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 Assignment 1
Complex Variables and Applications, Brown & Churchill (Ninth Edition).

Chapter 1, Section 9
Problem 1 (b)
√
Find the principal argument Arg z when z = ( 3 − i)6 .

Solution to Problem 1 (b)

√
To find the principal argument of z = ( 3 − i)6 , we first express z in polar form.
Suppose that √
3 − i = r(cos θ + i sin θ).
The expression above gives us
√
r cos θ = 3, r sin θ = −1.

Consequently,
√
 
−1 1 π
r = 3 + 1 = 2, θ = tan −√ =−
3 6
Therefore, it follows that
√   π  π 
3 − i = 2 cos − + i sin − .
6 6
Raising this to the sixth power and using De Moivre’s formula, we obtain
  π   π 
z = 26 cos − · 6 + i sin − · 6
6 6
= 64 (cos(−π) + i sin(−π))
= −64

Hence, the principal argument of z is :

Arg z = π.

1
Problem 5 (c)

By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form, performing the needed
operations, and finally changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that
√
( 3 + i)6 = −64.

Solution to Problem 5 (c)

Suppose that √
3 + i = r(cos θ + i sin θ).
The expression above gives us
√
r cos θ = 3, r sin θ = 1.

Consequently,
√
 
−1 1 π
r= 3 + 1 = 2, θ = tan √ = .
3 6
Therefore, it follows that
√  π   π 
3 + i = 2 cos + i sin .
6 6
Raising this to the sixth power and using De Moivre’s formula, we obtain
√  π   π 
( 3 + i)6 = 26 cos · 6 + i sin ·6
6 6
= 64 (cos(π) + i sin(π))
= −64

This completes the proof.

2
Problem 6
Show that if Re z1 > 0 and Re z2 > 0, then

Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg z1 + Arg z2 ,

where principal arguments are used.

Solution to Problem 6
Assume that
z1 = r1 eiθ1 , and z2 = r2 eiθ2 ,
where
r1 = |z1 |, and r2 = |z2 |,
θ1 = Arg z1 , and θ2 = Arg z2 ,
are the principal arguments of z1 and z2 respectively.
Then, the product of z1 and z2 is

z1 z2 = r1 eiθ1 · r2 eiθ2 = (r1 r2 )ei(θ1 +θ2 ) .

Thus, the argument of the product is

arg(z1 z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 . (1)

Since Re z1 > 0 and Re z2 > 0 and θ1 , θ2 are the principal arguments of z1 , z2 respec-
tively, it follows that
π π
− < θj < , for j = 1, 2.
2 2
Consequently,
−π < θ1 + θ2 < π.
Combining the fact above with equation (1), it follows that θ1 + θ2 is the principal the
argument of the product z1 z2 . In conclusion,

Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg z1 + Arg z2 .

3
Problem 9
Establish the identity

1 − z n+1
1 + z + z2 + · · · + zn = , (z ̸= 1),
1−z
and then use it to derive Lagrange’s trigonometric identity :

1 sin[(2n + 1)θ/2]
1 + cos θ + cos 2θ + · · · + cos nθ = + , (0 < θ < 2π).
2 2 sin(θ/2)

Solution to Problem 9
Since the problem consists of two parts, we shall deal with each of them separately.
Part 1 : Consider
S = 1 + z + z2 + · · · + zn. (2)
Multiplying both the sides of the expression above by z, we obtain

zS = z + z 2 + z 3 + · · · + z n+1 . (3)

Now, subtracting expression (3) from (2), it follows that

S − zS = (1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n ) − (z + z 2 + z 3 + · · · + z n+1 )
= 1 − z n+1 . (4)

Since S − zS = (1 − z)S and z ̸= 1, we finally have from expression (4) that

1 − z n+1
1 + z + z2 + · · · + zn = . (5)
1−z

Part 2 : Now, let z = eiθ , where θ corresponds to the angle in the Lagrange’s
trigonometric identity, which we aim to prove. Putting z = eiθ on the left-hand side
of expression (5), we get

1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n = 1 + eiθ + ei2θ + · · · + einθ .

Furthermore, substituting z = eiθ on the right-hand side of expression (5), we obtain

1 − z n+1 1 − ei(n+1)θ
= .
1−z 1 − eiθ
Using the identity (5) which we derived in Part 1, we have

1 − ei(n+1)θ
1 + eiθ + ei2θ + · · · + einθ = . (6)
1 − eiθ

4
Since einθ = cos nθ + i sin nθ, it follows that

1 + eiθ + ei2θ + · · · + einθ = (1 + cos θ + cos 2θ + · · · + cos nθ)

+ i(sin θ + sin 2θ + · · · + sin nθ). (7)

Plugging in the value from (7) into (6), we get

(1 + cos θ + cos 2θ + · · · + cos nθ) + i(sin θ + sin 2θ + · · · + sin nθ)

1 − ei(n+1)θ 1 − ei(n+1)θ
   
= Re + i Im
1 − eiθ 1 − eiθ

Equating the real parts on both sides of the expression above, it follows that

1 − ei(n+1)θ
 
1 + cos θ + cos 2θ + · · · + cos nθ = Re . (8)
1 − eiθ

Finally, a simple computation using the law of sine and cosine yields

1 − ei(n+1)θ
 
1 sin[(2n + 1)θ/2]
Re iθ
= + ,
1−e 2 2 sin(θ/2)

which combined with (8) gives us the desired identity.

5
Chapter 1, Section 11
Problem 3
√
Find (−8 − 8 3i)1/4 , express the roots in rectangular coordinates, exhibit them as the
vertices of a certain square, and point out which is the principal root.

Solution to Problem 3
√
Our aim is to find the fourth roots of −8 − 8 3i in rectangular coordinates, show that
they form the vertices of a square, and identify the principal root.
Step 1 : Suppose that
√
z = −8 − 8 3i = r(cos θ + i sin θ). (9)

The expression above gives us

√
r cos θ = −8, r sin θ = −8 3.

Consequently, the radius vector of z is given by

q √ √ √
r = (−8)2 + (−8 3)2 = 64 + 192 = 256 = 16, (10)

Since z is in the third quadrant, its principal argument is

√ !
−8 3 √ 2π
Arg z = θ = tan−1 = tan−1 ( 3) = − . (11)
−8 3

Substituting the values of r and θ from (10) and (11) respectively into the expression
(9), we obtain
      
2π 2π 2π
z = 16 cos − + i sin − = 16 exp −i .
3 3 3

Step 2 : The fourth roots of z are given by:

 
1/4 θ + 2kπ
ck = r exp i , k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4

Here, r1/4 = 161/4 = 2. Substituting θ = − 2π

3
, we have
 2π
− 3 + 2kπ

ck = 2 exp i , k = 0, 1, 2, 3. (12)
4

Step 3 : Substituting k = 0 in (12), we obtain

6
 √ !
 π π 3 1 √
c0 = 2 cos − i sin =2 −i = 3 − i.
6 6 2 2
Next, we substitute k = 1 in (12) to get
√ !
 π π 1 3 √
c1 = 2 cos + i sin =2 +i = 1 + 3i.
3 3 2 2
Plugging in k = 2 in (12), we have
√ !
√
 
5π 5π 3 1
c2 = 2 cos + i sin =2 − +i = − 3 + i.
6 6 2 2

Finally, we substitute k = 3 in (12) to get

√ !
√
 
4π 4π 1 3
c3 = 2 cos + i sin =2 − −i = −1 − 3i.
3 3 2 2

√ √ √ √
Step 4 : The roots c0 = 3 − i, c1 = 1 + 3i, c2 = − 3 + i, and c3 = −1 − 3i lie on
a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin. These roots are equidistant and separated
by π2 , thus forming a square.
Step 5 : The principal root is the one corresponding to k = 0, which is
√
c0 = 3 − i.

7
Problem 5
According to Sec. 10, the three cube roots of a non-zero complex number z0 can be
written c0 , c0 ω3 , c0 ω32 , where c0 is the principal cube root of z0 and
  √
2π −1 + 3i
ω3 = exp i = .
3 2
√ √ √
Show that if z0 = −4 2 + 4 2i, then c0 = 2(1 + i) and the other two cube roots
are: √ √ √ √
−( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)i 2 ( 3 − 1) − ( 3 + 1)i
c0 ω3 = √ , c0 ω3 = √ .
2 2

Solution to Problem 5
√ √
Suppose that z0 = −4 2 + 4 2i. We will use the following steps to determine c0 ,
c0 ω3 , and c0 ω32 , and verify the given values.
Step 1 : First, we need to express z0 in polar form. The modulus r0 of z0 is given by
q √ √ √
r0 = |z0 | = (−4 2)2 + (4 2)2 = 64 = 8.
Next, we calculate the principal argument θ0 of z0 as follows:
√ !
4 2 3π
θ0 = tan−1 √ = tan−1 (−1) = .
−4 2 4

Thus, we can write z0 in polar form as

 
3π
z0 = 8 exp i .
4
Therefore, the three cube roots of z0 are given by
 3π 
4
+ 2kπ
ck = 2 exp i , k = 0, 1, 2,
3
 π  
2kπ
= 2 exp i · exp i , k = 0, 1, 2,
4 3
= c0 · ω3k , k = 0, 1, 2, (13)
where the principal cube root c0 is given by
 π  π   π  √
c0 = 2 exp i = 2 cos + i sin = 2(1 + i). (14)
4 4 4
Step 2 : From expression (13), it is clear that the other two cube roots are given by
c0 ω3 and c0 ω32 , where √
 
2π −1 + 3i
ω3 = exp i = . (15)
3 2

8
Using the values of c0 and ω3 from (14) and (15) respectively, we calculate c0 ω3 as
√ √ √
√ −1 + 3i 2(1 + i)(−1 + 3i)
c0 ω3 = 2(1 + i) · = .
2 2
Expanding the product, we obtain
√ √ √ √ √
(1 + i)(−1 + 3i) = −1 + 3i − i + 3i2 = −1 − 3 + ( 3 − 1)i.

Therefore √ √ √
2(−1 − 3 + ( 3 − 1)i)
c0 ω3 = ,
2
which upon simplification yields
√ √
−( 3 + 1) + ( 3 − 1)i
c0 ω3 = √ . (16)
2
Similarly, we use the values of ω3 and c0 ω3 from (15) and (16) respectively, to get
√ √
2 ( 3 − 1) − ( 3 + 1)i
c0 ω3 = √ .
2
This completes the proof.

9
Problem 6
Find the four zeros of the polynomial z 4 + 4, one of them being
√
z0 = 2eiπ/4 = 1 + i.

Then use those zeros to factor z 4 + 4 into quadratic factors with real coefficients.

Solution to Problem 6
We are asked to find the four zeros of the polynomial z 4 + 4 and then factor it into
quadratic factors with real coefficients.
Step 1 : To find the four zeros of the polynomial z 4 + 4, it is enough to seek for all
possible complex numbers z that satisfy

z 4 + 4 = 0,

or, equivalently, we seek for all possible complex numbers z that satisfy

z 4 = −4.

Observe that we can express −4 in polar form as

−4 = 4eiπ ,

where the principal argument of −4 is π (since −4 is along the negative real axis).
Therefore, we need to solve the equation

z 4 = 4eiπ . (17)

Taking the fourth root of both sides of (17), we find that the four solutions of the
equation z 4 + 4 = 0 are given by
√
 
4 π + 2kπ
ck = 4 · exp i , k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4
√ √
Since 4 4 = 2, the solutions are
√
 
π + 2kπ
ck = 2 · exp i , k = 0, 1, 2, 3. (18)
4

Step 2 : Substituting k = 0 in (18), we obtain

z0 = 1 + i.

Next, we substitute k = 1 in (18) to get

c1 = −1 + i.

10
Plugging in k = 2 in (18), we have

c2 = −1 − i.

Finally, we substitute k = 3 in (18) to get

c3 = 1 − i.

Thus, the four zeros of z 4 + 4 are:

c0 = 1 + i, c1 = −1 + i, c2 = −1 − i, c3 = 1 − i.

Step 3 : Now, we can factor z 4 + 4 using the zeros we found. The polynomial can be
written as
z 4 + 4 = (z − c0 )(z − c1 )(z − c2 )(z − c3 ).
We need to group the conjugate pairs of roots to form quadratic factors with real
coefficients. The conjugate pairs are

c0 = 1 + i, and c3 = 1 − i,
c1 = −1 + i, and c2 = −1 − i.

Each pair of conjugates gives a quadratic factor. For instance,

(z − c0 )(z − c3 ) = (z − (1 + i))(z − (1 − i))

= [(z − 1) − i][(z − 1) + i]
= (z − 1)2 + 1
= z 2 − 2z + 2.

Furthermore,

(z − c1 )(z − c2 ) = (z − (−1 + i))(z − (−1 − i))

= [(z + 1) − i][(z + 1) + i]
= (z + 1)2 + 1
= z 2 + 2z + 2.

Thus, the factorization of z 4 + 4 is

z 4 + 4 = (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 − 2z + 2).

11
Problem 7
Show that if c is any nth root of unity other than unity itself, then

1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 0.

Solution to Problem 7
Since c is a nth root of unity, it must satisfy

1 − cn = 0 (19)

It is also known (see Problem 9 from Section 9) that

(1 − c)(1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 ) = 1 − cn . (20)

Combining equations (19) and (20), we obtain

(1 − c)(1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 ) = 0.

Since c ̸= 1, it follows from the expression above that

1 + c + c2 + · · · + cn−1 = 0.

This completes the proof.

12
Chapter 1, Section 12
Problem 1 (b)

Sketch the following set and determine whether the set is a domain :

|2z + 3| > 4.

Solution to Problem 1 (b)

Let S1 denote the set of all complex numbers satisfying the given inequality. More
explicitly,

S1 = {z ∈ C : |2z + 3| > 4}.

Let z = x + iy, where x and y are the real and imaginary parts of z, respectively. Then
p
|2z + 3| = |2(x + iy) + 3| = |2x + 3 + 2iy| = (2x + 3)2 + (2y)2 .

Therefore, the set S1 can be equivalently expressed as

n p o
S1 = z ∈ C : (2 Re z + 3)2 + (2 Im z)2 > 4
= z ∈ C : (2 Re z + 3)2 + (2 Im z)2 > 16

(  2 )
3
= z ∈ C : Re z + + (Im z)2 > 4 .
2

From this representation, it is clear that S1 represents the region outside a circle
3


centered at − 2 , 0 with a radius of 2 in the xy-plane. The light blue shaded region
in Figure 1 illustrates the set S1 (see below).
From Figure 1, it is evident that S1 does not include any of its boundary points, which
consist of all complex numbers z satisfying
 2
3
Re z + + (Im z)2 = 4.
2

Therefore, S1 is an open set. Furthermore, any two points z1 and z2 in S1 can be

connected by a polygonal line consisting of a finite number of line segments joined end
to end, all of which lie entirely within S1 . Hence, S1 is a connected set.
In conclusion, the set S1 is a domain.

13
 Im z

S1

− 23 , 0


• • Re z
(0, 0)

Figure 1: S1 in rectangular co-ordinates

14
Problem 1 (f )

Sketch the following set and determine whether the set is a domain :

|z − 4| ≥ |z|.

Solution to Problem 1 (f )

Let S2 represent the set of all complex numbers that satisfy the given inequality.
Specifically,

S2 = {z ∈ C : |z − 4| ≥ |z|}.

By simplifying as done in Problem 1 (b), the set S2 can be equivalently expressed as

S2 = {z ∈ C : Re z ≤ 2}.

The light blue shaded region in Figure 2 (below) illustrates the set S2 .
From Figure 2, it is evident that S2 includes all its boundary points, which consist of
all complex numbers z satisfying

Re z = 2.

Therefore, S2 is not an open set. Consequently, the set S2 is not a domain.

Im z

S2

(2, 0)
• • Re z
(0, 0)

Figure 2: S2 in rectangular co-ordinates

15
Problem 4 (c)

Sketch the closure of the set :  

1 1
Re ≤ .
z 2

Solution to Problem 4 (c)

Let S3 represent the set of all complex numbers that satisfy the given inequality.
Specifically,
   
1 1
S3 = z ∈ C : Re ≤ .
z 2

By simplifying as done in Problem 1 (b), the set S3 can be equivalently expressed as

S3 = z ∈ C : (Re z − 1)2 + (Im z)2 ≥ 1 .



The light blue and red shaded region in Figure 3 (below) illustrates the set S3 . From
Figure 3, it is evident that S3 includes all its boundary points, which consist of all
complex numbers z satisfying

(Re z − 1)2 + (Im z)2 = 1.

The red shaded region in Figure 3 illustrates the boundary of the set S3 . In conclusion,
the closure of S3 is S3 itself, which is sketched below.

Im z

S3

(1, 0)
• • Re z
(0, 0)

Figure 3: S3 in rectangular co-ordinates

16
Problem 4 (d)

Sketch the closure of the set :

Re(z 2 ) > 0.

Solution to Problem 4 (d)

Let S4 represent the set of all complex numbers that satisfy the given inequality.
Specifically,

S4 = z ∈ C : Re(z 2 ) > 0 .


Then, the set S4 can be equivalently expressed as

S3 = z ∈ C : (Re z)2 > (Im z)2 .



It is easy to see that the boundary of S4 consists of all complex numbers z satisfying

(Re z)2 = (Im z)2 .

In conclusion, the closure of the set S4 is S4 , which is shaded light blue, along with its
boundary, which is shaded red, as illustrated in Figure 4 below.

Im z

S4

• Re z
(0, 0)

Figure 4: S4 in rectangular co-ordinates

17
Problem 5
Let S be the open set consisting of all points z such that |z| < 1 or |z − 2| < 1. State
why S is not connected.

Solution to Problem 5
The pictorial representation of the set S is provided below in Figure 5. From the
figure, it is evident that 1 ∈
/ S and

{z ∈ C : |z| < 1} ∩ {z ∈ C : |z − 2| < 1} = ∅.

As a result, any point z1 inside the circle {z ∈ C : |z| < 1} and any point z2 inside
the circle {z ∈ C : |z − 2| < 1} cannot be connected by a polygonal line consisting of
a finite number of line segments, all of which lie entirely within S.
Therefore, the set S is not connected.

Im z

S
(1, 0)
• • • Re z
(0, 0) (2, 0)

Figure 5: S in rectangular co-ordinates

18