BASIC COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
Slides prepared by:
Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora
Few Definitions
• Instruction Code: It is a group of bits that instruct the
computer to perform a specific task. It is usually divided into
parts – the most basic part is the Operation Code (opcode).
• Operation Code: It is group of bits in the instruction code that
define operations like add, subtract, shift etc.
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Stored Program Organization
• The simplest way to organize a computer is to have one processor register
and an instruction code format with two parts – the first part (Opcode)
specifies the operation to be performed and the second specifies an
address.
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Direct and Indirect Address:
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Computer Registers
Here, we are considering a computer
with 4096x16 size memory
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Basic Computer Registers Connected to a Common Bus
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Computer Instructions
• Computer Instructions can be categorized into three types:
1. Memory-reference instructions
2. Register-reference instructions
3. Input-output instructions
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Flowchart for Instruction Cycle with the Three Types of Computer
Instructions
Instruction Cycle:
1. Fetch an instruction from
memory.
2. Decode the instruction.
3. Read the effective address if the
instruction has an indirect
address.
4. Execute the instruction.
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Instruction-set Completeness:
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Input-Output Instructions Register-reference Instructions Memory-reference Instructions
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Memory-reference Instructions:
1. AND (AND to AC)
2. ADD (Add to AC)
3. LDA (Load to AC)
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
4. STA (Store AC)
5. BUN (Branch Unconditionally)
6. BSA (Branch and Save return Address)
7. ISZ (Increment and Skip if Zero)
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Register-reference Instructions:
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Input-Output Instructions:
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Control Organization
• Control signals in a computer are generated in
the control unit.
• Control unit provides:
– Control inputs to multiplexers in a common bus.
– Control inputs to processor registers.
– Microoperations for the accumulator.
• Types of control organization:
1. Hardwired control
2. Microprogrammed control
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Hardwired Control Unit
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Microprogrammed Control Unit
• A control unit whose binary control variables are stored in
memory is called a microprogrammed control unit.
• The control variables at any given time can be represented
by a string of 1s and 0s called a control word.
• Each word in control memory contains within it a
microinstruction.
• A microinstruction specifies one or more micooperations
for the system.
• A sequence of microinstructions that specify various
internal control signals for execution of register
microoperations is called a microprogram.
• The control memory is usually a read-only memory (ROM).
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
• The address sequencing capabilities required in a control memory are:
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Example System with Control Memory of Size 128 x 20 and Main Memory of
Size 2048 x 16
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
Symbols and Binary Code for Microinstruction Fields
Slides by Dr. Zubair Ahmad Shah, Dept. of CSE, IUST
REFERENCE
Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture,
Prentice-Hall of India.
