Title: Electronic structures 01/10/2023
Starter: Exam question on atoms and isotopes
Hint: work out proton
A copper atom has the symbol: and neutron number
1. Explain, in terms of sub-atomic particles, why the
mass number of this copper atom is 63.
29 protons + 34 neutrons. These have
a mass of 1 each
2. The symbol for an isotope of copper is:
Why is its mass number 65?
29 protons + 36 neutrons.
3. Ask for the stretch sheet
Starter marking (stretch)
symbols
reacts with
to make
Yes, there are 4 Hs on each
side and 2 Os on each side
24 + 71 = 95g
12 + Cl = 47.5
47.5 – 12 = Cl
Cl = 35.5g
100 = 56 + carbon dioxide
100-56 = carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide = 44g
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
1 mole 1 mole + 1 mole
So amount of CaO is half of the amount of
calcium carbonate
224/2 = 112g
Electronic structures 01/10/2023
LO: To understand the electron arrangement of
atoms in shells, and to show electron
configuration using shell diagrams.
•State how electrons are arranged in an atom (3)
•Describe the electron structures of the first 20
elements of the periodic table (4)
•Represent electronic structures in diagrams and by
numbers (5)
•Relate electron structure to the organisation of the
periodic table (6)
ELECTRON SHELLS
▪ Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in shells.
▪ Each shell represents a different energy level.
ELECTRON SHELLS
▪ An energy level (or shell), can only hold a certain number
of electrons
▪ Each shell represents a different energy level.
1. The first shell (lowest
energy) can hold 2 electrons
2. The second shell can hold up
to 8
3. The third can hold up to 8
4. The 4th can then begin to fill
if the third is full
▪ Beyond the first 20 elements of the PT it becomes more
complex, but you don’t need to know this.
ELECTRON SHELL
DIAGRAMS
▪ You can draw diagrams to show the
number of electrons in each shell
▪ For example, sodium has an atomic
number of 11 and so has 11 protons and
11 electrons
▪ To save time drawing you can also write the number of
electrons within each energy level
▪ This is known as the electronic structure
▪ 2,8,1
EXAMPLE - OXYGEN
▪Oxygen has an atomic number
of 8 and so has 8 electrons and 8
protons.
▪Thus we can draw the electron
shell diagram as follows:
▪We could also write this as 2,6
▪Remember 2 in the first energy
level and then 8 each after that
LEARNING CHECKPOINT – DRAW
AND WRITE THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR.......
LEARNING CHECKPOINT – DRAW
AND WRITE THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR.......
LEARNING CHECKPOINT – DRAW
AND WRITE THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR.......
LEARNING CHECKPOINT – DRAW
AND WRITE THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR.......
LEARNING CHECKPOINT – DRAW
AND WRITE THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION FOR.......
ELECTRON STRUCTURE AND THE
PERIODIC TABLE
▪ Refer to your periodic table, and look at elements in any of the main
groups
▪ Their atoms will have the same number of electrons in their highest
energy level – AKA the outermost shell
▪ For example, all elements in group 1 have one electron in their highest
energy level.
Li
Na
K
ELECTRONS AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
▪ The chemical properties of an element are dependent on the number of
electrons it has
▪ However, the way in which an element reacts is dependent upon the number
of– AKA outermost shell electrons it has in the highest energy level
▪ Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the highest
energy level
▪ Thus, elements in the same group all react in a similar way
Lithium + Water -> lithium hydroxide + water
Sodium + water -> Sodium hydroxide + water
Potassium + water -> Potassium hydroxide + water
GROUP 0 OF PERIODIC TABLE
▪ Elements in group 0 are called
the noble gases
▪ Their highest energy level is full
of electrons
▪ All have 8 in outermost shell with
exception to helium which has 2
▪ This makes them very stable and
unreactive
LEARNING CHECKPOINT
10 minutes
End
What do you notice as you go down a group and across a period?
Do you think elements in group 1 become less or more reactive as
we go down a group? Think about the distance of the outer
(negative) electron from the (positive) nucleus.
WORKSHEET ANSWERS
▪ All group 1 elements should have 1 electron in outer shell
▪ All group 2 should have 2 in outer shell etc.
▪ Electron configurations are as follows:
▪ 1st shell – 2 electrons
▪ 2nd shell – up to 8 electrons
▪ 3rd shell – up to 8 electrons
▪ 4th shell – up to 8 electrons
▪ The amount of electrons on the diagram should match the atomic
number
▪ Electronic structure is written as 2,8,8,2 (example for 20 electrons)
Down a group: Atomic number increases
Across a period: Atomic number increases
Group 1 elements become more reactive as we go down a group. This
is because the outer electrons are further from the nucleus.
To be able to calculate Relative atomic mass
What is up with Chlorine?
• Wherehas
•Chlorine 2 isotopes
do we get 35.45 from?
Chlorine 35 and Chlorine 37
75% of one mole of atoms are Cl-35
• 25% of one
Relative mole mass
atomic of atoms areinto
takes Cl-37
consideration
•General Formula all the isotopes of
the
Mass element
number and oftheir
= (mass abundance.
isotope 1 x Abundance of isotope 1) +
(mass of isotope 2 x Abundance of isotope 2)
100
Chlorine
Ar = (35 x 75) + (37 x 25) = 35.5
100
Have a go yourself
• Nitrogen N 14 = 99.64% N15 = 0.36%
14.0036
• Carbon C 12 = 98.93% C13 = 1.07%
12.0107
• Potassium K39 = 93.2% K41 = 6.8%
39.136
• Boron B10 = 19.9% B11 = 81.1%
10.911
• Silicon Si28 = 92.2% Si29 = 4.68 Si 30 = 3.08%
28.0972
Groups of 4-5 members.
Answer question A, B, C or D
QUESTION 1 – WHERE ARE
ELECTRONS FOUND?
A. In the nucleus
B. The same place as protons
C. In shells
D. The same place as neutrons
QUESTION 2 – WHAT SHELL
REPRESENTS THE LOWEST
ENERGY LEVEL OF AN ATOM?
st
A. The 1 shell
rd
B. The 3 Shell
nd
C. The 2 shell
th
D. The 4 Shell
QUESTION 3 – THE FIRST
ELECTRON SHELL CAN OLD
HOW MANY ELECTRONS
A. 8
B. 2
C. 6
D. 4
QUESTION 4 – THE SECOND
ELECTRON SHELL CAN OLD
HOW MANY ELECTRONS
A. 8
B. 2
C. 6
D. 4
QUESTION 5 – THE CORRECT
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
FOR SODIUM IS.....
A. 2,8,2
B. 2
C. 2,8
D. 2,8,1
QUESTION 6 – THE CORRECT
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
FOR POTASSIUM IS.....
A. 2,8,8,1
B. 2,8,8
C. 2,8
D. 2,8,1
QUESTION 7 – THE CORRECT
ELECTRON SHELL DIAGRAM
FOR POTASSIUM IS.....
A. .
B. .
C. .
QUESTION 8 – ELEMENTS IN
GROUP 5 HAVE HOW MANY
ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER
SHELL
A. 1
B. 4
C. 6
D. 5
QUESTION 9 – ELEMENTS IN
GROUP 1 HAVE HOW MANY
ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER
SHELL
A. 4
B. 1
C. 6
D. 8
QUESTION 10 – WHAT GROUP
AM I IN?
A. 4
B. 1
C. 6
D. 8
QUESTION 11 – GROUP 0 ARE
KNOWN AS THE
A. Noble gases
B. Stable gases
C. Smelly gases
D. Royal gases
QUESTION 12 – THE NOBLE GASES
ARE ____ AS A RESULT OF HAVING
A FULL OUTER SHELL.
A. Volatile
B. Reactive
C. Stable
D. Electronegative
QUESTION 13 – AS WE GO
DOWN A GROUP OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE
A. Atomic number increases
B. Atomic number decreases
C. Number of electrons in
outer shell increases
D. Reactivity decreases
QUESTION 14 – AS WE GO
ACROSS A PERIOD OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE
A. Atomic number decreases
B. Atomic number increases
C. Number of electrons in
outer shell increases
D. Reactivity decreases
QUESTION 15 – THE CHARGE OF
AN ELECTRON IS...
A. +2
B. +1
C. 0
D. -1
ADD UP AND SHARE YOUR
SCORES!
1. C 9. B Do we have
2. A any winners?
10. C
3. B 11. A
4. A 12. C
5. D 13. A
6. A 14. B
7. B 15. D
8. D
