Edexcel IGCSE

Pakistan Studies Geography Section C Notes

Written by IGCSE II Girls (2020-21)

3.1 Indicators of development, population patterns and trends

a) The characteristics used to determine the level of development of a country: gross domestic
product (GDP), demographic data (population density/structure, birth/death rates and natural
increase).

GDP: Gross Domestic Product. It is the total value of goods and services produced by the
economy of a country during a year. In other words, it is the total value of a country’s economic
production over the course of a year.

Population Pyramid: shows the age and gender balance in the population. For a developing
country such as Pakistan, the base will be bigger and it will usually look like a triangle. For
developed countries, the mid-section is bigger than the base.

Demographic transition model: a generalization about how populations change over time,
based on the experience of developed countries.

Stage 1: High fluctuating. High birth and death rates, both of which fluctuate. Natural change
hovers between natural increase and decrease.
Reasons for high birth rate:
• little/no birth control.
• High infant mortality rate.
• Children are seen as an asset and status symbol.

Reasons for high death rate:

• High infant mortality.
• Poor diet and famine.
• Poor housing and hygiene.

Stage 2: Early expanding. High birth rates, falling death rates. Population rapidly increases.
Reasons for falling death rate:
• Lower infant mortality rate.
• Improved healthcare and hygiene,
• Better Nutrition.
• Safe water and better waste disposal.

Stage 3: Late expanding. Falling birth and death rates. Rate of natural increase decreases.
Reasons for falling birth rate:
• Widespread birth control.
• Preference for smaller families.
• Expense of bringing up children.
• Low infant mortality rate.

Stage 4: Low fluctuating. Low birth and death rates. Natural change hovers between increase
and decrease. Death rate is kept low by improving healthcare.
Birth rate kept low by:
• Effective birth control.
• More working women.

Stage 5: Decline. Death rate slightly exceeds the birth rate. Result is a natural decrease.
Modern medicine is keeping elderly people alive for longer.

Note that demographic characteristics of a country change as it moves along the development
pathway. There are advances associated with the development that have an impact upon
populations such as better healthcare, education and hygiene, diet and housing.

b) The physical and human factors influencing the distribution, density and structure of the
population of Pakistan. (For further details, refer to pages 235-236 of Huma Naz Sethi’s Book)
Density, Distribution and Structure:
Physical Factors Human Factors
Topography: Areas of lowland such as the Accomodation: Areas such as Karachi which
Punjab can support buildings, roads and thus have good-standard accommodation facilities
have proper housing schemes resulting in a are densely populated as they provide living
high population density; whereas highland comfort; areas such as the rural areas of
areas such as the Himalayan foothills, tend Sindh are sparsely populated due to poor
to have low population densities as it is housing facilities leading to an uncomfortable
difficult to construct buildings and roads environment.
because they are often inaccessible and
remote. Industries: Industrially established areas
such as karachi are densely populated as
Climate: Locations with moderate they provide job opportunities and raise the
temperatures and rainfall throughout the year standard of living; areas that are industrially
such as Lahore tend to be more densely underdeveloped such as the Sibi districts are
populated as a more comfortable environment sparsely populated as they lack job
can be provided to live in; areas such as the opportunities leading to a decrease in living
Thar desert with little or no rainfall have standards.
extreme weather which does not provide a
comfortable environment so it is sparsely Social benefits: Areas such as Lahore are
populated. densely populated as they provide social
benefits in the form of education and
Land fertility: Fertile areas such as the improved health care which are a part of the
dynamic flood plains are suitable for basic necessities; Areas such as the rural
agriculture and can ensure food security so areas of balochistan lack educational and
they are densely populated; areas such as health facilities and thus they are sparsely
the Thar desert - due to constant erosion of populated.
land by winds- isn't suitable for agriculture
and thus its sparsely populated. Transport systems: Areas with efficient
transport systems such as Lahore include
Water supply: Areas supplied with rivers rails and roads which are beneficial for trade
such as Punjab and Sindh are densely which boosts businesses and thus such areas
populated as they support agriculture and are densely populated; areas such as the
ensure food security; areas where there is no Kharan desert are sparsely populated due to
availability of water such as the Thar desert lack of transport facilities which limits
are sparsely populated as food security can’t connection with other cities, harming trade
be ensured due to unfavourable conditions for and businesses.
agriculture.

c) The trends in fertility rates, infant/maternal mortality rates, and life expectancy and their
implications for service provision such as education, healthcare and employment.
 Fertility Rate:
• The general fertility rate is the number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing
age (usually ages 15 to 44) in a given year.
• The current fertility rate for Pakistan in 2021 is 3.363 births per woman, a 1.81%
decline from 2020.
• The fertility rate for Pakistan in 2020 was 3.425 births per woman, a 1.81% decline
from 2019.
• The fertility rate for Pakistan in 2019 was 3.488 births per woman, a 1.75% decline
from 2018.
• The general trend shows a decrease in the fertility rate every year. It is predicted to
decrease even further in the upcoming years due to the use of contraceptive methods,
abortion, etc.
 Impact on education: Impact on healthcare: Impact on employment:
1) Lower rate of enrollment:
High fertility rates > large 1) Maternal and child 1) Labor Supply:
enrollment of children. This health: High fertility rates can
may result in a strain on High fertility rate can lead to increase the supply of labor
resources and teachers. As a increased demand for in a given area, which can
result of that strain, the RATE maternal and child health lead to increased competition
of enrollment would services. In areas with limited for jobs. This can result in
decrease. healthcare resources, this lower wages, reduced job
can lead to a strain on the security, and a more
2) Quality of education: healthcare system and lower precarious work environment.
With a higher number of quality of care.
children to educate, schools 2) Maternity and Paternity
may struggle to provide the 2) Spread of diseases: Leave:
same level of quality High fertility rates can High fertility rates can lead to
education as in areas with contribute to the spread of a greater demand for
lower fertility rates. infectious diseases, as larger maternity and paternity leave.
Overcrowded classrooms, families and communities This can place a strain on
overworked teachers and may have closer contact with employers, particularly small
less resources can all lead to one another. Strain on businesses, who may
a poor quality of education. healthcare system again. struggle to provide adequate
time off for employees.
3) Gender disparities: 3) Workforce:
cz of some cultures, high High fertility rates will 3) Gender Equity:
fertility rates may result in a increase demand for In some cultures, high fertility
preference for male children, healthcare workforce creating rates may result in traditional
reducing enrollment of girls employment in the sector. gender roles, with women
and lowering the overall level However lack of skill and taking on a greater share of
of education for females. education can lead to caregiving responsibilities. This
shortage of qualified workers can result in lower levels of
4) Economic factors: meaning lower quality of care female participation in the labor
More children, more resource force and reduced opportunities
required, meaning school be 4) Healthcare financing: for women to advance in their
expensive and be burden on Strain on healthcare careers.
some parents and ppl. resources due to points
above will require better 4) Economic Growth:
maintainance for the system. High fertility rates can lead to
This can lead to a lack of increased demand for goods
funds for healthcare and services, which can
infrastructure (hospitals stimulate economic growth and
wghera). create new job opportunities.
However, this effect may be
offset by other factors, such as a
lack of resources to support a
growing population.
 Infant/maternal mortality rates:
• The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births every
year.
• In 2019, the infant mortality rate in Pakistan was at about 55.7 deaths per 1,000 live
births.
• In 2018, the infant mortality rate in Pakistan was at about 57.2 deaths per 1,000 live
births.
• In 2017, the infant mortality rate in Pakistan was at about 58.8 deaths per 1,000 live
births.
• The general trend shows a decrease in the infant mortality rate every year. It is
predicted to decrease even further in the upcoming years due to the improvement of
health facilities across the country.
Impact on education: Impact on healthcare: Impact on employment:

Life expectancy:
• The average number of years a person is expected to live calculated for a country.
• The current life expectancy for Pakistan in 2021 is 67.48 years, a 0.23% increase from
2020.
• The life expectancy for Pakistan in 2020 was 67.33 years, a 0.23% increase from
2019.
• The life expectancy for Pakistan in 2019 was 67.17 years, a 0.23% increase from
2018.
• The general trend shows an increase in life expectancy every year. It is predicted to
increase further in the upcoming years due to improvement of health facilities and
better sanitation.
Impact on education: Impact on healthcare: Impact on employment:

3.2 Quality of life in rural Pakistan: challenges of life in rural communities

a) Human Development Index (HDI) factors influencing the ‘quality of life’ for different groups
within Pakistan: years of schooling, per capita income and life expectancy.

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is the most widely used aggregate measure of the
quality of life. It is also used as a measure of the level of development.
• It takes into account three variables: per capita income, literacy and life expectancy.
• The HDI assesses three strands: one economic, one education and one health.
• Pakistan was ranked 154th among 189 countries on UN’s Human Development Index
(HDI) 2020 rankings.

b) Challenges facing Pakistan’s rural population: population structure of rural communities,

poverty, education, gender equality: subsistence agriculture and rural-based craft industries,
and impact of remittances.
 Poverty
Reasons:

• Lack of rural development.

• Few educational facilities, health facilities – less than 1 doctor per thousand people.
• Government generally focuses on developed areas and rural areas are not the focus of
development.
• Most people have agricultural related jobs – they overwork and don’t get sufficient wages –
45% of Pakistan’s total labour force.

Impacts:

• Due to poverty, infant mortality rate increases and disease is more common. Mortality rate in
rural areas was 124 and in urban areas it was 93.
• However, there has been an increase in urbanization – % living in rural areas had dropped from
78% in 1960 to 61% in 2015.
• By the 2007-08 fiscal year, when it was estimated that 17.2% of the total population lived below
the poverty line.
• Out of the total 40 million living below the poverty line, thirty million live in rural areas.
Education and HealthCare
• Reasons:
• Lack of schools - only one girls college in Balochistan.
• Lack of qualified teachers - 1 teacher for 1000 students.
• Lack of investment.
• Regional disparity.
• Impacts:
• Increased mortality rate.
• People in rural areas are more likely to catch and not survive disease.
• Escalated social issues
• Less people will be economically independent and financially stable.
• Child labour.

Gender Inequality
• Reasons:
• Dyadic power.
• Historical perspective of different genders.
• Difference between male and female population in rural areas.
• Lack of political representation.
• Impacts:
• Domestic violence.
• Honour killings.
• Feudal marriages including forced marriages (example of Z.A Bhutto).
 Subsistence Agriculture
• Definition:
• When agriculture is done only to suffice family, not on a commercial level.
• Reasons:
• Age and literacy affect differences between women more than it does between men, particularly for
convenient locations to access information.
• Educational status of female gender in rural areas is mostly less than their male counterparts. As
compared to male gender, illiteracy is more prevalent among female gender as majority (26.0%) of
females were found illiterate in Bahawalpur-Southern Punjab.
• Impacts:
• Lack of proper transport facilities for females.
• Lack of social security for rural females, lack of reorganization and appreciation of rural female’s work and
lack of agricultural land rights for rural females.
• Almost all the agricultural extension and rural development services are being targeted men only.
• Pakistani women farmers have limited access to adequate resources, including agricultural knowledge
and skills related to crops and livestock management practices compared to male family heads who have
access to agricultural advisory & agricultural information services and credit facilities.
• Limited access of women farmers to extension services lead to poor agricultural practices thereby
lowering crop productivity and income and ultimately lead to poor nutrition.
• Women spend around 12 to 15 hours daily on agricultural activities. The farm work of the women is
usually ignored, unpaid, and not counted as an economic activity.
Rural-based Craft Industries
• Reasons:
• Women’s roles in crafts industries were summarized, when it was asserted that “although handicrafts are
often advised when income-generating activities are sought for women, ‘feminine’ crafts tend to be time-
consuming, give poor returns, and offer little opportunity for upgrading skills”. Therefore, males are
reluctant to opt for such a job. These crafts also require precision, a job more successfully conducted by
females; therefore, these industries are more dominant. Harassment cases, Religious and cultural
conflict.
• Male dominated craft industries are usually less in number. However, when crafts are to be sold at a
larger scale, their contribution is massive. Females mainly contribute to 'classification and preparation';
the rest (raw material extraction, handling of machinery etc.) is a male's job. Hence, in areas where these
industries work for self-provision only, males dominate the industries, as they are considered providers for
their families, despite there being low wages.
• Impacts:

Negatives of Women Dominance/Positives of Male Dominance:

• Females are not as good with machines and technologies.

• Have less experience in developing their crafts’ designs, because of a lack of experience traveling, even
regionally inside Pakistan.

Positives of Woman Dominance/Negatives of Male Dominance:

• Women are more creative in the craft design, when the craft is related to fashion and female accessories.
• They also have more patience in the making of some craft industry products, such as rug weaving and
other textiles crafts.
• Sustainability factor.
 Remittances
• Reasons(Why is it a Challenge?):
• Remittances can reduce labor supply and create a culture of dependency that inhibits economic growth.
• Creates an imbalance in population.
• Creates class differences in rural areas.
• Impacts/Importance:
• Reduces poverty.
• Uses money to improve health facilities.
• Vital for rural development.
• Improves standard for living and welfare.
• Increases financial security by investing in assets.

c) Incentives and strategies to support rural communities.

Poverty

• Nationally:
• Government support: through institutions like the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) and
the Khushhali Bank, a microcredit bank established in 2000 with ADB support. The Khushhali
Bank provides individual and group loans to poor communities in the range of Rs 3,000 to Rs
30,000 without any collateral. Zakat collection is also a part of this.
• Locally:
• Rural Support Programs and Other Development NGOs A number of NGOs are implementing
integrated rural and urban development programs in different parts of the country and provide a
range of development services. Amongst the more prominent development NGOs are the
RSPs, Sungi Development Foundation, and the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP).
• Boosting social policies promoting coherence between agriculture and social protection.
• Research and services to create new income generating opportunities in the off-farm sectors
for the rural poor.
• Internationally:
• The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) helps develop policies, strategies, programmes
to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1: no poverty, and SDG 2: zero hunger.
Includes promoting, inclusive structural transformation and better access to land and resources
and gender equality.
Education and HealthCare
• Increase the number of schools and colleges
• Investment by government and local companies
• Awareness through advertisements etc.
• Building of hospitals, improved infrastructure and medical facilities.
• Government policies should be favourable
• Making primary education compulsory
• Availability of medicine.
 Gender Inequality

• UNFPA’s role:
• In Pakistan, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) is strengthening the
capacity of public sector and civil society partners to advance equality and prevent and respond
to gender-based violence both in everyday life and in cases of humanitarian disasters. UNFPA
works with government and civil society to produce and monitor data relevant to the UN
Sustainable Development Goal 5 on Gender Equality, contributing to sustainable evidence-
based programming and targeted interventions for girls and women. These include access to
family planning services, economic empowerment initiatives, programs to counter and
raise awareness on violence against women, and gender responsive life skills-based
education for girls and boys.
Subsistence Agriculture

• Introduce policy guidelines related to enhancement of educational as well as skill level of rural
women through education
• The government should establish women training centers at union council level. Provide
training to narrow the gender gap in agricultural extension in order to achieve the targets of
women empowerment at national level.
• Women should be given equal right and power of decision-making
• There is a need to bring equality in resources distribution; equal opportunities of participation
should be given to both genders in various activities
• Equal opportunities should be given to the women inside the family affairs as well as outside
the family
Rural-based Craft Industries

• Benazir Income Support Program – loans for business, eradicate extreme and chronic poverty
and empowerment of women.
• Widow's support - Social security schemes.
• Khushali bank - loans
• Aga khan foundation projects – Hunza and Gilgit.
Remittances
• Providing sufficient opportunities locally for the people of Pakistan so that travelling abroad to
earn an income is not necessary.

3.3 Quality of life in urban Pakistan: challenges of life in urban communities

a) Rapid population growth creates opportunities and challenges for people living in large cities:
housing, employment, quality of services (water, sanitation, energy supplies, health etc.), traffic
congestion and pollution.

b) Case study of the particular challenges and opportunities in one megacity (Karachi, Lahore,
Faisalabad).
Lahore: A Megacity

Opportunities Challenges
• Job opportunities • Rapid Urbanization
• Improved status • Land Speculation
• Education and medical Problem
facilities
• Efficient transport • Air Pollution
system • Water Availability
• Improved sanitation, • Traffic Load
Water Availability Rapid Urbanization:
• Food Security
• Better • Increasing pressure on the city
housing/settlement administration in terms of managing
• A diversity of goods and infrastructure and squatter settlements.
services, info and tech
(Tertiary and Quaternary • Lack of integrated urban development
benefits) policies, unchecked urban growth,
• Crime and Investigation, overlapping jurisdictions of land governing
Domestic Services. authorities and ineffective building control
further aggravate the situation.
• 71% of the city’s growth takes place outside
of the formal planning practices.
• Haphazard development – changes in
landform and environment.
• Put severe strain on Pakistan’s ability to
increase food production in parallel with
population growth
• Lahore harbors huge populations of the
urban poor who are shut off from them the
benefit of economic growth.
Land Speculation Problem:

• Lahore is the hub of Real Estate in Pakistan.

• Less affordable housing problems for the
urban poor.
• International room density is 1.1 persons,
while it is 3.5 persons per room and above
in Lahore.
 Air Pollution:

• Damages lives and health of urban

population.
• While first being known as the city of
gardens, It is now one of the most polluted
cities in the world. (this problem accounts for
about 3 million deaths globally)
• Annual average is 68 micrograms/m3, 6.8
times the WHO's safe level.
• Urban areas generate almost 81 per cent of
the greenhouse gas emissions worldwide –
contributing to Global Warming.
• Changing climate and depleting biodiversity.
Water Availability:

• When waters run dry, people can't get

enough to drink, wash, or feed crops, and
economic decline may occur.
• About 44% of people in Pakistan don't have
access.
• In addition, inadequate sanitation—a
problem for 2.4 billion people—can lead to
deadly diarrheal diseases, including cholera
and typhoid fever, and other water-borne
illnesses.
Traffic Load:

• Traffic Congestions
• Poor infrastructure
• Law enforcement problems
• Traffic jams in the urban areas are causing
serious health issues, including headaches,
depression and mental disorders.
• The LOS (level of service) and road
infrastructure are affected

c) Government (top-down) and NGO/local community (bottom-up) strategies in response to the

challenges of living in large urban areas.

Government - Top-down NGO/local community - bottom-up

 Housing: • Reducing greenhouse gas
• Announcements of government- emissions: use public transport more
sponsored housing projects have instead of personal cars, or use a
made headlines, such as Ashiana and bike/walk. Less greenhouse gases will
Apna Ghar. be released into the air and there will
be less air pollution.
Water and sanitation:
• A National Drinking Water Policy was • Save water: avoid wasting water.
announced in 2009 that promises safe Only use the necessary amount so
and sustainable drinking water to all there is water left for other people to
by 2025, and a Sanitation Policy was use as well.
declared in 2006 aligning goals with
the relevant Millennium Development • Sanitation: regular sanitizing, and
Goal targets. during the current situation, practising
• The Saaf Pani company is restoring social distancing. This will help reduce
non-functional water schemes in 37 the spread of infectious diseases,
rural tehsils of South Punjab and is such as Covid-19.
keen to scale-up the program across
all districts (rural and urban). • Fairness: law enforcement agencies
should ensure proper development
Health: control. This way there will be less
• Pakistan finally has a National Health disputes and therefore stress levels
Vision (NHV) 2016-2025 to help and tension in the society will
prioritize health interventions post- decrease.
devolution.
• Both KP and Punjab have launched
successful inactivated polio
vaccination (IPV) campaigns.

Transport:
• The federal government has only
recently signed a two-year project to
formulate the first National Transport
Policy with support from the United
Kingdom’s Department for
International Development (DFID) and
the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) for a safe, efficient and
sustainable transport system.

Education:
• All four provinces are now relying on
technology-driven, “smart” monitoring
techniques to manage the
performance of public
schools. Provinces are also moving
towards the merit-based hiring of
teachers, now being recruited through
rigorous testing conducted by a third-
party service.

Land Management:
• The incumbent government’s “Vision
 2025” and 11th Five Year Plan (2013-
18) roll out a similar agenda. Vision
2025 particularly emphasizes legal
reforms for zoning, commercialization,
taxation and improving urban
infrastructure.

3.4 Present and future impacts of climate change on the people, economy and
environment of Pakistan and possible mitigation strategies

a) Causes of climate change and recent global warming (last century).

Natural causes of climate change:

• The amount of solar radiation received by the Earth.
• Volcanic activity - huge amounts of dust and ash are ejected into the atmosphere during
volcanic eruptions; this can block solar radiation, resulting in lowering of global
temperatures to the point that there is a glacial period.
• Cosmic material - also eject large quantities of dust into the atmosphere. The impact is
the same as volcanoes.

Human causes (release of greenhouse gases):

• Carbon dioxide: released when fossil fuels are burnt. Deforestation leads to a rise in
carbon dioxide levels.
• Methane: decay of organic matter - waste in landfill sites, animal manure, large areas of
crops.
• Nitrous oxides: burning of fossil fuels and use of artificial fertilizers.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): gases released via aerosols and coolants in fridges,
freezers and air conditioning systems.

Recent Global Warming:

• Global land temperatures are 1°C higher now than they were at the end of the 19th
century.
• Measurements over the past 100 years have shown an average rise of 0.7°C.
• A number of leading organizations have predicted a rise of up to 4.5°C by the end of the
21st century.

b) Impacts of climate change on Pakistan’s people, economy and environment (more-extreme

weather, increased frequency and strength of tropical cyclones, increased glacial ablation and
river discharge, flooding and sea-level rises).
 Extreme weather and tropical cyclones:
• More extreme weather means more frequent and more intense natural hazards such
as tropical storms, as well as tornadoes, heatwaves, droughts and cold snaps.
• Warmer seas mean more intense storms.
• Tropical cyclones have increased in frequency, intensity and power since 1980.
• Three-day continuous rainfall events in the northern hemisphere, a principal cause of
flooding, have also increased since 1980.
Ecosystem changes:
• The distribution of ecosystems will change.
• The warming will push the world’s biomes towards the poles.
• The retreat of ice in high altitudes will make resources such as oil, natural gas and
minerals accessible and allow them to be exploited.
Rising sea levels, flooding and increased glacial ablation:
• Higher temperatures will lead to the shrinking of glaciers.
• As the stores of ice in polar and high mountain regions are unlocked and melt, vast
quantities of meltwater will cause the global sea level to rise and floodings.
• Global sea level has risen by 20cm since 1880.
• Increased flooding and erosion will undoubtedly lead to a retreating coastline.
Drowning cities:
• Cities near the coastline, like Karachi, or near the Northern areas where glaciers are
located are at risk of being drowned due to risk of rising sea levels and the melting of
glaciers.
Changing settlement patterns:
• There would be massive volumes of migration as a result of the drowning of cities.
• What would happen to all the economic activities and wealth that once occupied the
drowned coastal space?
Reduced employment opportunities:
• Coastal areas tend to accommodate a large proportion of the county’s population.
• A significant amount of wealth is also generated and located here as a coastal location
is good in terms of the movement of raw materials and manufactured goods.
• Huge negative impact on employment as coastal farmland, cities, tourist resorts and
ports may be abandoned to the rising sea level.
Health and well-being:
• Warmer climates could change the distribution of many diseases.
• Malaria would occur at higher latitudes and altitudes.
• In drier parts of the world, water will be a scarce resource so more and more people
will have to use unclean water, which will lead to outbreaks of water-borne diseases
such as chlorella.
• Mortality rates would then rise.
• The upheaval and movement of people and economic activities from coastal areas will
cause much human distress and personal insecurity.
Conflict:
• Global warming is expected to increase food and water insecurity.
• This could lead to conflict as people are forced to migrate in search of food and water.
• Possibility that people would fight over the remaining resources of food and water.

c) Local actions and government strategies (in the context of international strategies) to
mitigate and adapt to the challenges of climate change.

Local actions Government strategies

Awareness: Inspire, educate and raise Dams and reservoirs: Building more dams
awareness on how our everyday consumer and reservoirs will store more water and
behavior affects our local environment and prevent peak discharge, reducing the chance
planet through ted talks and other discussions
on plastic recycling solutions (example is the of flooding. (Mangla dam initiated and funded
Coca Cola Company) by the UK)

Follow the 3 Rs: Reuse, Reduce and recycle Planting trees: Tree plantations in the areas
to prevent further damage to the environment where droughts are predominant (impact of
by reducing what goes into the landfill and climate change), will lower the extreme
thus reducing methane emissions. Draw
temperatures and bring more rainfall due to
inspiration from concepts like circular
economy and upcycling. the transpiration from leaves.
Tree plantations of the foothills create drag
Save energy: Turn water off when shaving, which reduces the flow of water allowing
washing hands and brushing teeth. Take water to infiltrate into the soil more easily,
short showers. Unplug electronics that aren't preventing it from entering rivers. Green
in use. Switch off unnecessary lights, try Pakistan. Under this program, 100 million
using energy savers and task lighting.
trees will be planted across the country in five
Eating habits: Food shouldn't be wasted. years.
Don't throw away leftovers. Help by donating
excess food to a charity like the Edhi Mangroves: Mangrove plantations on the
Foundation. Eat vegan as research shows coast create a buffer between the sea and
that meat-eaters are responsible for land, protecting the coast from rising sea
almost twice as many dietary levels. The WWF has developed 2 mangrove
greenhouse-gas emissions per day as
vegetarians and about two-and-a-half nurseries in Pakistan and planted 10,000
times as many as vegans. mangrove saplings.

Shift sectors: There must be a shift in

dependence of the economy from agriculture
or agro-based industries to manufacturing or
the tertiary sector to generate a reliable
income.