA bl varjky dks ^pky* dgrs gSaA pwfM+;ksa esa
pky osQ iQyLo:i ,d ËqfV mRiUu gks tkrh gS ftls fiPNV ËqfV dgrs gSaA ,sls
midj.k ftuesa fiPNV ËqfV gksrh gS] muesa isap fcuk ?kw.kZu fn, gh oqQN jSf[kd nwjh
fi+Qly tkrk gSA blls cpko osQ fy, ;g lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS fd ikB~;kad ysrs le;
isap dks ,d gh fn'kk esa pyk;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- ;g Hkh laHko gS fd jSf[kd LosQy rFkk o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ va'kkad cjkcj nwfj;ksa ij
u gksaA

ifjppkZ
1- ;g vkdyu djus dk ç;kl dhft, fd O;kl dk tks eku vkius çkIr fd;k gS og
okLrfod gS vFkok ughaA blesa 10 ;k 100 osQ xq.kd dh ËqfV gks ldrh gSA vki fdlh
rkj osQ O;kl dk vR;f/d :{k vkdyu ml rkj dks lkekU; ehVj LosQy ij j[kdj
dj ldrs gSaA
2- mi;ksx osQ lkFk&lkFk LozwQxs”k esa fiPNV ËqfV D;ksa mRiUu gksrh tkrh gS\

Lo&ewY;kadu
1- D;k y?kq vYirekad dk LozwQxs”k lnSo gh vPNk gksrk gS\ ;fn vkidks nks LozwQxs”k fn,
x, gSa ftuesa ,d osQ o`Ùkh; LosQy ij 100 Hkkx gSa rFkk nwljs ij 200 Hkkx gSa rks buesa
ls vki fdls vf/d ilan djsaxs vkSj D;ksa\
2- D;k ,slh fLFkfr gks ldrh gS ftlesa isap }kjk pyh xbZ jSf[kd nwjh mls fn, x, ?kw.kZu
osQ vuqØekuqikrh u gks\
3- D;k ;g laHko gS fd o`Ùkh; LosQy dk 'kwU; eq[; LosQy dh 'kwU; js[kk osQ Åij gksus
ij Hkh /ukRed 'kwU;kad ËqfV gksA
4- y?kq yackb;ksa dh eki osQ fy, ge ofuZ;j oSQyhilZ dh rqyuk esa LozwQxs”k dks D;ksa
vf/d ilan djrs gSaA

lq>k, x, vfrfjDr ç;ksx@fØ;kdyki

1- cksry osQ <Dduksa dk pwM+h varjky Kkr djus dh dksbZ fof/ lksfp,A
2- lkekU; isap rFkk LozwQxs”k osQ isap osQ pwM+h varjkyksa dh rqyuk dhft,A ;s fdl çdkj
,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSa\
3- fofHkUu i.kZo`Ùkksa (iÙkh dks Fkkeus okyk ruk) osQ O;kl ekfi, vkSj ;g tk¡p dhft,
fd blesa rFkk iÙkh osQ æO;eku rFkk i`"B {ks=kiQy esa dksbZ laca/ gSA LozwQxs”k ls bldk
O;kl ekius osQ fy, bls lw[kus nhft,A

38
 iz;ksx 2

4- fofHkUu czkaMksa osQ LVsuysl LVhy osQ fxyklksa dh eksVkbZ ekfi, vkSj bldk buosQ ewY;ksa ls laca/
LFkkfir dhft,A
5- fofHkUu gqdksa osQ isap okys fljs dk pwM+h varjky ekfi, vkSj ;g tk¡p dhft, fd blesa rFkk gqd
}kjk visf{kr Fkkes tk ldus okys Hkkj esa D;k dksbZ laca/ gS\
6- cktkj esa miyC/ fofHkUu dk¡p dh pwfM+;ksa dh eksVkbZ ekfi,A D;k bUgsa fdlh ekud ekinaM osQ
vuqlkj cuk;k tkrk gS\
7- fofHkUu xs”k la[;k osQ rkj cktkj ls ,dË dhft,A budk O;kl ekfi, rFkk xs”k la[;k rFkk O;kl
esa laca/ LFkkfir dhft,A çR;sd xs”k la[;k osQ rkj osQ mi;ksx irk dhft,A
(b) nh xbZ 'khV dh eksVkbZ dk ekiu

dk;Zfof/
1- nh xbZ 'khV dks LozwQxst osQ isap rFkk LVM osQ chp yxkb, rFkk bldh eksVkbZ ik¡p
fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ekfi,A
2- ekè; eksVkbZ Kkr dhft, rFkk 'kwU;kad ËqfV osQ la'kks/u dk vuqç;ksx djosQ ;FkkFkZ
eksVkbZ ifjdfyr dhft,A

çs{k.k rFkk ifjdyu

fdlh 'khV dh eksVkbZ dk ekiu
LozwQxs”k dk vYirekad = ...mm
LozwQxs”k dh 'kwU;kad =kqfV = ...mm
lkj.kh E 2-2µfdlh 'khV dh eksVkbZ dk ekiu

Øe jSf[kd LosQy dk o`Ùkh; LosQy dk eksVkbZ t =

la[;k ikB~;kad M (mm) ikB~;kad n (mm) M + n × LC (mm)

nh xbZ 'khV dh ekè; eksVkbZ = ...mm

nh xbZ 'khV dh ekè; la'kksf/r eksVkbZ = çsf{kr ekè; eksVkbZ -('kwU;kad ËqfV fpÉ lfgr)
= ...mm

39
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

ifj.kke
nh xbZ 'khV dh eksVkbZ ¾ ... m

ËqfV;ksa osQ lzksr

1- gks ldrk gS fd rkj ,d leku vuqçLFk dkV dk u gksA
2- fiPNV osQ dkj.k ËqfV dks de rks fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq iw.kZr% foyqIr ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA

ifjppkZ
1- ;g vkdyu dhft, fd vkiosQ }kjk ekih xbZ 'khV dh eksVkbZ dk eku ekU; gS vFkok
ughaA vki 'khV dh dksbZ xîóh tSls 20 'khV dh xîóh ysdj mldh eksVkbZ ehVj LosQy
}kjk eki ldrs gSa vkSj fiQj ,d 'khV dh eksVkbZ ifjdfyr dj ldrs gSaA
2- fdlh dkMZcksMZ 'khV dh eksVkbZ fu/kZfjr djus esa LozwQxs”k dh D;k lhek,¡ gSa\
lq>k, x, vfrfjDr ç;ksx@fØ;kdyki
1- cktkj esa miyC/ dk"B osQ fofHkUu izdkj osQ IykbZ cksMks± dh eksVkbZ rFkk mudk
ewY; Kkr dhft,A ;g lR;kfir dhft, fd D;k izR;sd cksMZ fuekZrk }kjk crk,
x, ekinaMksa ds vuqlkj gSA
2- fofHkUu fuekZrkvksa }kjk fufeZr LVhy&'khV ls cuh LVhy vyekfj;ksa dh 'khV dh
eksVkbZ ekfi, vkSj buosQ ewY;ksa dh rqyuk dhft,A fdlh LVhy vyekjh dks [kjhnrs
le; mlosQ æO;eku vFkok mls cukus esa mi;ksx gksus okyh LVhy&'khV osQ xs”k
esa dkSu&lk fodYi vf/d vPNk gS\
3- dkx”k dh 144 'khVksa dks iSd djus osQ fy, fdlh dkMZcksMZ&ckWDl dh
vfHkdYiuk dhft, rFkk mldh foek,¡ fyf[k,A
4- viuh çk;ksfxd iqfLrdk osQ 30 i`"Bksa dks LozwQxs”k osQ isap o LVM osQ chp dldj
bldh eksVkbZ ekfi, vkSj ,d 'khV dh eksVkbZ Kkr dhft,A
5- T;kfefr&ckWDl dh /krq dh 'khV @ IykfLVd LosQy dh eksVkbZ Kkr dhft,A
(C) fn, x, vfu;fer iVy osQ vk;ru dk ekiu

dk;Zfof/
1- nh xbZ iVy dh eksVkbZ iz;ksx E 2(b) vuqlkj ekfi,A
2- vfu;fer iVy dks mm xzki+Q ij jf[k,A uqdhyh isafly }kjk bldh cfgjZs[kk [khafp,A
bl vkÑfr osQ Hkhrj iw.kZ oxks± rFkk vk/s ls vf/d oxks± dh oqQy la[;k fxfu, vkSj
iVy dk {ksËiQy irk yxkb,A

40
 iz;ksx 2

3- iVy dk vk;ru Kkr djus osQ fy, lwË& iVy dk vk;ru ¾ ekè; eksVkbZ × iVy
dk {ksËiQy dk mi;ksx dhft,A

çs{k.k rFkk ifjdyu

ç;ksx E 2(b) dh gh Hkk¡fr lkj.kh dk çFke vuqHkkx ;gk¡ ij iVy osQ fdukjksa osQ vuqfn'k
ik¡p LFkkuksa ij eksVkbZ osQ ikB~;kadksa osQ fy, gSA ekè; eksVkbZ ifjdfyr dhft, vkSj ;fn
'kwU;kad =kqfViw.kZ gS rks la'kksf/r eku çkIr dhft,A
xzki+Q isij ij [khaph xbZ cfgjZs[kk ls%&
oxks± dh oqQy la[;k ¾
iVy dk oqQy {ksËiQy ¾ ...mm2 = ...cm2
iVy dk vk;ru ¾ ... mm3 = ...cm3

ifj.kke
fn, x, vfu;fer iVy dk vk;ru ¾ ...cm3
lq>k, x, vfrfjDr ç;ksx@fØ;kdyki
1- dkMZcksMZ dk ?kuRo Kkr dhft,A
2- fdlh ikS/s ls tqM+h iÙkh (uhe czk;ksi+QkbVk) dk vk;ru Kkr dhft,A
3- csyukdkj isafly dk vk;ru Kkr dhft,A

41
 ç;ksx 3

mís';
Li+sQjksehVj }kjk fn, x, xksyh; i`"B dh oØrk f=kT;k Kkr djukA

midj.k rFkk lkexzh

Li+sQjksehVj] dksbZ xksyh; i`"B tSls okWp Xykl] mÙky niZ.k] lery dk¡p dh IysV&lkb”k
yxHkx 6 cm × 6 cm A

midj.k dk fooj.k
Li+sQjksehVj esa ,d f=kHkqtkdkj izsQe F gksrk gS tks rhu leku yackbZ osQ iknksa A, B o C
ij fVdk gksrk gS (fp=k E3-1)A bu iknksa dh fupyh uksad fdlh leckgq
f=kHkqt ABC osQ rhu dksus cukrh gS tks Kkr f=kT;k r osQ vk/kj o`Ùk dh
ifjlhek ij gksrs gSaA Li+sQjksehVj esa ,d osaQæh; ikn OS gksrk gSA (tks
;FkkFkZrkiwoZd dkVk x;k isap gksrk gS) ftls pwM+hnkj fNæ (fMcjh) V ls
gksrs gq, Åij mBk;k vFkok uhps fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ;g fMcjh izsQe
F osQ osaQnz ls tqM+h gksrh gSA osaQnzh; isap dh uksad dks tc ,d lery
(tks iknksa dh rhu ukasd A, B o C }kjk curk gS) ij uhps ys tk;k tkrk
gS rks ;g f=kHkqt ABC osQ osaQnz dks Li'kZ djrk gSA osaQnzh; isap osQ 'kh"kZ
ij ,d o`Ùkh; pfØdk D yxh gksrh gS ftl ij ,d o`Ùkh; LosQy gksrk
gS ftlesa 100 vFkok 200 cjkcj Hkkx gksrs gSAa izQs e osQ ,d fljs ij osQa nzh;
isap osQ lekarj ,d ÅèokZ/j LosQy P tM+h gksrh gS ftl ij iw.kZ vFkok
v/Z feyhehVj esa va'kkadu gksrs gSaA bl LosQy dks eq[; LosQy dgrs gSaA
fp=k E 3.1 Li+sQjksehVj ;g LosQy P pfØdk D dh ifjf/ osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS ijarq ;g
pfØdk dks Li'kZ ugha djrk gSA ;g LosQy ml ÅèokZ/j nwjh dk ikB~;kad
ysrk gS tks nwjh osaQæh; ikn fNæ V esa gksdj pyrk gSA bl LosQy dks fip LosQy dgrs gSaA

in rFkk ifjHkk"kk,¡
pwM+h varjky& ;g og ÅèokZ/j nwjh gS tks osaQæh; isap o`Ùkh; pfØdk LosQy dks ,d iw.kZ
?kw.kZu nsus ij pyrk gSA
fo|ky;ksa dh ç;ksx'kkykvksa esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys lkekU; LisQjksehVjksa esa fip LosQy
ij feyhehVjksa esa va'kkadu gksrs gSa rFkk o`Ùkh; pfØdk LosQy ij 100 cjkcj Hkkx gksrs gSaA
 iz;ksx 3

o`Ùkh; LosQy dks ,d iw.kZ ?kw.kZu nsus ij osaQæh; isap 1 mm vkxs vFkok ihNs xeu djrk
gSA bl çdkj osaQæh; isap dk pwM+h varjky 1 mm gksrk gSA
vYirekad& fdlh Li+sQjksehVj dk vYirekad og nwjh gS tks Li+sQjksehVj dk isap o`Ùkh;
LosQy dks ,d Hkkx dk ?kw.kZu nsus ij pyrk gS] vFkkZr~
Lis+QjksehVj iap
s dk pMw h+ vrajky
Li+sQjksehVj dk vYirekad ¾
oÙ`kh; LoQsy ij Hkkxkas dh l[a;k
lkekU; mi;ksx osQ Li+sQjksehVjksa dk vYirekad 0-01 mm gksrk gSA rFkkfi] oqQN
Li+sQjksehVj ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa ftudk vYirekad 0-005 mm vFkok 0-001 mm rd NksVk
gksrk gSA

fl¼kar
xksyh; i`"B dh oØrk f=kT;k osQ fy, lw=k
eku yhft, o`Ùk AOBXZY (fp=k E 3-2) f=kT;k R osQ fdlh xksys ftldk osaQæ E gS]
osQ [kM+s ifjPNsn dks fu:fir djrk gS (fn;k x;k xksyh; i`"B bl xksys dk Hkkx gS)A yackbZ
OZ osQ bl ifjPNsn xksys dk O;kl (¾2R) gS] tks thok AB dk lef}Hkktu djrk gSA ¯cnq
A rFkk B fn, x, xksyh; i`"B ij Li+sQjksehVj osQ nks iknksa dh fLFkfr;k¡ gSaA Li+sQjksehVj dk
rhljk ikn fp=k E 3-2 esa fn[kk;h ugha ns jgk gSA ¯cnq O osaQæh; isap dh uksad dh fLFkfr
dks n'kkZrk gSA
fp=k E 3-3 esa
+
LisQjksehVj osQ rhu
iknksa dh uksad }kjk
fufeZ r leckgq
f=kHkqt ABC
fn[kk;k x;k gSAS bl
fp=k esa ;g Li"V
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd
¯cnq M js[kk AB
dk eè; ¯cnq ugha
gSA ijarq ;g
Li+sQjksehVj osQ rhu
iknksa dh fupyh
uksadkas }kjk fufeZr
leckgq f=kHkqt dk
osQa nz rFkk vk/kj o`Ùk fp=k E 3.2 fdlh xksyh; i`"B osQ oozQrk fp=k E 3.3 fdlh Li+sQjksehVj dk vk/kj o`Ùk
dk osaQæ gS (fp=k v/ZO;kl dk ekiu
E 3-1)A

43
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fp=k E 3-2 esa nwjh OM osaQæh; isap dh ry ABC ls ml fLFkfr esa Å¡pkbZ gS tc
osaQnzh; isap dh ukasd xksyh; i`"B dks ek=k Li'kZ djrh gSA bl nwjh OM dks lSftVk Hkh dgrs
gSaA eku yhft, ;g h gSA ;g Kkr gS fd tc nks thok tSls AB rFkk OZ] fdlh ¯cnq M
ij çfrPNsnu djrh gS rks thokvksa osQ nks Hkkxksa }kjk fufeZr vk;rksa osQ {ks=kiQy leku gksrs
gSaA rc
AM.MB = OM.MZ

(AM)2= OM (OZ - OM) D;ksafd AM=MB

eku yhft, EZ (=OZ/2) = R, tks fd fn, x,] xksyh; i`"B dh oØrk f=kT;k gS rFkk
AM=r, tks fd Li+Qs jksehVj osQ vk/kj o`Ùk dh f=kT;k gSA

r2 = h (2R – h)

r2 h
bl çdkj R = +
2h 2
eku yhft, Li+sQjksehVj osQ nks iknksa osQ chp dh nwjh vFkok leckgq f=kHkqt ABC (fp=k
E 3-3) dh Hkqtk dh yackbZ l gS] rc T;kferh ls
l
r= , bl fn, x, xksyh; i``"B dh oØrk f=kT;k R dks bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk
3
ldrk gSA

l2 h
R= +
6h 2

dk;Zfofèk
1- fn, x, Li+sQjksehVj osQ fip LosQy ij ,d Hkkx (va'k) dk eku uksV dhft,A
2- o`Ùkh; LosQy ij Hkkxksa dh la[;k dk izs{k.k dhft,A
3- Li+sQjksehVj dk pwMh varjky rFkk vYirekad (L.C.) Kkr dhft,A Li+sQjksehVj dks nh
xbZ lery dk¡p dh IysV ij bl izdkj jf[k, fd blosQ rhuksa ikn ml ij fVosQ gksaA
4- vc Li+sQjksehVj dks dkx”k dh 'khV (vFkok izk;ksfxd uksV cqd osQ fdlh i`"B) ij
j[kdj bls FkksM+k nckb, rkfd Li+sQjksehVj osQ rhuksa iknksa dh ukasd osQ fpÉ dkx”k dh
'khV ij fey tk,¡A bu rhukas fpÉksa esa tksM+dj leckgq f=kHkqt ABC cukb, rFkk
∆ABC dh rhuksa Hkqtkvksa dks ekfi,A Li+sQjksehVj osQ nks iknksa osQ chp dh ekè; nwjh
l ifjdfyr dhft,A fn, x, xksyh; i`"B dh oØrk f=kT;k R Kkr djus ds mi;ksx
gksus okys lw=k esa (lw=k nsf[k,) in l 2 mi;ksx gksrk gSA vr% yackbZ l dh eki vR;ar
lkoèkkuhiwoZd djuh pkfg,A
5- fn, x, xksyh; i`"B dks lery dkap dh IysV ij j[kdj Li+sQjksehVj dks jf[k,A blosQ

44
 iz;ksx 3

fy, fiQj Li+sQjksehVj osQ isap dks dkiQh Å¡pk mBkdj vFkok uhps ys tkdj xksyh; i`"B
ij bl izdkj jf[k, fd blosQ rhuksa ikn xksyh; i`"B ij fVd losaQ (fp=k E 3-4)A
6- Li+sQjksehVj osQ osaQnzh; isap dks èkhjs&èkhjs ?kw.kZu nsdj xksyh; i`"B ls Li'kZ djkb,A ;g
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, isap dh uksad xksyh; i`"B dks Li'kZ dj jgh gS vFkok ugha
bl i`"B osQ uhps ijkorZu }kjk cus izfr¯cc dk izs{k.k dj ldrs gSaA
7- fip LosQy dk ikB~;kad ysdj osaQnzh; isap
Li+sQjksehVj dk ikB~;kad h1 yhft,A
o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ ml Hkkx dk Lis- QjksehVj ds ikn
ikB~;kad yhft, tks fip LosQy dh
js[kk esa gSA bl ikB~;kad dks lkj.kh
h
E 3-1 esa uksV dhft,A
fn;k x;k xksyh; i`"B
8- xks y h; i` " B dks gVkb, rFkk
dk¡p dh IysV
Li+sQjksehVj dks lery dk¡p dh
IysV ij jf[k,A blosQ osaQnzh; isap fp=k E 3-4 lSftVk h dk ekiu
dks èkhjs&èkhjs ?kw.kZu nsdj bldh
uksad dks lery i`"B ls Li'kZ djkb,A Li+sQjksehVj dk ikB~;kad h2 ysdj bls lkj.kh
E 3-1 esa uksV dhft,A h1 rFkk h2 osQ varj ls gesa lSftVk (h) dk eku izkIr gksrk
gSA
9- xksyh; i`"B dks ?kw.kZu nsdj rFkk blosQ osaQnz ls fcuk NsM+NkM+ fd, de&ls&de rhu
ckj (5) ls (8) rd osQ pj.kksa dks nksgjkb,A h dk ekè; eku Kkr dhft,A

izs{k.k
A. isap dk pwM+h varjky
(i) ÅèokZèkj fip LosQy osQ ,d y?kqre Hkkx dk eku ¾ ---mm
(ii) o`Ùkh; pfØdk dks p iw.kZ ?kw.kZu nsu ij isap }kjk pyh nwjh q ¾ ---mm
(iii) isap dk pwM+h varjky (q/p) ¾ ---mm
B. Li+sQjksehVj dk vYirekad (L.C.)

(i) o`Ùkh; LosQy ij Hkkxksa dh la[;k (N) ¾ ---

Lis+QjksehVj iap
s dk pM w + h vrajky
(ii) Li+sQjksehVj dk vYirekad (L.C.) ¾
oÙ`kh; LoQsy ij Hkkxkas dh l[a;k

iap
s dk pwM+ h varjky
L.C. = = ---cm
N

45
 ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

C. yackbZ l Kkr djuk (leckgq f=kHkqt ABC ls)

(i) nwjh AB = ---cm (ii) nwjh BC = ---cm (iii) nwjh CA = ---cm
AB + BC + CA
ekè; l = ---cm
3
lkj.kh E 3-1& lSftVk dk ekiu
Øe Li+sQ jksehVj ikB~;kad h = (h1 – h2)
la[;k
xksyh; i`"B osQ lkFk {kSfrt lery i`"B ij

fip LosQy fip LosQy o`Ùkh; LosQy xksyh; i`"B fip LosQy fip LosQy osQ o`Ùkh; LosQy dk¡p dh IysV
ikB~;kad x osQ laikrh ikB~;kad osQ lkFk ikB~;kad laikrh o`Ùkh; ikB~;kad osQ lkFk
(cm) o`Ùkh; LosQy z=y × LC LisQjksehVj x′ (cm) LosQy dk z'=y × LC LisQjksehVj
(cm) ikB~;kad Hkkx y′ (cm) ikB~;kad
dk Hkkx y
h1= x + z h2=x′+ z'
(cm) (cm)

ekè; h = ---cm

ifjdyu
A. l rFkk h osQ ekuksa dk mi;ksx djosQ fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk oØrk f=kT;k R ifjdfyr
dhft,A

2
l h
R= + ;
6h 2

;fn i`"Bksa dh oØrk f=kT;k vR;fèkd gks rks in h/2 dh mis{kk dh tk ldrh gSA
[bl fLFkfr esa (l 2/6h) esas =k`fV h/2 dksfV dh gksxhA]

ifj.kke
fn, x, xksyh; i`"B dh oØrk f=kT;k R ¾ --- cm

lkoèkkfu;k¡
(1)isap esa ?k"kZ.k gks ldrk gSA
(2)Li+sQjksehVj esa fiPNV =kqfV gks ldrh gSA

46
 iz;ksx 3

=kqfV;ksa ds lzksr
1- o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ Lrj osQ rn~uq:ih fip LosQy dk ikB~;kad ysrs le; iSjsySDl =kqfV
gksukA
2- Li+sQjksehVj esa fiPNV =kqfV gksukA
3- o`Ùkh; LosQy osQ va'kkadu esa (Hkkxksa esa) ,d lekurk u gksukA
4- Li+sQjksehVj dks lsV djrs osaQnzh; isap dh uksad {kSfrt lery i`"B @ xksyh; i`"B dks
Li'kZ dj Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha Hkh dj ldrhA

ifjppkZ
D;k nh xbZ oLrq tSls vory niZ.k vFkok mÙky niZ.k dh osQoy ,d gh oØrk f=kT;k gksrh
gS\
[laosQr& D;k lkexzh dh eksVkbZ osQ dkj.k dksbZ varj gks ldrk gS\]

lq>k, x, vfrfjDr iz;ksx@fØ;kdyki

1- Li+sQjksehVj }kjk mÙky@vory xksyh; niZ.k dh iQksdl nwjh Kkr djukA
2- (a) Li+sQjksehVj }kjk /krq@dk¡p dh y?kq lkbt dh ruq 'khV dh eksVkbZ Kkr
djukA
(b) fdlh dkMZ 'khV dh eksVkbZ osQ ekiu osQ fy, LozwQxs”k vFkok Li+sQjksehVj
esa ls dkSu&lk midj.k vfèkd ;FkkFkZ gksxk\

47
 ç;ksx 4

mís';
naM rqyk }kjk nks fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk æO;eku Kkr djukA

midj.k rFkk lkexzh

HkkSfrd rqyk] ckV isVh ftlesa feyhxzke osQ æO;ekuksa dk lsV rFkk fpeVh gks] fLifjV ysoy
rFkk nks oLrq,¡ ftudk æO;eku Kkr djuk gSA

HkkSfrd rqyk dk fooj.k

rqyk ,d ,slk midj.k gS tks fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj (vFkok xq#Roh; æO;eku) mlosQ ekud
Hkkjksa (vFkok ekud xq#Roh; æO;ekuks)a ls rqyuk djosQ Kkr djrk
/qjkxzh; ¯cnq gSA
vfr lkekU; mi;ksx osQ nks iyM+ksa okyh naM rqyk mÙkksyd dk
,d vuqç;ksx gSA blesa ,d n`<+ ,dleku NM+ (naM)] NM+ osQ
naM NM+
çR;sd fljs ls yVosQ nks iyM+s] rFkk NM+ osQ osaQæ ij ,d èkqjkxzh;
¯cnq gksrk gS (fpË E 4-1)A bl /qjkxzh; ¯cnq ij ,d Vsd (ftls
vkyac dgrs gSa) NM+ osQ ledks.k ij tM+h gksrh gSA ;g naM rqyk
vk?kw.kks± osQ fu;e ij dk;Z djrh gSA
iyM+s
mPp ifj'kq¼rk dh ekiksa osQ fy, çk;% ç;ksx'kkykvksa esa HkkSfrd
1kg 500g
rqyk (fpË E 4-2) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; naM rqyk
200g
100g 50g dh gh Hkk¡fr HkkSfrd rqyk esa n`<+ naM B osQ çR;sd fljs ij P1 rFkk
1kg 500 g 200 g 100 g 50 g P2 iyM+ksa dk ,d ;qxy gksrk gSA iyM+s P1 rFkk P2 dks Øe'k%
fp=k E 4.1 dksbZ naM rqyk rFkk ckV S1 rFkk S2 jdkcksa tks Øe'k% mRØfer {kqj/kjksa E1 rFkk E2 ij
fVdh gksrh gS] }kjk fuyafcr fd;k tkrk gSA bu {kqjèkkjksa dks rqyk
naM B osQ fljksa ij lefer :i esa tM+k tkrk gSA bl rqyk naM esa ,d dBksj inkFkZ tSls
,sxsV (xksesn) ls fufeZr {kqj/kj (E) mlosQ uqdhys fljs dks uhps dh vksj j[krs gq, rqyk
naM osQ osaQnz ij tM+h gksrh gSA ;g rqyk naM bl {kqj/kj ij ,d ÅèokZ/j LraHk V ls tM+k
gksrk gS] tks ydM+h osQ vk/kj cksMZ (W) ij fVdk jgrk gSA bl vk/kj cksMZ esa rhu
{kSfrtdkjh isap W1] W2 rFkk W3 yxs gksrs gSaA vf/dka'k rqykvksa esa isap W1 rFkk W2
lektu ;ksX; Å¡pkbZ osQ gksrs gSa vkSj buosQ }kjk vk/kj cksMZ dks {kSfrt cuk;k tkrk gSA rhljk
 iz;ksx 4

isap W3, tks fpË E 4-2 esa fn[kk;h

ugha ns jgk gS] lek;ksT; Å¡pkbZ dk
ugha gksrk vkSj ;g vk/kj cksMZ W esa
ihNs eè; esa tM+k gksrk gSA tc rqyk
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks {kqj/kj
E LraHk V osQ 'kh"kZ ij tM+h lery
{kSfrt IysV T ij fVdh gksrh gSA bl
çdkj osaQæh; {kqj/kj E rqyk naM B
osQ fy, /qjkxz vFkok vkyac osQ :i
esa dk;Z djrh gSA tc rqyk dk;Z ugha
dj jgh gksrh rks bldk rqyk naM Vsd
X1 rFkk X2 ij fVdk jgrk gSA Vsd
X1 rFkk X2 osaQæh; LraHk V ls tqM+h
vU; {kSfrt NM+ ls tM+h gksrh gSaA fp=k E 4.2 dksbZ HkkSfrd rqyk rFkk ckV
lkFk gh iyM+s rFkk P1 rFkk P2
ydM+h osQ vk/kj cksMZ ls tqM+h Øe'k% A1 rFkk A2 Vsdksa ij fVosQ jgrs gSaA oqQN rqykvksa
esa Vsd A1 rFkk A2 tM+h ugha gksrh ftuesa tc rqyk dk mi;ksx ugha gks jgk gksrk iyM+s vk/kj
cksMZ W ij fVosQ jgrs gSaA
rqyknaM B osQ osaQnz ij ,d laosQrd Hkh ledks.k ij tM+k gksrk gSA vk/kj cksMZ W ls Hkh
ckgj ls ,d ?kqaMh K tqM+h gksrh gS tks {kSfrt NM+ }kjk ÅèokZ/j LraHk V ls tqM+h gksrh gSA
bl ?kqaMh dh lgk;rk ls ÅèokZ/j LraHk V rFkk Vsd A1 rFkk A2 dks lkFk&lkFk Åij mBk;k
vFkok uhps fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ?kqaMh K dh [kqyh (ON) fLFkfr esa rqyk naM
B Hkh Åij mB tkrk gS rFkk rc ;g osQoy {kqjèkkj E }kjk fuy¯cr jgdj eqDr :i ls
nksyu djrk gSA rqyk naM osQ lkFk iyM+s P1 rFkk P2 Hkh Åij&uhps >wyus yxrs gSaA rqyk
naM dh bl nksyuh xfr dk izs{k.k LraHk V osQ vkèkkj ij yxs LosQy (G) osQ lkis{k laoQs rd
P dh xfr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc ?kqaMh dks ?kqekdj iqu% can (OFF) dh fLFkfr
ij okil ykrs gSa rks {kqjèkkj E rFkk IysV T esa FkksM+k i`Fkdu j[krs gq, rqyk naM X1 rFkk
X2 Vsdksa ij fVdrk gS] rFkk iyM+s P1 rFkk P2 Øe'k% A1 rFkk A2 Vsdksa ij fVd tkrs
gSaA ?kqaMh K dh can (OFF) dh fLFkfr esa leLr rqyk vo#¼ dgh tkrh gSA rqyk dks
bl izdkj vo#¼ djus dh O;oLFkk ls {kqjèkkj vokaNuh; f?klko rFkk VwV&iwQV] tks iyM+ksa
ls nzO;ekuksa (vKkr rFkk ekud) dks LFkkukarfjr djrs le; gksrh gS] ls cp tkrs gSaA
?kqaMh K dks èkhjs&èkhjs ?kqekdj bls bldh ^[kqyh* fLFkfr esa ykus ij] ;fn blosQ nksuksa iyM+ksa
ij dksbZ nzO;eku ugha j[ks gSa rks laosQrd P dh nksyu xfr LosQy G ds ledks.k G osQ
'kwU; va'k osQ nksuksa vksj leku gksuh pkfg, rFkk nksyu djus osQ i'pkr laosQrd 'kwU; va'k
ij #duk pkfg,A ;g rqyk naM B dh {kSfrt fLFkfr rFkk laosQrd P dh ÅèokZèkj fLFkfr
dks fu:fir djrk gSA rFkkfi] ;fn nksyu 'kwU; va'k osQ nksuksa vksj leku ugha gks rks rqyk
naM osQ nksuksa fljksa ij yxs larksyd B1 rFkk B2 isapksa dks lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA vkèkkj
cksMZ W dks {kSfrt fd;k tkrk gS rkfd LraHk V ÅèokZèkj gks tk,A bl O;oLFkk dh tk¡p

49
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

lkgqy lw=k (R) dh lgk;rk ls dh tkrh gS tks LraHk V osQ ik'oZZ esa fuyafcr gksrk gSA ;g
leLr midj.k dk¡p dh ,d isVh esa j[ks gksrs gSa ftlesa nks }kj gksrs gSaA
HkkSfrd rqyk }kjk fdlh oLrq dk xq#Roh; nzO;eku Kkr djus osQ fy, bldh rqyuk
fdlh ekud nzO;eku ls dh tkrh gSA gj HkkSfrd rqyk osQ lkFk ,d ydM+h dk ckWDl]
ftls ckV&isVh dgrs gSa] mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA bl ckV&isVh esa ekud nzO;eku
(100g] 50g] 20g] 20g] 10g] 5g] 2g] 2g] rFkk 1g) fpeVh lfgr j[ks gksrs gSaA
;s ekud æO;eku fp=k E 4-2 esa fn[kk, vuqlkj o`Ùkh; [kk¡pksa esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSaA
ckV&isVh esa feyhxzkeksa osQ ckVksa dk lsV (500mg ] 200mg] 200 mg] 100mg]
50mg ] 20mg ] 20mg] 10 mg] 5mg] 5mg] 2mg] rFkk 1g) i`Fko~Q :i ls j[kk
gksrk gSA HkkSfrd rqyk dh jpuk 250g rd dh gYdh oLrqvksa osQ æO;ekuksa dks ekius
osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA

fl¼kar
HkkSfrd rqyk dk dk;Z vk?kw.kk±s osQ fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr gSA fdlh rqyk esa leku yackbZ dh
nks Hkqtk,¡ rFkk leku nzO;eku osQ nks iyM+s gksrs gSaA tc iyM+s [kkyh gksrs gSa rks uhps dh
?kaqMh ?kqekus ij rqyk naM {kSfrt jgrk gSA tc rksys tkus okyh oLrq dks ck,¡ iyM+s ij j[krs
gSa rks rqyk naM okekorZ fn'kk esa ?kwe tkrk gSA nk;sa iyM+s esa mfpr ,oa Kkr ekud nzO;eku
j[kdj rqyk dk larqyu cuk;k tk ldrk gSA pwafd cy Hkqtk,¡ leku gS rks nksuksa iyM+ksa
ij Hkkj (vFkkZr cy) Hkh leku gksus pkfg,A

HkkSfrd rqyk cyksa dh rqyuk djrh gSA ;s cy HkkSfrd rqyk osQ nksuksa iyM+ksa ij j[kh
oLrqvksa osQ Hkkj (æO;eku × xq#Roh; Roj.k) gksrs gSaA pw¡fd Hkkj æO;ekuksa osQ
vuqØekuqikrh gksrs gSa] ;fn mUgsa ,d gh LFkku ij ekik tk,] vr% HkkSfrd rqyk dk mi;ksx
xq#Roh; æO;ekuksa dh rqyuk djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj ;fn fdlh oLrq O
ftldk xq#Roh; æO;eku m gS HkkSfrd rqyk osQ ,d iyM+s ij j[kh gS rFkk dksbZ ekud
æO;eku O′ ftldk Kkr xq#Roh; æO;eku ms rqyk naM dks {kSfrt cukus osQ fy, nwljs
iyM+s ij j[kk tkrk gS] rc
,d iyM+s ij j[kh O oLrq dk Hkkj ¾ nwljs iyM+s ij j[kh O′ oLrq dk Hkkj
vFkok mg = msg
;gk¡ g xq#Roh; Roj.k gS tks ,d fLFkjkad gSA bl çdkj]
m = ms

vFkkZr ,d iyM+s ij j[kh oLrq O dk æO;eku ¾ nwljs iyM+s ij j[kk ekud æO;eku

50
 iz;ksx 4

dk;Zfof/
1- nh xbZ HkkSfrd rqyk dh tk¡p dfj, rFkk blosQ lHkh Hkkxksa dks igpkfu,A ;g tk¡p
dhft, fd bldk çR;sd Hkkx mfpr LFkku ij gSA
2- ;g Hkh tk¡p dhft, fd ckV&isVh esa xzke rFkk feyhxzke osQ lHkh ckV gSaA
3- ;g lqfuf'pr dhft, fd rqyk osQ iyM+s 'kq"d vkSj LoPN gksaA
4- ?kqaMh K dh lgk;rk ls rqyk naM dh vo#¼ çfØ;k dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
5- {kSfrtdkjh W1 rFkk W2 isapksa dh lgk;rk ls HkkSfrd rqyk osQ ydM+h vk/kj cksMZ W
dks {kSfrt cukb,A lery gksus dh fLFkfr esa lkgqy lwË R dh fupyh uksasd vk/kj
ls tM+h lqbZ ¯cnq N osQ Bhd Åij gksxhA bl dk;Z osQ fy, fLifjV ysoy dk mi;ksx
dhft,A
6- HkkSfrd rqyk dks <dus okyh dk¡p dh isVh dh f[kM+fd;ksa dks can dj nhft, vkSj ?kqaMh
K }kjk rqyk naM B dks /hjs&/hjs Åij mBkb,A

7- y?kq LosQy G, tks fd ÅèokZ/j LraHk osQ fupys Hkkx ls tM+h gS] osQ lkis{k laosQrd
P dh nksyu xfr dk çs{k.k dhft,A ;fn] laosQrd nksyu xfr vkjaHk ugha djrk rks
fdlh ,d iyM+s dks gYdk&lk >Vdk nhft,A iSjsySDl ls cpko osQ fy, viuh vk¡[k
dks LosQy osQ yacor jf[k,A psrkouh & laosQrd dks Li'kZ er dhft,A
8 laosQrd dh P fLFkfr dks nsf[k,A ;g tk¡p dhft, fd] ;g ;k rks osaQnzh; 'kwU; va'k
ij #d tkrk gS vFkok LosQy G osQ osaQnzh; 'kwU; va'k osQ nksuksa vksj cjkcj xfr djrk
gSA ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks rqyk naM osQ nksuksa fljksa ij yxs larksyd B1 rFkk B2 isapksa dks
bl çdkj lek;ksftr dhft, fd laosQrd P osaQnzh; 'kwU; va'k osQ leku nksyu djs
vFkok osaQæh; 'kwU; va'k ij #osQA psrkouh & larksyd isapksa dks lek;ksftr djus ls
iwoZ rqyk dks vo#¼ dj nhft,A
9- rqyk dh dk¡p isVh dh f[kM+dh [kksfy,A rksyh tkus okyh M æO;eku dh oLrq dks ck,¡
iyM+s ij jf[k, rFkk fdlh mi;qDr ekud æO;eku (tSls M1] tks oLrq osQ :{k
vkdfyr æO;eku ls oqQN vf/d gks ldrk gS) dks nk,¡ iyM+s ij rqyk dh vo#¼
(vFkok fojke) dh fLFkfr esa jf[k, ¹;g og fLFkfr gS ftlesa rqyk naM B dks uhps
ykdj X1 rFkk X2 ij fojke esa j[kk tkrk gSºA ekud ckVksa dks ckV&isVh ls mBkrs
le; rFkk mUgsa iyM+s ij j[krs le; lnSo fpeVh dk mi;ksx dhft,A
rksyh tkus okyh oLrq dks ck,¡ iyM+s ij rFkk ekud æO;ekuksa dks nk,¡ iyM+s ij j[kus
dk p;u ;kn`fPNd gS rFkk ekud ckVksa dks mrkjus&p<+kus esa vklkuh osQ dkj.k bls pquk
x;k gSA ck,¡ gkFk ls dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr oLrq dks nk,¡ iyM+s ij rFkk ekud ckVksa
dks ck,¡ iyM+s ij j[kus esa vf/d lqfo/k dk vuqHko dj ldrk gSA vkidks ;g ijke'kZ
fn;k tkrk gS fd ckV&isVh dks vk/kj cksMZ W osQ ml fljs osQ fudV jf[k, ftl ij
ekud æO;eku j[ks tkus okyk iyM+k gSA

51
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

10- ?kqaMh K }kjk /hjs&ls rqyk naM dks Åij mBkb, (vc rqyk naM dh {kqj/kj E ÅèokZèkj
LraHk V osQ 'kh"kZ ij tM+h IysV T ij fVosQxh) vkSj laosQrd P dh LosQy ij xfr dk
çs{k.k dhft,A ;g ,d fn'kk esa #d ldrk gS vFkok LosQy G osQ osaQnzh; 'kwU; va'k
osQ lkis{k fdlh ,d fn'kk esa vf/d nksyu dj ldrk gSA
uksV& çs{k.k ysrs le; iyM+s >wyus ugha pkfg,A iyM+ksa dk >wyuk rqyk dh vo#¼
fLFkfr esa] iyM+s dks Li'kZ djosQ lko/kuhiwoZd jksdk tk ldrk gSA
11- ;g tk¡p dhft, fd M1 > M gS ;k M1 < M gSA blosQ fy,] rqyk naM dks iwjh rjg
Åij mBkuk gksrk gSA
12- HkkSfrd rqyk dks vo#¼ dhft,A fpeVh dk mi;ksx djosQ nk,¡ iyM+s ij j[ks ekud
æO;ekuksa dks vU; æO;ekuksa (tSls M2) ls çfrLFkkfir dhft,A ;fn M1] M ls vfèkd
gS rks ;g M1 ls gYdk gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn M1 ls M de gS rks ;g ls oqQN Hkkjh
gksuk pkfg,A
13- rqyk naM dks Åij mBkb, vkSj laosQrd P dk çs{k.k dhft, rFkk ;g tk¡p dhft, fd
nk,¡ iyM+s ij j[ks ekud æO;eku vc Hkh æO;eku M ls Hkkjh (vFkok gYosQ) gSa
ftlosQ dkj.k laosQrd ,d vksj vf/d nksyu dj jgk gSA ;fn ,slk gS rks pj.k 12
dks fofHkUu ekud æO;ekuksa }kjk laosQrd osQ LosQy G ij nksuksa vksj cjkcj nksyu djus
rd nksgjkrs jfg,A nk,¡ iyM+s ij j[ks ekud æO;ekuksa dks oLrq osQ æO;eku ls FkksM+k
de jf[k,A ,slk djus ij oLrq osQ æO;eku M osQ ekiu esa 1g rd dh ifj'kq¼rk
feysxhA rqyk naM B dks uhps dhft,A
14- vR;f/d ifj"Ñr ekiu osQ fy, nk,¡ iyM+s ij vojksgh Øe esa vfrfjDr feyhxzke
osQ æO;ekuksa dks jf[k, vkSj ,slk laosQrd P osQ LosQy G ij nksuksa vksj yxHkx leku
nksyu djus rd djrs jfg, ¹feyhxzke osQ vkaf'kd æO;ekuksa dks fpeVh ls muosQ mHkjs
fdukjksa dks idM+dj mBkb,ºA larqyu dh fLFkfr esa (vFkkZr] tc nksuksa iyM+ksa ij j[ks
æO;eku cjkcj gksa) laosQrd osaQnzh; 'kwU; va'k ij fLFkj gks tk,xkA ok;q izokg ds izHkko
ls cpko osQ fy, dk¡p isVh dh f[kM+dh can dj nhft,A
uksV& rqyk naM B dks dHkh Hkh iwjk ugha mBkuk pkfg, tc rd ml ij feyhxzke osQ
æO;eku p<+k, vFkok mrkjs tk jgs gksA rqyk naM dks cgqr /hjs&ls rFkk vYi varjky
osQ fy, mBkdj laosQrd dh fLFkfr dk voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
15- HkkSfrd rqyk dks vo#¼ dhft, rFkk ,d&,d djosQ nk,¡ iyM+s ls æO;ekuksa dks
fudkyrs tkb, vkSj viuh uksV cqd esa fy[krs jfg,A bUgsa ckV&isVh esa buosQ fu/kZfjr
LFkkuksa ij çfrLFkkfir dhft,A rksyh tkus okyh oLrq dks Hkh ck,¡ iyM+s ls gVk yhft,A
16- izR;sd oLrq osQ fy, dk;Zfof/ osQ 9 ls 15 pj.kksa rd osQ çs{k.k nks ckj vkSj nksgjkb,A
17- pj.k 9 ls 15 dks nwljh nh xbZ oLrq osQ fy, nksgjkdj mldk æO;eku Kkr dhft,A

52
 iz;ksx 4

çs{k.k
lkj.kh E 4-1 & igyh oLrq dk æO;eku

Øe ekud æO;eku oLrq dk æO;eku (x + y)

la[;k
xzke osQ ckV] x feyhxzke osQ ckV] y
(g) (mg) (g)
1
2
3

oLrq dk ekè; æO;eku ¾ ........g

lkj.kh E 4-2 & nwljh oLrq dk æO;eku
Øe ekud æO;eku oLrq dk æO;eku (x + y)
la[;k
xzke osQ ckV] x feyhxzke osQ ckV] y
(g) (mg) (g)
1
2
3

nwljh oLrq dk ekè; æO;eku ¾ ...g

ifj.kke
nh xbZ igyh oLrq dk æO;eku ...g rFkk nwljh oLrq dk æO;eku ...g gSA

lko/kfu;k¡
1- HkkSfrd rqyk }kjk ekis x, æO;eku dh ifj'kq¼rk ËqfV;ksa dks de&ls&de djus ij fuHkZj
djrh gSaA ;s ËqfV;ka {kqj/kj E rFkk T osQ chp ?k"kZ.k osQ dkj.k mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA ?k"kZ.k
dks iw.kZr% lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA rFkkfi ;g de&ls&de fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn
{kqj/kj rst rFkk IysV fpduh gksA HkkSfrd rqyk osQ vU; Hkkxksa osQ ?k"kZ.k dks Hkh rqyk osQ
lHkh Hkkxksa dks 'kq"d ,oa LoPN j[kdj de&ls&de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- rqyk osQ iyM+s ij ckV lnSo gh ifjek.k osQ vojksgh Øe esa j[ks tkus pkfg,A ckVksa dks
iyM+s osQ eè; esa j[kuk pkfg,A
3- HkkSfrd rqyk ij mldh /kfjrk ls vf/d æO;eku ugha j[ks tkus pkfg,A çk;% HkkSfrd
rqykvksa dh jpuk 250 g rd osQ æO;ekuksa dh eki osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA
4- HkkSfrd rqyk ls xje vFkok BaMh oLrqvksa dks ugha rksyuk pkfg,A blh çdkj] lfØ;
inkFkZ tSls jlk;u] æo rFkk ikmMj (pw.kZ) iyM+s ij lh/s gh ugha j[kus pkfg,A

53
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

ËqfV;ksa osQ lzksr

1- HkkSfrd rqyk osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ chp ?k"kZ.k osQ dkj.k lnSo gh oqQN ËqfV gksrh gSA
2- HkkSfrd rqyk dh ifj'kq¼rk 1mg gSA ;g laHkkfor ;aËh; v'kqf¼ dh lhek gSA

ifjppkZ
çk;ksfxd eku rFkk fn, x, eku esa fopyu cgqr ls dkjdksa osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gS%
1- æO;ekuksa dks iyM+s ij j[kus@mBkus osQ fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh fpeVh ij èkwy osQ d.k
fpiosQ gks ldrs gSa tks blosQ lkFk ekud æO;ekuksa esa LFkkukarfjr gks ldrs gSAa
2- izk;% HkkSfrd rqyk dks mi;ksx djus ls rqjar iwoZ rqyk naM dks larqfyr djus@HkkSfrd
rqyk dks larqfyr djus osQ fy, {kSfrtdkjh isapksa rFkk larksyd isapksa dks mi;ksx u djus
dh izo`fÙk ns[kh tkrh gSA

Lo&ewY;kadu
1- ;FkkFkZ ekiu osQ fy, dk¡p dh isVh dh f[kM+fd;ksa dks can djuk D;ksa vko';d gS\
2 nks HkkSfrd rqyk,¡ gSa& igyh ftldh Hkqtk,¡ leku gSa rFkk nwljh ftldh Hkqtk,¡ vleku
gSaA fdls ojh;rk nh tkuh pkfg,\ vleku Hkqtk okyh HkkSfrd rqyk dk mi;ksx djrs
le; vkidks fdu vfrfjDr pj.kksa dh vko';drk gksxh\
3- fdlh ckV&isVh ls mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk fuEure æO;eku 10 g gSA laHkkfor ;a=kh;
v'kqf¼ D;k gksxh\
4- fdlh æO;eku (tSls LVhy dk xqVdk) dks iyM+s ij j[kus osQ ctk; mlh gqd ls]
ftlls iyM+k yVdk gS] yVdk fn;k x;k gSA D;k ekis x, æO;eku dk eku ;FkkFkZ gksxk
vFkok ugha\
lq>k, x, vfrfjDr ç;ksx@fØ;kdyki
1- fdlh vja/zh xqVosQ osQ inkFkZ dk ?kuRo Kkr djuk rFkk vkfoZQfeMh”k osQ
fl¼kar dk lR;kiuA
laosQr& igys NksVs xqVosQ (tSls LVhy dk xqVdk) dks gqd ls yVdkdj
bldk ok;q esa æO;eku Kkr dhft,A blosQ i'Pkkr yVosQ gq, xqVosQ dks ty
ls vk/s Hkjs va'kkafdr fl¯yMj esa j[kdj xqVosQ dk ty esa æO;eku Kkr
dhft,A D;k ;g mruk gh gksxk] vf/d gksxk vFkok de gksxk\ LVhy osQ
xqVosQ dk vk;ru fudkfy,A xqVosQ osQ inkFkZ dk ?kuRo izkIr dhft,A LVhy
osQ xqVosQ osQ ok;q rFkk ty esa ekis x, æO;ekuksa ls vkfoZQfeMh”k osQ fl¼kar
dk lR;kiu dhft,A

54
 ç;ksx 5

mn~ns';
lfn'k ;ksx osQ lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e dk mi;ksx djosQ nh xbZ oLrq (ydM+h dk
xqVdk) dk Hkkj ekiukA

midj.k rFkk lkexzh

nh xbZ oLrq gqd lfgr] lfn'kksa osQ lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e dk midj.k (xzSolSaM&midj.k)]
iDdk èkkxk] [kk¡psnkj Hkkj (nks lsV)] lI+ksQn dkx”k] iryh niZ.k ifêðdk] uqdhyh isaflyA

midj.k dk fooj.k
xzSolSaM&midj.kµ fp=k E 5-1 (a) esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj bl midj.k esa ydM+h osQ nks LraHkksa
ij ydM+h dk ,d cksMZ ÅèokZèkj tM+k gksrk gSA cksMZ osQ Åijh fdukjs osQ fudV nks fljksa
ij nks f?kjfu;k¡ P1 rFkk P2 yxh gksrh gSaA ,d iDdk èkkxk ftlosQ fljksa ij [kk¡psnkj Hkkjksa
dks tksM+us osQ fy, gSaxj caèks gksrs gSa] f?kjfu;ksa osQ Åij ls xq”kkjk tkrk gS rkfd P rFkk Q
esa Hkkjksa dks tksM+dj nks cy yxk, tk losaQA èkkxs osQ eè; O gSaxjksa esa nh xbZ oLrq] ftldk
Hkkj Kkr djuk gksrk gS] dks yVdkdj rhljk cy X yxk;k tkrk gSA

fp=k E 5.1 (a) xzSolSaM&midj.k fp=k E 5.1 (b) cyksa dh fn'kk vafdr djuk
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

fl¼kar
bl midj.k dk dk;Z lfn'k ;ksx osQ lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl fl¼kar osQ
vuqlkj] ^^tc fdlh ¯cnq ij ,d gh {k.k nks cy dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj bUgsa ifjek.k ,oa fn'kk
esa fdlh lekarj prqHkqZt dh nks layXu Hkqtkvksa }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS] rc bu cyksa
dk ifj.kkeh cy ifjek.k ,oa fn'kk nksuksa esa lekarj prqHkqZt osQ ml fod.kZ }kjk fu:fir
fd;k tk ldrk gS tks bu nksuksa cyksa ds vuqiz;qDr ¯cnq ls xq”kjrk gSA**
eku yhft, P rFkk Q nks cyksa osQ ifjek.k gSa rFkk buosQ chp dk dks.k θ gS] rc P
rFkk Q dk ifj.kkeh cy R fuEufyf[kr lw=k }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cosθ
;fn nks Kkr cy P rFkk Q rFkk nh xbZ oLrq osQ Hkkj osQ dkj.k rhljk vKkr cy fdlh
¯cnq O ij ,d gh ¯cnq ij bl izdkj dk;Z djrs gSa [fp=k E 5(a)] fd os lkE;koLFkk
esa gksa rks vKkr cy bu nks Kkr cyksa ds ifj.kkeh osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA bl izdkj nh xbZ oLrq
dk Hkkj Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dk;Zfof/
1- lkgqy lw=k dh lgk;rk ls xzoS lSaM midj.k osQ cksMZ dks ÅèokZèkj fLFkfr esa O;ofLFkr dhft,A
;g lqfuf'pr dhft, fd f?kjfu;k¡ eqDr :i ls ?kw.kZu djrh gksAa Mªkbax fiuksa dh lgk;rk
ls cksMZ ij ,d lI+ksQn dkx”k tfM+,A
2- iDosQ èkkxs dk ,d dkiQh yack VqdM+k yhft, rFkk blosQ fljksa ls nks gSxa j ck¡f/,A bl èkkxs
osQ eè; esa ¯cnq O ij ,d vU; èkkxk ysdj xk¡B (laf/ fcUnq) ck¡f/, vkSj blosQ eqDr fljs
ls nh xbZ vKkr Hkkj dh oLrq ck¡f/,A fp=k E 5(a) esa fn[kk, vuqlkj bu èkkxksa dks f?kjfu;ksa
ij O;ofLFkr dhft, vkSj gSxa jksa esa [kk¡pns kj Hkkj Hkh tksfM+,A
3- gSxa jksa esa [kk¡pns kj Hkkj bl izdkj tksfM+, fd èkkxksa dk lafèk ¯cnq lI+ksQn dkx”k osQ fupys eè;
Hkkx esa lkE;koLFkk esa vk tk,A ;g è;ku jgs fd dksbZ Hkh Hkkj vFkok èkkxk] cksMZ vFkok
es”k dks dgha Hkh Li'kZ u djsA
4- rhu èkkxksa dh xk¡B dks ^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha* dh fLFkfr esa ykb,A blosQ fy,] bldh xk¡B dks
bldh ^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha* dh fLFkfr ls dkiQh nwj fdlh ¯cnq ij ys tkb,A ;gk¡ ys tkdj NksMu+ s
ij ;g ^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha* dh fLFkfr dh vksj xeu djsxk D;ksfa d ;g lkE;koLFkk esa ugha gSA
tc ;g xeu dj jgk gks rks cksMZ dks èkhjs&èkhjs FkiFkikb,A og fLFkfr] ftlesa vc xk¡B fojke
dh fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gS] gh ^^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha** dh fLFkfr gSA bl fLFkfr dks fcanq }kjk vafdr
dhft,A bl fØ;kfofèk dks dbZ ckj nksgjkb,A gj ckj fofHkUu fn'kkvksa ls xk¡B dks ^^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k
ugha** dh fLFkfr esa vkus nhft, vkSj bl fLFkfr dks vafdr djrs jfg,A vius foosd ls tks
fcanq ikl&ikl gksa mudk osaQnz Kkr dj mls O osQ :i esa fpfÉr dhft,A
5- fdlh èkkxs osQ vuqfn'k yxus okys cy dh fn'kk vafdr djus osQ fy, dkx”k ij èkkxs osQ uhps
lery niZ.k dh ifêðdk jf[k,A viuh vk¡[k dh fLFkfr dks bl izdkj lek;ksftr dhft, fd
èkkxs rFkk mlosQ izfr¯cc osQ chp dksbZ iSjsyDS l u jgsA niZ.k osQ fdukjs ij nks ¯cnq A1 rFkk
A2 ogk¡ vafdr dhft, tgk¡ ij èkkxs dk izfr¯cc niZ.k ls vyx gksrk gS [fp=k E 5.1(b)]A

56
 iz;ksx 5

blh izdkj nks vU; cyksa dh fn'kk,¡ fcUnqvksa B1 o B2 rFkk X1 o X2 }kjk Øe'k% èkkxksa OB
o OX osQ vuqfn'k vafdr dhft,A
6- gSxa jksa dks gVk dj izR;sd gSxa j rFkk ml ij yVosQ [kk¡pns kj ckVksa osQ Hkkjksa dks uksV dhft,A
7- cksMZ dks dkx”k lfgr est ij {kSfrt jf[k,A dkx”k ij vafdr ¯cnqvksa osQ rhu ;qXeksa dks ljy
js[kk [khapdj bl izdkj feykb, fd ;s rhuksa js[kk,¡ ¯cnq O ij feysAa ;s rhuksa ljy js[kk,¡
rhuksa cyksa dh fn'kk,¡ fu:fir djrh gSaA
8- dksbZ mfpr LosQy pqudj (tSls 50N = 1 cm) fcUnq O ij yxus okys nks cyksa P
o Q dks fu:fir djus osQ fy, Øe'k% yEckb;ka OA rFkk OB [khafp,A OA rFkk
OB dks layXu Hkqtk,a ekudj lekarj prqHkqZt OACB iwjk dhft,A ;g lqfuf'pr
dhft, fd LosQy dk p;u bl izdkj gks fd lekarj prqHkqZt dkx”k dk vfèkdre
{ks=k ?ksjsA
9- O o C dks feykb,A OC dh yackbZ nh xbZ oLrq osQ Hkkj dh eki osQ rqY; gksxhA
;g tk¡p dhft, fd OC ljy js[kk XO osQ vuqfn'k gS vFkok ughaA ;fn ,slk ugha
gS] rks js[kk OC dks BC osQ fdlh ¯cnq C' ij feykb, vkSj dks.k COC' dks ekfi,A
10- Hkkjksa osQ nks vU; lsVksa osQ fy, 1 ls 9 rd osQ pj.kksa dks nksgjkb, rFkk nh xbZ oLrq
osQ vKkr Hkkj osQ ekuksa dk ekè; ifjdfyr dhft,A

izs{k.k
izR;sd gSaxj dk Hkkj ¾ ---N
LosQy 1 cm ¾ ---N

lkj.kh E 5µ nh xbZ oLrq dk Hkkj ekiu

cy P = gSaxj dk cy Q = gSaxj dk
Øe yEckbZ OC = vKkr Hkkj X
Hkkj + [kk¡psnkj Hkkj + [kk¡psnkj dks.k COC
la[;k L =L×s
ckV ckV

P OA Q OB (cm) (N)
N (cm) N (cm)

1
2
3

ifj.kke
nh xbZ oLrq dk Hkkj ¾ ---N

57
ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

lko/kfu;k¡
1- midj.k dh jpuk osQ vuqlkj xzoS lSMa &midj.k dk cksMZ ml es”k osQ yacor gksrk gS
ftl ij og j[kk tkrk gSA lkgqy lw=k }kjk ;g tk¡p dhft, ;g ÅèokZèkj gS vFkok
ughaA ;fn ;g ÅèokZèkj u gks rks est osQ fdlh mi;qDr ikn osQ uhps xÙks@dkMZ cksMZ
dh ifêð;k¡ j[kdj est osQ Åijh Hkkx dks {kSfrt cukb,A
2- ;g è;ku jf[k, fd f?kjfu;k¡ ?kweus osQ fy, Lora=k gksa vFkkZr~ f?kjuh rFkk ?kqjh osQ chp
cgqr de ?k"kZ.k gksuk pkfg,A

=kqfV;ksa osQ lzksr

1- gks ldrk gS fd Lusgu djus osQ i'pkr Hkh f?kjfu;ksa esa ?k"kZ.k gksA
2- gks ldrk gS fd [kk¡psnkj ckV ifj'kq¼ u gksaA
3- ¯cnqvksa dks vafdr djus esa Hkh oqQN v'kqf¼ vk ldrh gSA

ifjppkZ
1- xzSolSaM&midj.k dk mi;ksx cyksa osQ fy, lfn'k ;ksx osQ lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e osQ
lkFk&lkFk lfn'k ;ksx osQ f=kHkqt fu;e dks Hkh lR;kfir djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
,slk vKkr Hkkj dks ekud Hkkj }kjk izfrLFkkfir djosQ leku dk;Zfofèk dks viukdj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- rhu èkkxksa dh lafèk osQ fy, ^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha* osQ ¯cnq dh fLFkfr Kkr djus dh
mijksDr fofèk izk;ksfxd n`f"V ls dkiQh vPNh gSA ;fn fdlh fodYi }kjk vki bldh
tk¡p djuk pkgsa rks bl lafèk dks lcls ck,¡] lcls nk,¡] lcls Åij ,oa lcls uhps
tgk¡ ;g #d losaQ rFkk ?k"kZ.k vf/dre gks ys tkb,A bu pkjksa fLFkfr;ksa dk osaQnz ^^dksbZ
?k"kZ.k ugha** ¯cnq gSA
3- ^dksbZ ?k"kZ.k ugha* ¯cnqq dks ifj'kq¼rk ls Kkr u djus dk D;k izHkko gS\ Hkkjksa osQ dkj.k
rhu cyksa osQ vfrfjDr ,d pkSFkk cy ?k"kZ.k osQ dkj.k Hkh gksrk gSaA ;s pkjksa cy
lkE;koLFkk esa gksrs gSaA bl izdkj gks ldrk gS fd P rFkk Q dk ifj.kkeh ÅèokZèkj
mijeq[kh] vFkkZr] X dh fn'kk osQ Bhd foijhr fn'kk esa u gksA
4- ;g lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS fd P rFkk Q osQ ekuksa dh tk¡p dekuhnkj rqyk }kjk dh tkuh
pkfg, D;ksafd [kk¡psnkj ckVksa esa muosQ vafdr ekuksa esa dkiQh =kqfV gks ldrh gSA
dekuhnkj rqyk }kjk X osQ ifjek.k dh Hkh tk¡p dhft,A

Lo&ewY;kadu
1- lfn'k ;ksx dk lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e fyf[k,A
2- vkidks nks cy fn, x, gS] bu cyksa osQ ifj.kkeh cy dk
(a) vf/dre ifjek.k D;k gksxk\
( b) fuEure ifjek.k D;k gksxk\

58
 iz;ksx 5

3- fdl ifjfLFkfr esa ;g lekarj prqHkqZt le prqHkqZt cu ldrk gS\

4- ;fn rhuksa cy ifjek.k esa leku gks rks ;g lekarj prqHkqZt fdl :i esa ifjofrZr gks
tk,xk\
5- tc xk¡B lkE;oLFkk dh fLFkfr esa gksrh gS rks D;k ml le; f?kjfu;ksa ij dksbZ cy
dk;Z djrk gS\

lq>k, x, vfrfjDr iz;ksx@fØ;kdyki

1- vKkr Hkkj dh oLrq rFkk nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d cy dh fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu djosQ mlh oLrq dk
vKkr Hkkj Kkr dhft,A
2- nksuksa cyksa dks leku j[kdj ijarq vKkr Hkkj dks ifjofrZr djosQ nksuksa cyksa osQ chp osQ dks.k esa
ifjorZu dk vè;;u dhft,A
3- lfn'k ;ksx osQ lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e dk mi;ksx djosQ fn, x, flfyaMj osQ inkFkZ dk ?kuRo Kkr
djus dh mi;qDr fofèk lq>kb,A
4- fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa lfn'kksa osQ lekarj prqHkqZt fu;e dks dk;kZfUor dhft,A
(a) xqysy (b) èkuq"k ,oa ck.k (c) gSaM&XykbfMax (d) irax (e) lkbfdy osQ iSMy ekjuk

59