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? Chapter 4

Chapter 4 discusses the gaseous state of matter, highlighting its characteristics, gas laws, and equations such as Boyle's, Charles's, and the Ideal Gas Equation. It also covers concepts like Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, Kinetic Molecular Theory, and the behavior of real gases. Additionally, it addresses liquefaction of gases and effusion and diffusion principles, including Graham's Law.

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Gautam Bargav
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49 views3 pages

? Chapter 4

Chapter 4 discusses the gaseous state of matter, highlighting its characteristics, gas laws, and equations such as Boyle's, Charles's, and the Ideal Gas Equation. It also covers concepts like Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, Kinetic Molecular Theory, and the behavior of real gases. Additionally, it addresses liquefaction of gases and effusion and diffusion principles, including Graham's Law.

Uploaded by

Gautam Bargav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

🧊 Chapter 4: States of Matter

🌬️Gaseous State

🧪 Basic Characteristics:

 No fixed volume or shape.


 Low density, highly compressible, molecules far apart.

📌 Gas Laws:

 Boyle’s Law:
P∝1VP \propto \frac{1}{V}P∝V1 (at constant T)
→ PV=constantPV = \text{constant}PV=constant
 Charles’s Law:
V∝TV \propto TV∝T (at constant P)
→ VT=constant\frac{V}{T} = \text{constant}TV=constant
 Gay-Lussac’s Law:
P∝TP \propto TP∝T (at constant V)
→ PT=constant\frac{P}{T} = \text{constant}TP=constant
 Avogadro’s Law:
V∝nV \propto nV∝n (equal V of gases at same T, P have equal molecules)
 Combined Gas Law:
PVT=constant\frac{PV}{T} = \text{constant}TPV=constant
 Ideal Gas Equation:
PV=nRTPV = nRTPV=nRT
R=8.314 J mol−1K−1R = 8.314 \ \text{J mol}^{-1} \text{K}^{-
1}R=8.314 J mol−1K−1

📏 Units & Conversions

 Pressure:
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa
 Volume: 1 L = 1000 mL = 10⁻³ m³
 Temperature in K: T(K)=°C+273.15T(K) = °C + 273.15T(K)=°C+273.15

📈 Gas Density & Molar Mass:

 d=PMRTd = \frac{PM}{RT}d=RTPM
 M=dRTPM = \frac{dRT}{P}M=PdRT
📊 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

 Ptotal=P1+P2+...+PnP_{\text{total}} = P_1 + P_2 + ... + P_nPtotal=P1+P2+...+Pn


 Mole fraction:
χi=nintotal\chi_i = \frac{n_i}{n_{\text{total}}}χi=ntotalni,
Pi=χiPtotalP_i = \chi_i P_{\text{total}}Pi=χiPtotal

⚛️Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

Assumptions:

 Particles in constant, random motion.


 No intermolecular forces (ideal gas).
 Collisions are perfectly elastic.
 Volume of particles negligible.

Equation of Pressure:

P=13⋅Nmc2ˉVP = \frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{N m \bar{c^2}}{V}P=31⋅VNmc2ˉ

 Root mean square speed:


urms=3RTMu_{\text{rms}} = \sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}}urms=M3RT
 Average speed:
uavg=8RTπMu_{\text{avg}} = \sqrt{\frac{8RT}{\pi M}}uavg=πM8RT
 Most probable speed:
ump=2RTMu_{\text{mp}} = \sqrt{\frac{2RT}{M}}ump=M2RT

🌬️Real Gases & Deviations

Reasons for deviation:

 Molecular volume.
 Intermolecular attractions.

Van der Waals Equation:

(P+an2V2)(V−nb)=nRT\left(P + \frac{a n^2}{V^2}\right)(V - nb) = nRT(P+V2an2)


(V−nb)=nRT

 a → intermolecular attraction
 b → volume of molecules

Compressibility factor:
Z=PVnRT⇒Z=1 (ideal gas)Z = \frac{PV}{nRT} \Rightarrow Z = 1 \ (\text{ideal
gas})Z=nRTPV⇒Z=1 (ideal gas)

 Z<1Z < 1Z<1: attraction dominates.


 Z>1Z > 1Z>1: repulsion dominates.

💧 Liquefaction of Gases

 Critical temperature (TcT_cTc): above which gas cannot be liquefied.


 Critical pressure (PcP_cPc): pressure needed to liquefy at TcT_cTc
 Critical volume (VcV_cVc): volume at Tc,PcT_c, P_cTc,Pc

💨 Effusion & Diffusion

 Graham’s Law:

o Rate of effusion ∝ 1M\frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}M1


r1r2=M2M1\frac{r_1}{r_2} = \sqrt{\frac{M_2}{M_1}}r2r1=M1M2

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