THE CATEGORY OF

MOOD

THE THE THE

INDICTATIVE IMPERATIVE OBLIGUE
MOOD MOOD MOOD

THE INDICATIVE MOOD ( The fact Mood)

 denotes real fact We study foreign languages.

 is used all tense forms (in the active or If Arsenal wins the coming match, I’ll cut my
passive voice) moustache.
 is used in real conditional clauses; in If he fails, you must help him.
different principal and subordinate clauses We sent telegram yesterday.
 refers the action to the present, past or future
She will join us, too.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

 is used to denote a command or a request Be careful!

 formed from the infinitive without the Please, open the door!
particle to for the 2nd person singular or Don’t be late!
plural Let him stay at home!
 for 1st and 3rd let + noun (object pronoun) + Don’t let him go out!
bare infinitive is used or
 don’t is used for negative form Let him not go out!
 emphatic form is used with the verb to do Do come a little bit earlier!
Do respect him!
 THE OBLIGUE MOODS
SYNTHETIC ANALYTICAL
FORMS FORMS

The Present Subjunctive The Past Perfect Subjunctive

Mood Mood

The Past Subjunctive

The Conditional Mood
Mood

The Suppositional Mood

THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

(Subjunctive 1)

 denotes a problematic action. but not as contradictory reality

 refers the action to the present or future.( no past form)
 has the same verbs for all persons.
I
You
He be, have, go, come etc. ( bare infinitive)
She ( is, are, was, were, has, had, comes, came)
we
They

 used in poetry and elevated prose or in official documents.

 used in subject and object clauses; adverbial clause of concession etc. in expressions and simple
sentences denoting wish, concession, imprecations, etc.
 May + Infinitive model is used to denote wish.
 Let + Infinitive model is used to denote concession
 Subjunctive I is Used

1. Subject clause after the

following patterns:
necessary
is important smb. do smth.
desirable
It was requested that It is necessary that he see the doctor once
demanded
will be advisable It was requested that the guests sit at the table
arranged
ordered
2. Object clause after the verbs:
to suggest
to demand smb. do smth.
to insist
to order that The mother demanded that her son stay at home.
to arrange I ask that you have more patience with the other
to request students.
to inform
to ask

3. Adverbial clause of purpose smb. do smth.

after the conjunction LEST. lest Ring him up lest he be late again.
Close the window lest the baby catch a cold.
4. Adverbial clause of concession after the
conjunctions and connections: Though it rain, we shall start.
though, although, whoever, whatever, Whatever happen, I shan't change my mind.
wherever etc. Whoever come, nobody can prevent us.

5. Simple sentences denoting: God bless you!

a) wish God help him!
with may + infinitive = wish Succeed attend you!
Live long our motherland!
May you live long and die happy!
May God rest him in peace!
May you be happy!
b) concession Come what will!
Happen what may!
c) imprecations Let it be so!
Death be with you!
Damn it!
Woe be with you!
Cholera be with you!
6. The following sentence patterns
with the object clause

to think important smb. do smth.

to believe advisable
to consider it desirable that We consider it advisable that she look after him.
to find better
necessary We don't find it important that Tom have a talk with
him.

7) The predicative clause with the

following sentence patterns: smb. do smth.

order The order was that nobody leave the

demand room.
suggestion is
recommendation The request is that everybody attend
wish was that the classes.
motion
rule will be My only wish is that she be happy.
arrangement
request

7. In adverbial clauses of condition in If Marry be in town next week, let me know.

the principal clause on which either the If she come here now, she will help you. (comes)
future indefinite or the imperative
mood is used

8. In adverbial clauses of concession in We shall start tomorrow though it rain. ( rains)

the principal clause of which the future Though all the world be false, still will be true.
indefinite is used
 THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD

is an analytical form

denotes problematic action
has two tense forms: the Present and the Past Suppositional Mood
the auxiliary verb should is used for all persons
the Present Suppositional is formed by:
Indefinite

should + infinitive
Continuous

It is (was, will be) necessary that she should see the doctor.
- The Present Suppositional refers the action to the present or future
- the Past Suppositional is formed by:

Perfect

should + infinitive
Perfect Continuous

It is (was, will be) natural that he should have said it

The Past Suppositional refers the action to the Past.

Note: The Present Subjunctive Mood (Subjunctive I) and The Suppositional Mood denote problematic action.
Note: The Past Subjunctive or the Past Perfect Subjunctive Mood (Subjunctive II) and the Conditional Mood
contradict the reality.
The Use of the Suppositional Mood:

Kinds of sentences Sentence patterns

1) Subject clauses with the following

patterns: It is necessary that he should
necessary phone (or phone-Present
is important Subjunctive) them.
desirable that smb. should do smth.
It was requested
demanded smb. do smth. It was desirable that
will be advisable everybody should enter (or
ordered enter-Present Subjunctive)
the hall.

2) Object clauses after the following verbs: He suggested that we should

to suggest return (or return) at once.
to demand
to insist that smb. should do smth. They insisted that Helen
to order should stay (or stay) at their
to arrange smb. do smth. house.
to request
3)Object clauses after the following We consider it advisable that
patterns: she should give him advice
herself (or give advice)
to think necessary that smb. should do smth.
to believe important They found it necessary that
to consider it advisable smb. do smth. they should take (or take) a
to find desirable taxi.
better
4) Predicative clauses after the following The order was that nobody
abstract nouns used as the subject of the should leave (or leave) the
principal clause: room.
The demand will be that
order everybody should keep (or
demand keep) the rule.
suggestion that smb. should do smth.
recommendation is
wish was smb. do smth.
motion will be
rule
arrangement
request

5 Attributive clauses modified by such The order that all should stay
nouns: (or stay) in the camp was
accepted by everybody.
order
demand The demand that every
suggestion person should take (or take)
recommendation his document was given by
wish that smb. should do smth. him.
motion
rule smb. do smth.
arrangement
request

6) Adverbial clause of purpose with the I put down the page lest I
conjunction lest: that smb. should do smth. should forget (or forget) it.
Remind him lest he should
to do smth. lest smb. do smth. take(or take) the book with
or him.

that
I'll cut them some
to do smth. so that may (can) do smth sandwiches so that they may
in order that may (can) not do sth (can) eat them on the train.
might (could) do smth might
(could) not do smth. She turned her back to us so
that we could not see her
crying.
7) Subject clauses after the following It is natural that she should
sentence patterns: drive the car herself.

It is curious that she should

natural have been absent.
understandable
characteristic It was not surprising that she
is surprising should have changed her
strange that smb. should do smth. mind.
it curious
odd smb. do smth.
was doubtful
impossible
unpleasant
a pity
a shame

Note: Only in interrogative sentences:

Is it possible that he should have said so? Is it possible that he should
In affirmative sentences "may + infinitive" have failed the exam?
is mostly used: It is possible that they may
It is possible that he may know this. join you.

8) Object clauses in the following sentence I think it only natural that he

patterns: should like his job.

natural We found it curious that he

strange should have refused it.
to think odd
to believe patterns: He believed it possible that
to consider it to think that smb. should do smth. somebody should have
to find curious succeeded the race.
pleasant smb. do smth.
unpleasant
possible
impossible

9) Object clauses after the verbs: I am sorry that you should

that smb. should do smth. think so.
to be sorry We were astonished that she
to be astonished smb. do smth. should have done it.
that to be satisfied (pleased) I'm very pleased that you
should like it.

10) Object clauses after the verbs denoting

fear:

to fear I fear lest he should be late.

to worry lest smb. should do smth. She is afraid lest the baby
to be afraid should fall down.
to be uneasy
 or

to fear I'm uneasy that he may make

to worry can (could) a mistake.
to be afraid that smb. may (might) do
to be uneasy or She worried that they might
have done smth. lose the way.

11) Problematic conditional clause If you should see him, give my best wishes to him.
beginning with the conjunction if: If he should come, tell him to wait for me.

Note: If is omitted and inversion appears. Should you see him, give my best wishes to him.

12) Adverbial clause of concession

beginning with the conjunctions We shall change our plan
whatever should happen (or
though, happen)
although smb. should do smth.
whoever smb do sth. They will start though it
whatever should rain (or rain).
wherever
13) Special questions beginning with why: Why should you do it?
Why should he arrange it?
 THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

 Is a synthetic form
 contradicts the reality
 denotes unreal actions, wish, desire, imaginations, etc.
 has the same verb form with the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood- had, came, saw, knew,
etc.
 refers the action to the present or future. ( no past)
 is used only in some subordinate clauses and simple sentences

Compare
The Past Subjunctive Mood The Past Indefinite Tense Form

Similarity

Both of them have the same verb forms for all I, you, he, she, they - had, came, spoke,
persons: (except the verb to be) took, saw, were, etc.

Differences

1. contradicts the reality 1. denotes real past actions

2. refers the action to the present or future 2. refers the action to the past
3. used with adverbs of present of future time 3. used with adverbs of past time: ago,
now, today, tomorrow, next week, etc yesterday, last week, last year, then, etc.
4. used only in some subordinate clauses and 4. used both in principal and subordinate
simple sentences clauses
5. the verb to be has only one form -were - for 5. the verb to be has two forms - was and
all persons: were, he were, she were, you were: I was, he was, you were they were,
were, etc.
If I went tomorrow, I would let you know I went 3 days ago
I worked now/ tomorrow

The Past Perfect Subjunctive Mood

 is an analytical form
 contradicts the reality
 refers the action to the past
 has the same verb forms of the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood- had had, had known, had seen, had
been, etc. -is used with the adverbs of past time - ago, then, yesterday, last week, last
Sunday, etc.
 is used in some subordinate clauses and simple sentences
 is never used in attributive clause after the principal clause:
It is time, It is high time, It is about time. Only the Past Subjunctive Mood is used in this clause, as in:
It is time we went there.
It is high time he spoke English
 The Use of the Past Subjunctive and the Past Perfect Subjunctive Moods

Kinds of Subordinate clauses The Past Subjunctive Mood The Past Perfect Subjunctive
Mood

1) In if unreal Unreal I Unreal II

conditional clause If he were here now, he would If he had been here then, he would
help us. have helped us.
If we saw them today, we could If we had seen them that day, we
speak to them. could have spoken to them.
If they arrived tomorrow, they If they had arrived yesterday,
would be able to join us. they would have been able to join
us.

Note: When if is omitted inversion Were he here now, he could see Had he been here yesterday, he
happens. everything himself. could have seen everything himself.

2) In the adverbial clause of You speak as if (as though) you You speak as if (as though) you had
comparison after as if, as though had time. had time yesterday.
She behaves as if she didn’t She behaved as if (as though) she
know me. hadn’t known me.

3) In the predicative clause after She looks as if she were ill. She looks as if she had been ill
the link verbs: to be, to seem, to He was as though he were angry. lately.
look, to feel, to sound with the It sounded as if it were true. He was looking as if (as though) he
conjunctions as if, as though. had got into trouble.
He felt as if (as though) he had
spent his life in desert.
4) In object clause after the verb to I wish he were here now. I wish she had been here yesterday.
wish She wished they asked her about She wished they had asked her
her trip. about trip.
They wished they could catch the They wished they could have
train. caught the train.

Note: To make the sentence more I wish she would go there at

emphatic you can use would + once.
Infinitive after the verb to wish. or
(Only if the subjects in both I wish she went there at once.
clauses are different and if the I wish you would wear your red
wish refers to the present or clothes.
future. It is chiefly used in We wished she would not
sentences expressing request or interfere
annoyance.

5) In attributive clause after: It is It is time she knew Grammar

(was) time, It is high time, It is well.
about time, he spoke (or could It was high time she arrived. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
speak).
Note: In this clause only the Past It is about time we arranged
Subjunctive Mood is used. everything for the party.
6) In the adverbial clause of Even if (though) she saw Even if (though) she had seen
concession with the conjunction everything with her own eyes, everything with her own eyes, she
even if, even though she believed. would have believed.
Even if he were not invited there, Even if he had not been invited
he would come. there, he would have come.
7)
a) In simple sentences: beginning If only he knew him. If only he had known him.
with oh that; if only, oh, if they Oh, if it were summer now. Oh, if it had been summer then.
denote wish. Oh that he told him the truth Oh, that he had told him the truth.

If only did smth.

Oh, if smb.
Oh, that had done smth.

b) denoting advice with: You had better stay at home, it is

had better raining.
He had better wait here.
She had better not speak about it.

c) denoting preference with: She would rather (sooner) stay at

Would rather home and read a book.
would sooner I had much rather (sooner) not
had rather interfere.
had sooner The weather is so fine, we’d
rather walk at least part of the
way.

John drives to school every day, John drove to school every day, but
but I would rather( = I wish) he I would rather( = I wish) he had
took a bus instead. taken a bus instead yesterday.

2. Wish (clause) / If only / would rather / would just as soon as / would sooner
It’s time / high time
If clause / As if (though)/ Would you mind if ifadələri ilə: ( lakin indiki zamanı və ya gələcəyi ifadə edir.)
 I wish you knew how to type. ( mənaca “Present” ifadə edir)
 If only your mother were alive now.
 John drives to school every day, but I would rather( = I wish) he took a bus instead.
 Children! It’s 12 o’clock. It’s time you went to bed.
 If I had one million dollars now, I would buy a brand new Mercedes.
 We know that he is guilty, but he acts as if he were innocent.
NOTE: would - 1) unreal present 2) future simple in the past 3) repeated past

• He looks as if /as though he knew the answer.

(he gives the impression that he knows the answer, but he (probably)
doesn't know or we don't know whether he knows or not)
• He seems as if /as though he hadn't slept for days.
(it seems that he hasn't slept for days, but he (probably) has or we don't
know whether he has or not)

• He looks as if /as though he knows the answer. (he knows the answer.)
• It seems as if /as though he is fighting someone. (he is fighting someone.)
• He seems as if /as though he hasn't slept for days. (he hasn't slept for days)
• He looked as if /as though he knew the answer.
• He seemed as if /as though he hadn't slept for day
 THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

 Is an analytical form
 contradicts the reality
 has two tense forms the Present an the Past Conditionals

The Present Conditional refers the action to the present or future used with adverbs: now, today, tomorrow,
next week, etc
If I saw him, I should greet him. (If I saw him – Present, I should greet him – Future )
should

would + Indefinite or Continuous for the present Conditional

could (should go, would come, could see, might know, etc.)

The Past Conditional Mood refers the action to the past, used with adverbs: yesterday, ago, last year, last
week, etc.
If I had seen him , I should have greeted him. (If I had seen him – Past, I should have greeted him. - Past)

should

would + Perfect or Perfect Continuous Infinitive for the Past Conditional Mood

could (should have gone, would have come, could have seen, might have known, etc.)

The Conditional Mood is used in principal clauses and simple sentences:

I, we – should

You, he, she, it, they – would

The Use of Conditional Mood

The Conditional Mood is used:

Kinds of sentences The Present Conditional The Past Conditional
(should, would, could, (should have, would have, could
might + inf.) have, might have + P II)

1) The principal clause of a Unreal I Unreal II

complex sentence with an If I were you, I should invite If you had phoned me, I
unreal conditional clause him. should have come long before.
introduced by the conjunction If he found the book, he would If he had found the book, he
“if ”. give it to you now. would have sent it to you

NOTE: When “if” is omitted, Were I you, I should invite him Had you phoned me, I should have
inversion appears. come long before.

NOTE: There are mixed types of

unreal conditional clause:

Mixed type I:

The Past Perfect Subjunctive + If we had sent him a message If you had taken the medicine
The Present Conditional yesterday, he would be here now. regularly, you would feel better
(had had, had come ..+ should, ( Past + Present) now.
would, could, might +-ing)

Mixed type II:

The Past Subjunctive + The Past If she were lazy, she couldn’t If he could swim, he would have
Conditional (had, saw, came + have done so much work by already crossed the river.
should have, would have, could herself. ( Present + Past ) ( Present + Past )
have, might have + PII)
If she were not talented, she
wouldn't have written such good
poems. ( Present + Past )

2) The principal clause of an Even if I knew the address, I Even if I had known the address
adverbial clause of concession shouldn’t give it to him. then, I shouldn't have given it to
introduced by the conjunction Even if he could do it, he might him.
even if, even though. deny it. Even if he could have done it, he
might have denied it.

3. A simple sentence with implied Oh, mother is here, what should I Did you ask him? He would have
condition do without her? (If it were not for gladly helped you (If you had
(The unreal condition is not my mother what should I do?). asked him, he would have
expressed but understood from the gladly helped you)
context.)
He refused. He would do it better He had refused. He would have
than everybody. done it better than everybody.
4) A simple sentence with unreal But for her pale face, nobody But for her illness, she might have
condition beginning with the would think her ill. been the student.
expression But for the rain we could go to the But for their laziness, we
But for = If it were not: picnic. could have finished the
If it hadn't been for. work in time.

5) A compound sentence Take your keys or would lose The way was shown to him,
connected by the conjunctions them otherwise he would have been
or else, otherwise. lost.
Prepare your lessons in time She intended to go, or else she
otherwise you might fail exams. would have refused.

6) A simple sentence beginning To see him would make him To have seen him would have
with an infinitive or gerund. happy. made him happy.
Crossing the river in such a Having crossed the river in such a
storm would be dangerous. storm would have been dangerous.

NOTE: To make a sentence more emphatic we use the modal verb would in the clause of condition.

I, we should do smth.
If he, she, they would do smth.
he, she, they would do smth.

If he, she, they would do smth. smb. could do smth.

e.g: Of course, I should go if mother would let me.