FOOD AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY

IN SOUTH AFRICAN HOUSEHOLDS

DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONALLY
REPRESENTATIVE DATABASE

Technical Report

Health and Development Research Group

and the Burden of Disease Research Unit

Donald Rose

Lesley Bourne

Debbie Bradshaw

June 2002
Donald Rose Department of Community Tulane University School
Health Sciences of Public Health and Tropical
Medicine

Lesley Bourne Health and Development Medical Research Council

Research Group South Africa

Debbie Bradshaw Burden of Disease Research Unit Medical Research Council

South Africa

The Household Food and Nutrient Availability electronic database for 1995 can be
obtained for further analysis from Lesley Bourne. (Note: It would need to be analysed
in combination with the 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey data that can be obtained
directly from Statistics South Africa, [email protected])

Contact Address:
Lesley Bourne
Health and Development Research Group
Medical Research Council
South Africa
Tel: (021) 938-0313
Fax: (021) 938-0342
e-mail: [email protected]

ISBN: 1-919809-56-2

Material from this report may be freely quoted, as

long as full reference to source is given.

ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS

Inspiration for this work began with various conversations between Lesley Bourne, Karen
Charlton, Debbie Bradshaw, David Bourne and Donald Rose, while Dr. Rose was visiting
at the University of Cape Town on a Medical Research Council Visiting Scientist Grant.
Debbie Bradshaw was instrumental in making this project happen. We thank Karen
Charlton, Nelia Steyn, Nazeeia Sayed and Petro Wolmarans for their comments on our
work with the data from the M RC food consumption database.

Ria Laubscher is thanked for her programming support.

 Preface
The South African government recognizes the basic human right of all people to food, and this is
entrenched in the Bill of Rights: 'Everyone has the right to have access to sufficient food and
water' (Constitution of South Africa 1996). Yet South Africa faces nutrition problems,
compounded by the legacy of poverty and inequitable access to food perpetuated by the apartheid
system. One of the factors hindering effective action to combat these problems is the lack of
information on a national scale to enable better decision-making. Since 1994, one of the challenges
for South Africa has been to construct a suitable database on which to formulate policy regarding
food security and nutrition. In many spheres data simply has not been available for the vast majority
of the population. The field of nutrition is no exception.

Food and agricultural policy in South Africa has for many years been based on data of food
availability at the national level (Food balance sheets). In more recent years, nutrition surveys such
as the South African Vitamin A Consultative Group study (1994) and the National Food
Consumption Study (1999) have given us information on nutritional status and food consumption at
the individual level, and some information at the household level. This timely report helps to fill in
the gap in information between the national and the individual level by giving us an indication of
food and nutrient availability at the household level, and will provide useful comparisons to the
National Food Consumption Study & further validation of the methodology employed in this report.

The information provided in this report is an example of an innovative approach, which conserves
resources by analysing data on a large, nationally representative sample that is already available. The
recall of food expenditure of a household over one month enables an estimate of the throughput of
daily food and nutrient availability to be calculated. This would allow the tracking of household
food availability trends, and as the authors of this report suggest, become part of an active nutrition
surveillance system for South Africa. The availability of food at the household level in South Africa
is a reflection of the extent to which we are transforming and moving towards equity in the country.
The history of South Africa dictates that data needs to be analysed both by geographic area
(province, urban/rural), and also by population group, as has been done in this report.

Sustainability and infra-structural capability is often cited as a criterion for successful nutrition
surveillance systems. These issues have been addressed by the use of the StatsSA October
household survey, which is conduced annually, so the mechanism is available to include a detailed
questionnaire on household food expenditure again. The MRC has also ensured clear and careful
documentation of all data manipulations, which will facilitate this research being repeated in a
consistent and compatible manner.

The detail on food availability at the household level gives further clarity to the access and food
supply side of the food security equation. The proportion of food in households provided by
subsistence agriculture, challenges perceptions on the rural communities reliance on food
production. Furthermore, the information on foods available at the household level will contribute to
the development of appropriate nutrition education such as the Food Based Dietary Guidelines in
South Africa. It is hoped that the information available in this report will also be communicated in a
format that can be disseminated to relevant role players.

Ms N Sayed & Prof E Maunder, Dietetics & Human Nutrition, University of Natal

i
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Study Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Food Purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Purchased Baby Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Food Purchased and Consum ed Away from Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Hom e Food Production and Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Food Group Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Nutrient Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Household Size and Adult Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Consum ption by Dom estic Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

List of tables

Table 1 Sample size by province, urbanisation, and race of household head . . . . . . 3

Table 2 Purchased food items in the IES database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Table 3 The effect of different pricing methods on estimates of mean at-home

calorie availability, by province and urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Table 4 The effect of different pricing methods on estimates of mean at-home calorie
availability, by race and urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Table 5 Home-produced foods in the IES database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Table 6 IES foods and aggregate food groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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Table 7 Energy recommendations and adult equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 8a Mean household size and daily calorie availability, by province and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Table 8b - Median household size and daily calorie availability, by province and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Table 9a Mean household size and daily calorie availability by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 9b Median household size and daily calorie availability by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Table 10a Mean household food group availability, by province and

urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Table 10b Median household food group availability, by province and

urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table 11a Mean household food group availability, by race and urbanisation . . . 27

Table 11b Median household food group availability, by race and urbanisation . . 28

Table 12a Mean nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by province

and urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table 12b Median nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by province

and urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table 13a Mean nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Table 13b Median nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 14a Mean proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by province and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Table 14b Median proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by province

and urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

iii
Table 15a Mean proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 15b Median proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Table 16 Mean proportion of energy from different food sources, by province and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Table 17 Mean proportion of energy from different food sources by race and
urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Table 18 Comparison of mean nutrient availability from IES with mean nutrient
intake from the SANSS meta-analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

iv
Executive Summary

Although nutrition problems affect individuals, it is the household that provides the entry point
for many nutrition intervention efforts, since that is where food is procured and distributed.
This report outlines the development of a nationally representative database that describes the
foods and nutrients available to South African households. Data on household food spending
and home food production for 28,704 households from the October 1995 Income and
Expenditure Survey (IES) form the core of this work. This information was combined with
data on food prices from Statistics South Africa, data on the nutrient composition of foods
from the Medical Research Council, and various other data sources.

The final database provides information on the amounts of food available to households in at-
home food supplies for seven broad food groups cereals, meats, poultry, fish, dairy, eggs,
and fruits and vegetables. The database also provides information on the energy value of at-
home food supplies and the amounts of eight other nutrients protein, fat, saturated fat,
cholesterol, alcohol, total carbohydrates, total sugars, and total fibers. Detailed data tables are
supplied with this report that summarize mean household availability of these foods and
nutrients by province, urbanisation, and race of household head.

Consumption of cereals, expressed as a percent of energy availability, was highest among rural
Africans and lowest among urban whites. The opposite pattern was found with respect to the
availability of meats. Mean food energy available to South African households was 2480
kilocalories (10,376 kilojoules) per day per adult female equivalent. Availability of fat in the
diet was lowest among rural Africans and highest among rural whites, though when expressed
as a percentage of energy, it was highest among urban Indians. Availability of saturated fat
and cholesterol were highest among rural whites and lowest among rural Africans.

Results for total energy and the proportion of energy from selected macro-nutrients were
compared with a large meta-analysis of nutrient intake data from surveys conducted
throughout South Africa employing the 24-hour dietary recall instrument. Mean proportion of
energy from fat, based on the IES data, ranged from 18 percent for rural Africans to 33 percent
for whites. Data from the meta-analysis of 24-hour recalls ranged from 19 to 36 percent for
the same two groups. For every racial group, estimates of mean energy available in IES food
supplies, when expressed as a percent of recommendations, was greater than meta-analysis
results on energy intake measured from the 24-hour recall. These results are as expected, since
the 24-hour recall instrument is known to underestimate true intake and household food
availability data which doe s not encompass losses due to cooking, plate waste, and other
factors is known to be greater than intake . Thus, the IES estimates of energy availability can
be considered as upper bounds on intake.

The database developed here is based on a very-large representative survey that is conducted
every five years. Given the very reasonable nature of these results and the potential for
detailed analysis by population group, this type of database could become a key component of
a national nutrition monitoring system.

v
 Food and Nutrient Availability in South African Households:
Development of a Nationally Representative Database

Introduction

Accurate and representative information about a nation’s dietary habits is an important

element in planning for successful nutrition interventions. Although the Government of South
Africa has made clear its commitment to delivering nutritional services to the Republic’s
neediest citizens, nationally representative data on food and nutrient consumption a useful
input for targeting such services are scarce.

Recent efforts have been marshalled to address this lack of information. The South African
National Nutrition Survey Study Group (Vorster et al., 1995) compiled an extensive analysis
of the literature to provide a description of what was known about the nutrient intakes of South
Africans. The Health Systems Trust sponsored a follow-up to this review which provided
additional information from various studies on other indicators of nutritional status (Vorster et
al., 1997). But both these efforts represent compilations of existing data that came from
regional or small ad-hoc studies; studies that were initiated for a variety of purposes and that
used different sampling methods and survey instruments. Only the recently-conducted
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey will provide national estimates of food and nutrient
intake, although these are of children one to nine years of age (Steyn et al., 2000).1

This project seeks to make use of previously collected data about household spending patterns
to describe the food available to South African households. The work is based on a very-large
representative survey that is conducted every five years and could therefore become a key
component of a national nutrition monitoring system. Although nutrition problems affect
individuals, it is the household that provides the entry point for nutrition intervention efforts,
since that is the unit at which food is procured and distributed. A survey focussed on the
household thus provides important insights into targeting of nutrition and other related
services. It should be emphasized that the survey which underlies this work the 1995
Income and Expenditure Survey gathered information on what was pur chased by
households, rather than what was eaten by individuals. Thus, throughout this paper, reference
is made to food and nutrient availability, rather than food and nutrient intake. Because not all
food purchased by a household is eaten, the estimates of availability presented here can be
considered as upper bounds for intake.

This paper describes the development of this food and nutrient availability database. The next
section describes the study sample used in this work. Following that, various methodological
sections describe the treatment of food purchases, home food production, nutrient content data,

1
The Department of Health-sponsored initiative to determine the food and nutrient intakes of 1-9 year
old South African children was fielded in 1999 by a nine-university consortium. The survey will provide
detailed nutrient intake information o n a rep resentative sam ple of South African children. T he wo rk described in
this paper can be seen as complementary to the DOH study in that it covers all age groups of the population and
provides information at the household level a key unit of analysis for addressing most food-based
interventions.

1
and information on household composition. A final results section consists of a short text
description of a series of data tables documenting key results on food and nutrient availability
in South African households. In particular the variations between provinces, urban rural and
population groups are reported. A breakdown by population group has been included given
the cultural diversity of eating patterns.

Methods
Study Sample

The database developed here is primarily based on the 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey
(IES). The IES was conducted by Statistics South Africa in October of 1995 (concurrently
with the 1995 October Household Survey) to determine expenditure patterns of South African
households. Among other purposes, data from the IES are used to form the "basket" of
consumer goods and services used in the calculation of the Consumer Price Index.

Unlike previous Income and Expenditure Surveys in South Africa, which are conducted every
five years, the 1995 version covered all areas of the country including metropolitan, urban and
rural areas. The sample stratified by race, province, urban, and non-urban area consisted
of 30,000 households, of which 29,595 co-operated. The 1991 population census was used as
a frame for drawing the sample, and included estimates of the size of the population in the
formerly independent TBVC (Transkei-Bophuthatswana-Venda-Ciskei) states. Additional
details regarding sampling procedures have been published previously (CSS, 1996).

The IES database contained 13 duplicate records and 22 households in which there was no
home food consumption. These observations were excluded. In addition, a number of
households had unreasonably high or low values for food expenditures. After converting food
expenditures to food energy (see rest of Methods section for details), households with greater
than 11,000 or less than 400 kilocalories per adult equivalent per day from at-home food
consumption were excluded. The recommended energy allowance for an adult female is 2200
kilocalories per day. Thus, this range extends from approximately one-fifth of this allowance
at the lower end to five times this allowance at the upper end. A broad range was chosen since
this is an availability study, rather than intake study. Legitimate low values could occur in
households that rely on away-from-home foods and high values could occur if foods were
purchased, but not eaten. At the lower end, 640 households were excluded, while 216
households were excluded at the upper end. The total sample size after all of the above
exclusions was 28,704 households.

Table 1 presents the sample size breakdown by province, urbanisation, and race of household
head. Statistics South Africa presents their results on the IES by urban and non-urban areas.
“Urban” refers to towns, informal settlements, hostels, and institutions in either urban or
suburban areas. “Non-urban” refers to towns, villages, tribal settings, informal settlements,
hostels, institutions, and farms in rural areas. The same dichotomisation is used here, although
“rural” is used in place of “non-urban.”

Population expansion factors were supplied with the 1995 IES which allow one to weight up
the sampled households to the level of the South African population. These expansion factors,
or weights, were used for all results presented in this report. In order to preserve
representativeness, the weights were adjusted to account for the exclusions described above.

2
Table 1 – Sample size by province, urbanisation, and race of household head

Race of household head

Province African Coloured Indian White Total
Western Cape Rural 80 419 110 609
Urban 446 1172 54 917 2589
Total 526 1591 54 1027 3198
Eastern Cape Rural 907 108 91 1106
Urban 1028 536 32 453 2049
Total 1935 644 32 544 3155
Northern Cape Rural 1854 202 80 2136
Urban 634 420 10 287 1351
Total 2488 622 10 367 3487
Free State Rural 747 44 25 816
Urban 1097 156 586 1839
Total 1844 200 611 2655
KwaZulu Natal Rural 2406 21 74 153 2654
Urban 1342 196 533 529 2600
Total 3748 217 607 682 5254
NorthWest Rural 1120 5 44 1169
Urban 850 112 50 300 1312
Total 1970 117 50 344 2481
Gauteng Rural 195 17 173 385
Urban 1655 233 196 925 3009
Total 1850 250 196 1098 3394
Mpumalanga Rural 1294 8 1 42 1345
Urban 584 50 60 431 1125
Total 1878 58 61 473 2470
Northern Province Rural 1886 4 54 1944
Urban 510 13 9 134 666
Total 2396 17 9 188 2610
Total Rural 10489 828 75 772 12164
Urban 8146 2888 944 4562 16540
Total 18635 3716 1019 5334 28704

3
The population count in each province-race-urbanisation cell was determined pre and post
exclusion, using the weights supplied with the database. Each household’s weight was then
adjusted upwards by the ratio of the full population (pre-exclusion) to the remaining
population (post-exclusion) for that particular province-race-urbanisation group. This method
preserves the weight of each case in a province-race-urbanisation cell relative to other cases in
that cell as well as preserving the influence in overall estimates of each province-race-
urbanisation group relative to other groups.

Food Purchases

Monthly expenditure data on 124 foods were obtained in face-to-face interviews in the
sampled households. These foods are displayed in Table 2. The first data column of Table 2
lists the number of households that purchased each food during the interview month. The
second data column shows the average monthly food expenditure, in rands, on each food item
for all households that purchased that food. For each household, the amount of money, in
rands, spent on each of these 124 foods was then divided by the price of that food in order to
determine the monthly quantity consumed by the household of each food. The third data
column lists the average price for these foods, while the fourth data column lists the average
quantity purchased by those households that purchased each particular food.

Data on the price of foods were obtained primarily from the Statistics South Africa (SSA)
series on retail prices (CSS, 1996b) and supplemented, when necessary, with price data from
the Household Subsistence Level Series (Potgieter, 1995).2 The SSA retail price series is
published on a monthly basis, so data from October 1995 were used to match the period of
expenditure information obtained in the IES. Prices were usually listed by unit of food as
commonly purchased (e.g. per dozen eggs, per kilo of apples, or per 750 ml of cooking oil).
All prices were then expressed on a rands-per-gram basis, using standard quantity conversions
(MRC, 1991). On occasions in which there was not an exact match between the IES food and
the SSA price series, a close substitute was used, for example, the price of cake flour instead
of the price of bread flour. In other cases, IES foods were really food groups, composed of
many individual food items (e.g. food code 21013 “other fresh vegetables”). In these
instances, a simple average was calculated of SSA prices from the foods that made up that
group. There were two broad groups of foods with no price information baby foods and
foods purchased and consumed away from home. The treatment of foods from these groups is
discussed in sections below.

The SSA price data are listed as national averages. To account for spatial variation in prices
across South Africa, two different techniques were employed. In one technique, a provincial
price index for food was developed, which allowed for the adjustment of the SSA national
data to reflect variation in prices from one province to the next. The provincial price index
was developed using the cost of the food component in the August, 1995 version of the Bureau
of Market Research Minimum Living Levels Series (Martins and Maritz, 1995),

2
For exam ple, this series was used to supply price data o n spices and condim ents, and legume s.

4
Table 2 – Purchased food items in the IES database

N Hholds Mean Fd Mean Mean Qty MRC N MRC

Purchased IES Foods with Food Expend Price Purchase Calorie Foods
Expend (rands (rands (kg per Value
Code Food Item per mnth) per kg) month)
15001 Cake flour 11484 21.82 3.09 7.14 354 2
15002 Bread flour 10160 26.30 2.93 9.22 371 2
15003 Mealie-meal flour 21607 38.95 2.09 18.65 409 9
15004 Sorghum-meal flour 1597 16.66 2.60 6.41 382 0
15005 Other meal & flour 2159 11.11 2.62 4.30 381 5
15006 Oats, flakes, brkf cers 8717 20.59 13.34 1.54 398 18
15007 Rice 22434 18.01 3.83 4.69 360 2
15008 Mealie rice & samp 10030 14.51 2.33 6.22 418 3
15009 Spagh, maca, pasta 8634 13.18 5.95 2.22 377 4
15010 White bread 15852 37.42 2.70 13.88 269 2
15011 Brown, whol wht brd 14194 33.37 2.34 14.22 262 3
15012 Other bread, rolls 3282 14.79 2.55 5.81 272 4
15013 Other baked products 5295 19.06 17.31 1.11 412 33
15014 Baby food - cers only 2445 26.72 17.48 1.53 395 8
15015 Other cereal prods 953 21.00 5.57 3.79 386 5
16001 Beef and veal, bulk 7367 70.60 11.57 6.10 223 1
16002 Muttn, lamb, goat, bulk 6360 77.02 14.79 5.21 206 1
16003 Pork, bulk 3110 32.50 13.44 2.42 173 1
16004 Poultry, bulk 8058 46.93 9.56 4.92 147 1
16005 Other meat, bulk 2105 41.61 12.36 3.38 187 0
17006 Beef and veal 11609 52.62 17.92 2.94 223 1
17007 Mutton, lamb, goat 9088 56.02 19.11 2.91 206 1
17008 Pork 4927 30.35 14.69 2.06 173 1
17009 Poultry 13788 38.97 9.63 4.04 147 1
17010 Saus, boerewors 11967 28.74 15.47 1.86 388 1
17011 Other sausages 2125 19.32 14.32 1.35 309 3
17012 Cold mts, vienna, polony 7052 22.35 14.52 1.54 330 3
17013 Biltong, dried sausages 2114 21.88 14.49 1.51 325 4
17014 Bacon 4089 15.23 27.55 .56 446 2
17015 Mt pastes, can, frz mt dishes 1977 15.40 27.09 .58 214 9
17016 Baby food - meats 911 15.29 16.32 .94 48 5
17017 Other meats 1211 20.10 26.90 .75 157 3
18001 Fresh, chilled fish 7348 28.06 17.39 1.61 154 8
18002 Frzn fish, fish prods 6566 25.49 18.52 1.38 231 2
18003 Smkd, dried, can fish, paste 8094 17.20 25.28 .68 175 21
18004 Other fish 1446 13.87 20.46 .68 187 0
18005 Other seafood, excl fish 888 20.39 25.29 .81 144 9
19001 Butter, ghee 9300 14.82 18.51 .80 727 3
19002 Margarine, spreads 17368 13.67 9.41 1.53 722 2
19003 Cook, salad oils 20085 13.51 5.26 2.58 884 10
19004 Peanut butter 10535 8.07 11.64 .70 626 1
19005 Other fats, oils 3434 9.06 9.63 .95 884 7
20001 Fresh milk 18588 29.97 2.35 12.76 56 2
20002 Sour milk, maas, but milk 7505 13.38 2.34 5.73 61 2
20003 Cream, yoghurt 4410 13.65 2.35 5.81 95 9
20004 Ice cream, sorb, frz yog 5232 15.18 9.53 1.59 190 6

5
 N Hholds Mean Fd Mean Mean Qty MRC N MRC
Purchased IES Foods with Food Expend Price Purchase Calorie Foods
Expend (rands (rands (kg per Value
Code Food Item per mnth) per kg) month)
20005 Milk powd, whiteners 9455 13.35 18.71 .71 443 6
20006 Cond, evap milk 3980 10.35 9.67 1.07 213 4
20007 Ster, UHT, longlife milk 3611 18.42 2.32 7.90 56 1
20008 Cheese, cott chees 8833 20.40 22.50 .91 299 14
20009 Baby food - milk prods only 2282 28.29 34.21 .83 498 20
20010 Other milk, cheese prods 611 12.66 12.54 1.01 130 9
20011 Eggs, egg powder 16047 17.15 6.52 2.63 130 1
21001 Potatoes 25780 13.68 2.00 6.92 87 1
21002 Swt potatoes 5441 6.91 2.51 2.78 83 1
21003 Green mealies 2898 6.56 3.00 2.21 70 1
21004 Onions 22925 7.20 1.49 4.86 41 1
21005 Tomatoes 21371 10.16 3.75 2.73 20 1
21006 Green beans 6951 7.53 9.14 .83 29 1
21007 Cabbage 19938 7.64 1.26 6.09 27 2
21008 Carrots 11328 6.56 3.56 1.86 36 1
21009 Pmpkin, marrow, gem sq 10100 8.65 1.83 4.76 29 3
21010 Beetroot 8056 6.34 2.26 2.83 35 1
21011 Lettuce 5085 6.24 1.93 3.28 12 1
21012 Marogo 3282 7.34 3.01 2.45 16 1
21013 Other fresh vegies 2372 11.45 2.98 3.89 31 3
21014 Beans, frzn 4260 10.90 10.60 1.03 40 1
21015 Peas, frzn 3839 8.62 11.04 .79 87 1
21016 Carrots, frzn 2468 8.03 10.57 .77 39 1
21017 Other frzn 2025 11.14 9.91 1.14 51 14
21018 Canned vegies 4442 13.55 5.97 2.30 44 8
21019 Dried peas, beans, lent 4262 11.51 3.96 2.96 366 9
21020 Baby food - veg prods 1018 12.13 15.97 .76 48 4
21021 Other veg prods 314 14.60 9.04 1.61 60 0
22001 Apples 15647 10.28 4.34 2.39 59 1
22002 Other decid fruit 4858 10.68 6.18 1.74 55 9
22003 Bananas 13906 8.74 2.11 4.17 58 1
22004 Other subtr fruit 4070 10.12 4.58 2.23 46 6
22005 Oranges 12254 9.00 2.45 3.71 40 1
22006 Other citrus fruit 2239 8.09 2.46 3.32 34 4
22007 Other fruit 2407 9.81 3.90 2.54 44 11
22008 Canned frsh fruit 4385 12.21 7.58 1.63 80 24
22009 Dried fruit 2037 8.75 17.25 .51 291 10
22010 Frt juices, drinks 6445 18.65 3.73 5.03 52 43
22011 Nuts, includ dr cocon 1961 8.21 11.64 .71 392 20
22012 Baby food - fruit prods 1217 11.61 15.93 .73 70 7
22013 Other frts, nuts 403 9.78 6.36 1.54 81 2
23001 White sugar 26939 24.34 2.91 8.37 406 1
23002 Brown sugar 3415 12.14 2.89 4.21 392 1
23003 Sweeteners 1860 9.99 2.87 3.47 0 0
23004 Other sugar prods 1635 7.56 2.89 2.62 506 2
24001 Syrup, honey 5096 9.71 11.19 .87 318 3
24002 Jam 14390 8.52 8.69 .98 286 1
24003 Jelly powders 6306 7.07 14.49 .49 279 1

6
 N Hholds Mean Fd Mean Mean Qty MRC N MRC
Purchased IES Foods with Food Expend Price Purchase Calorie Foods
Expend (rands (rands (kg per Value
Code Food Item per mnth) per kg) month)
24004 Chocolates 7486 14.71 30.84 .48 508 9
24005 Other sweets 2169 10.41 20.74 .50 401 15
24006 Other sweet prods 344 9.06 17.13 .53 356 1
25001 Instant coffee 18728 15.43 33.53 .46 2 1
25002 Grnd coffee, beans 3563 11.55 31.68 .36 2 0
25003 Tea 21129 10.64 31.28 .34 1 1
25004 Rooibos, herb tea 6583 8.35 38.30 .22 1 2
25005 Cocoa, warm drnks 2682 9.77 20.14 .49 387 5
26001 Ovn-ready dishes, meals 1599 24.08 23.53 1.02 159 1
26002 Custard pwd, inst puddng 6585 8.46 18.80 .45 179 4
26003 Yeast, baking powder 12942 5.89 29.34 .20 180 2
26004 Salt, pepper 21299 5.12 38.45 .13 168 2
26005 Vinegar 13560 4.11 2.83 1.46 4 1
26006 Herbs, spices 8932 9.77 45.70 .21 159 7
26007 Chutney, pickles, other conds 9686 14.49 10.58 1.37 153 21
26008 Can soup, soup pwders 7946 9.72 23.33 .42 94 25
26009 Potato crisps, cheese curls 4148 12.00 2.51 4.78 534 3
26010 Popcorn 2345 5.91 2.52 2.35 495 2
26011 Other food prods 478 17.51 21.06 .83 343 1
27001 Meals, sncks in rest, hotels 2863 120.67
27002 Take-away meals 3636 56.09
27003 Meals, sncks in staff cafet 982 45.50
28001 Carb bvrgs, away 2989 27.26
28002 Minrl water, away 356 17.29
28003 Fruit squash, away 1267 17.31
28004 Other soft dr, away 752 17.80
29001 Carb bvrgs 10423 32.16 3.70 8.72 42 1
29002 Minrl water 1045 16.14 3.70 4.36 0 1
29003 Fruit squash 4791 16.88 3.71 4.55 28 1
29004 Other soft dr 4184 16.24 3.71 4.37 200 4
30001 Brndy, whsk, gin, away 754 55.45
30002 Liquers, other spir, away 176 35.47
30003 Beer, cider, away 1507 58.68
30004 Sorgum beer, away 373 27.18
30005 Wines, away 696 39.19
30006 Fortified wines, away 107 16.95
30007 Other alcohol, away 36 23.46
31001 Brndy, whsk, gin 2933 58.96 38.16 1.54 249 1
31002 Liquers, other spir 552 26.76 31.95 .84 214 2
31003 Beer, cider 5507 59.07 5.35 11.01 17 5
31004 Sorgum beer 1355 27.80 1.79 15.49 15 1
31005 Wines 2566 39.27 13.70 2.87 6 1
31006 Fortified wines 527 15.75 20.03 .79 33 2
31007 Other alcohol 248 18.81 18.58 1.02 89 0

7
which covers 26 urban areas throughout South Africa.3 For each province, the national food
prices were then multiplied by this provincial price index to give food prices that more closely
reflected actual prices.

The above price index technique assumes that the variation in the price of foods from one
province to the next is constant for all foods. However, bananas may be more expensive in
one province than another, while maize could be cheaper. In order to reflect that fact that
relative food prices vary from one province to the next, a second technique was developed in
which food-specific provincial price indices were used. The Minimum Subsistence Level
series (Potgieter, 1995) contains unit cost information for 23 foods for 17 different locations.
Thus, 23 provincial food price indices were developed, one for each of the foods for which
price data were available from UPE.4 For each province and for each food, the national food
prices were then multiplied by the appropriate provincial food price index to give food prices
that more closely reflected actual food prices in each of the provinces.

These methods for adjusting food prices do not take into consideration the differences in the
specific types of foods purchased by consumers from different socio-economic backgrounds.
With 124 food items, the IES is very detailed for a recall food expenditure survey. Yet many
of the food items are still relatively broad, especially considering the wide variety of foods that
can be selected in South African markets. For example, there are many different types of
pasta that would be included in the ‘spaghetti, macaroni, and pasta’ item or, similarly, many
varieties of cheese could be included in the ‘cheese’ item. Product choices typically vary by
consumer characteristics, including race, urbanisation, and especially household income.
Households with higher incomes typically spend more on food to purchase the same amount of
kilocalories than those with lower incomes. Their rands go to purchasing other characteristics
besides calories, such as taste, convenience, or simply high-end brand names. This relative
inefficiency at purchasing calories is well-known and was incorporated into another method
for adjusting price data in which the price paid by higher-income households for specific items

3
More formally, the provincial p rice index is given by:

Ip = FDBSKTPRp ÷ FDBSKTPRn

where Ip is the provincial price index for province p, FDBSK TP Rp is the average price of the food basket of the
Minimum Living Level for province p, and FDB SKT PRn is the average price of the food basket throughout the
nation. Averages for each province were obtained by weighting the ML L observations in that province by the
population share for each observation site.
4
The pro vincial food p rice index is given by: Ifp = F DP Rfp ÷ FDPR fn

where Ifp is the value of the provincial food price index for food f and province p, FDPRfp is the average price
of food f for province p, and FDPRfn is the average price of food f throughout the nation. Averages for each
province were obtained by weighting the UPE observations in that province by the population share for each
observation site.

8
was adjusted upwards to reflect this relative inefficiency.5

Each of the different price series discussed above has advantages and disadvantages. The
single national price series based on the SSA data has the advantage of simplicity. Although it
does not allow for regional price variation, many economists who work with time-series data
consider spatial price variation within a country to be relatively small compared to year-to-year
variations in prices. The second series is based on an index in which prices vary by province
and thus does incorporate spatial price variation, which is likely to exist to some extent in this
cross-sectional dataset. This index is based on UNISA Bureau of Market Research data
which has better coverage in Mpumalanga and Northern Provinces, than does the UPE data.
The third price series, though based on the UPE data, allows for the fact that food prices vary
in a relative fashion from one province to the next, and thus more closely approximates reality.
The fourth price series derived by applying an index of relative calorie purchasing efficiency
to the third price series attempts to approximate reality even further by incorporating aspects
of consumer behaviour. However, it rests on a specific assumption that the relative calorie
purchasing efficiency between two socio-economic groups is the same for a general class of
foods (e.g. grains) as it is for each specific food within that class (e.g. pastas). While this is a

5
First, the average cost of a calorie paid by each household for nine broad food groups was determined
by dividing the total foo d exp enditures on a given food group by the kilo calories in those foods. M ore fo rmally,

KCALCOSTig = 3 FDEXigj ÷ 3 KCA Ligj

where KCA LCO STig is the average cost per kilocalorie paid for food group g by household i, FDEX igj is the
amount spent for food item j in food group g by house hold i, and K CALigj is the amo unt of kilocalories in this
food item. T he nine food groups are cereals, meats, fish products, fats & oils, dairy and eggs, vegetab les, fruits,
sugars, and jam s. See Table 2 for a c omp lete listing of food items that make up these groups.

Ho useho lds were then grouped into 21 socio-economic status (SE S) gro ups b ased on the race o f the household
head (African, Coloured, Indian, White), urbanisation status (rural, urban), and income group (one of three per
capita income terciles for each of the race-urbanisation cells). Due to the limited number of Indian households
in rural areas, Indian urban and rural households were combined (thus, 7 race-urbanisation groups X 3 income
groups = 21 SES groups). Mean kilocalorie costs for each of the nine food groups were determined for each of
the 21 SES gro ups b y averaging the values d erived above for all households in an SES group, that is

KCALCOSTsg = 3 KCALCOSTsig ÷ Ns

where KC ALC OS Tsg is the average cost per kilocalorie paid for food group g by SES gro up s, K CALCO ST sig
is the average cost per kilocalorie paid for food group g by household i (within SES group s), and Ns is the
numbe r of househo lds in SES group s.

Price adjustment indices, used for all food items in each of the nine broad food groups were based on the
kilocalorie purc hasing efficiency of each SE S group relative to that of rural Africans of midd le income. T hat is,

Isg = KCALCOSTsg ÷ KCALCOSTramg

where Isg = is the adjustment index applied to food prices in food group g for purchases by those in SES group
s, KCALC OST sg is the average cost per kilocalorie paid for food group g by SES group s, and
KCALC OST ramg is the average cost per kilocalorie paid for food group g by rural Africans of middle-income.
Note that these adjustment indices were applied to food prices in the third price series (see text and footnote 4)
for all foo ds in the nine foo d gro ups. O n average the se groups account for o ver 95 percent o f caloric intake in
the sample. For other items (coffees, beverages, and other foods), prices in the third price series were used and
no other adjustment was made.

9
reasonable assumption, it has not been tested empirically. In addition, many economists might
object to the incorporation of consumer behaviour into a price vector, which is typically
considered to be exogenous. Thus, for all of these reasons, the third price series was chosen
for use here and underlies all of the results presented in this report. In order to compare the
effects of this decision, see Table 3 and Table 4 on the mean calorie availability per adult
equivalent using each of the four price series.

Purchased Baby Food

The IES asks respondents to report on the amounts spent on different baby food products
(cereals, meats, milk products, vegetables, and fruits). Neither the retail price series from
Statistics South Africa, nor the other price series that were used, contains information on the
price of these baby foods. Price data for baby foods was obtained using a convenience sample
of baby food items in each food group taken from supermarkets in Johannesburg in August
2000. These prices were deflated to price levels of October 1995 using the ratio of current
baby food prices to those of 1995, for products from a prominent South African baby food
company.6

Food Purchased and Consumed Away from Home

Neither the retail price series from Statistics South Africa, nor the other price series that were
used here, contains information on the price of food consumed away from home. The variety
of eating places and menu entries in a typical South African city confound any such data
collection effort. Although the IES does have expenditure data on foods consumed away from
home, the overly aggregate nature of these IES food groups (e.g. “Meals and snacks consumed
in hotels, restaurants, etc.”) is equally limiting. Thus the results presented for food and
nutrient availability refer to availability from at-home food supplies.

For some purposes, it might be desirable to calculate nutrients available to South African
households in their total food supply, i.e. those from at-home supplies plus those purchased
away from home. To this end, estimates of total calorie availability in South African
households (see final column of Tables 8 and 9) were developed. These estimates are simply a
sum of calories available in at-home supplies plus an estimate of calories available in food

6
This method replaced an earlier approach developed to estimate the energy value of baby foods
purchased by the ho useho ld. The earlier approach relied on an assumptio n that the cost of a kilocalorie in
purchased baby food was about 1.5 times the cost of a kilocalorie in other purchased foods from the same broad
food group. Empirical data from the convenience sample revealed this was clearly not the case, with baby food
kilocalorie costs varying wildly from 4 to 10 times the cost kilocalories from other purchased foods, depending
on the food group. Thus, empirical data from the convenience sample was used.

10
Table 3 – The effect of different pricing methods on estimates of mean at-home calorie
availability, by province and urbanisation *

Daily Calorie availability in at-home food supplies

Province Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Method 4
Western Cape Rural 2335 2335 2175 1992
Urban 2453 2453 2324 1989
Total 2437 2437 2303 1989
Eastern Cape Rural 2126 2101 2274 2226
Urban 2472 2442 2612 2277
Total 2331 2303 2474 2256
Northern Cape Rural 1946 1946 2169 2147
Urban 2321 2322 2568 2256
Total 2054 2054 2284 2179
Free State Rural 1678 1641 1726 1674
Urban 2322 2268 2381 2080
Total 2061 2014 2116 1916
KwaZulu Natal Rural 2128 2088 2163 2124
Urban 2568 2517 2640 2301
Total 2335 2290 2388 2207
NorthWest Rural 1760 1755 1759 1743
Urban 2354 2348 2380 2094
Total 2021 2015 2032 1897
Gauteng Rural 2758 2671 2765 2551
Urban 2862 2773 2865 2467
Total 2855 2766 2858 2472
Mpumalanga Rural 2007 1868 2006 1956
Urban 2233 2074 2232 1938
Total 2088 1942 2087 1949
Northern Province Rural 2609 2608 2609 2570
Urban 3023 3022 3023 2650
Total 2664 2663 2664 2580
Total Rural 2153 2124 2202 2156
Urban 2596 2544 2617 2268
Total 2401 2359 2434 2218

* Method 1 is based on a single national price series. Method 2 incorporates an index of overall price variation
by province. Method 3 incorporates variation in relative food prices by province. Method 4 starts with method 3
prices and incorpo rates relative calorie purchasing efficiency of different socio-economic gro ups.

11
Table 4 – The effect of different pricing methods on estimates of mean at-home calorie
availability, by race and urbanisation *

Daily Calorie availability in at-home food supplies

Race of household
head Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Method 4
African Rural 2107 2079 2158 2135
Urban 2222 2177 2253 2061
Total 2155 2119 2197 2105
Coloured Rural 1983 1975 1986 1796
Urban 2188 2172 2168 1845
Total 2148 2134 2132 1835
Indian Rural 2908 2852 2976 2427
Urban 2879 2816 2942 2509
Total 2880 2818 2943 2505
White Rural 3573 3493 3605 3089
Urban 3322 3247 3339 2732
Total 3341 3266 3359 2759
Total Rural 2153 2124 2202 2156
Urban 2596 2544 2617 2268
Total 2401 2359 2434 2218

* Method 1 is based on a single national price series. Method 2 incorporates an index of overall price variation
by province. Method 3 incorporates variation in relative food prices by province. Method 4 starts with method 3
prices and incorpo rates relative calorie purchasing efficiency of different socio-economic gro ups.

12
purchased away from home. To estimate the calories in away-from-home food, expenditures
on these foods were divided by the implicit cost of a calorie.7

Home Food Production and Livestock

Approximately 7 percent of households in the 1995 IES reported consuming food that they
produced themselves. The IES asked households to report on quantities consumed from home
production during the previous year for 18 different foods. Table 5 presents the number of
households who consumed foods from home production as well as the average monthly
quantity consumed. Information was also collected on the number of animals ca ttle, sheep,
goats, and chickens from each house hold’s herd that were slaughtered during the previous
year. The IES did not ask households about consumption of livestock, per se. In order not to
omit the consumption of this important food group for rural households, the quantity killed of
each type of animal during the year was used as a proxy for household consumption. While
this is a reasonable approximation for subsistence farmers and small-scale commercial
livestock producers, this does not make sense for large-scale producers. For these producers,
their consumption was assumed to be at the maximum consumption level of small-scale
commercial producers. Assumptions were also made about the average size of a slaughtered
animal, since these data were not obtained in the IES.8

Food Group Availability

In order to summarize food consumption into some meaningful statistics the 124 food items in
Table 2 as well as the 22 home-produced items in Table 5 were aggregated into seven broad
groups: cereals, fruits and vegetables, meats, poultry, fish, dairy products, and eggs. Table 6
shows which IES food items were aggregated into each of these broad groups. See Tables 10
and 11 for mean household availability of these food groups.

7
Total calories consumed, KCA Ltotal, is given by the following equation,

KCALtotal = KCALhom e + KCA Laway

where KCALhome refer to calories consumed from at-home food supplies and KCALaway is an estimate of
calories purchased and consumed away from home. T his is estimated by the following equation,

KCALaway = FOO DEX Paway ÷ KCALCO STaway

where food expenditures away from home (FOODEX Paway) were obtained for each household from the IES
data and divided by KCALCOS Taway, the implicit cost of a calorie for food consumed away from home.
Following Klasen and W oolard (1998), it was assumed here that the cost of a calorie in food purchased away
from home was twice as high as the cost of a calorie from at-hom e food sou rces. T he co st of a calorie in at-
home food supplies was calculated by dividing each household’s total expenditures on food by the total calories
in that food. These calorie cost figures were averaged for each per capita income tercile for each
racial/urbanisation group (21 groups total -- see Footnote 5).
8
Households who ow ned more than 20 head of cattle, or 40 head of sheep, goats, or chickens at the
time of the survey were considered commercial producers for these purposes. Maximum consumption levels for
small-scale prod ucers were set at 12 , 36, 36, and 72 head pe r year of cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens,
respectively. Carcass weights for commercial producers were assumed to be 215, 27.5, 20, and 1.5 kilograms per
head of cattle, sheep, goat, an d chicken, respectively. For subsistence p roducers these weights we re assumed to
be 120, 1 2.5, 1 2.5, and 1.5 kilograms, respectively.

13
Table 5 – Home-produced foods in the IES database

IES Home-Produced Foods N Households Mean Quantity Consumed

Code Food Item (kg per month)

72001 maize 830 12.93
72002 other grain 101 5.70
72003 milk 136 44.52
72004 eggs 135 4.56
72005 fruit, deciduous 38 8.02
72006 banana 48 7.43
72007 fruit, other tropical 5 4.70
72008 fruit, citrus 32 8.26
72009 fruit, other 2 12.71
72010 potatoes 391 3.43
72011 sweet potatoes 79 3.22
72012 green mealies 57 5.27
72013 onions 183 2.85
72014 tomatoes 156 3.51
72015 cabbage 207 3.04
72016 pumpkin 222 5.25
72017 marogo 88 2.03
72018 vegetables, other 38 3.37
76001 cattle 650 18.19
76002 sheep 489 11.65
76003 goats 372 3.65
76004 chickens 1035 0.84

14
Table 6 – IES foods and aggregate food groups

Food Group IES Foods

Cereals 15001 Cake flour 15009 Spagh, maca, pasta
15002 Bread flour 15010 White bread
15003 Mealie-meal flour 15011 Brown, whol wht brd
15004 Sorghum-meal flour 15012 Other bread, rolls
15005 Other meal & flour 15013 Other baked products
15006 Oats, flakes, brkf cers 15014 Baby food - cers only
15007 Rice 15015 Other cereal prods
15008 Mealie rice & samp 26010 Popcorn
Fruits and 21001 Potatoes 21018 Canned vegies
Vegetables 21002 Swt potatoes 21019 Dried peas, beans, lent
21003 Green mealies 21020 Baby food - veg prods
21004 Onions 21021 Other veg prods
21005 Tomatoes
21006 Green beans 22001 Apples
21007 Cabbage 22002 Other decid fruit
21008 Carrots 22003 Bananas
21009 Pmpkin, marrow, gem sq 22004 Other subtr fruit
21010 Beetroot 22005 Oranges
21011 Lettuce 22006 Other citrus fruit
21012 Marogo 22007 Other fruit
21013 Other fresh vegies 22008 Canned frsh fruit
21014 Beans, frzn 22009 Dried fruit
21015 Peas, frzn 22010 Frt juices, drinks
21016 Carrots, frzn 22012 Baby food - fruit prods
21017 Other frzn 22013 Other frts, nuts
Meats 16001 Beef and veal, bulk 17010 Saus, boerewors
16002 Muttn, lamb, goat, bulk 17011 Other sausages
16003 Pork, bulk 17012 Cold mts, vienna, polony
16004 Poultry, bulk 17013 Biltong, dried sausages
16005 Other meat, bulk 17014 Bacon
17006 Beef and veal 17015 Mt pastes, can, frz mt dishes
17007 Mutton, lamb, goat 17016 Baby food - meats
17008 Pork 17017 Other meats
Poultry 16004 Poultry, bulk 17009 Poultry
Fish 18001 Fresh, chilled fish 18004 Other fish
18002 Frzn fish, fish prods 18005 Other seafood, excl fish
18003 Smkd, dried, can fish, paste
Dairy 20001 Fresh milk 20007 Ster, UHT, longlife milk
20002 Sour milk, maas, but milk 20008 Cheese, cott chees
20003 Cream, yoghurt 20009 Baby food - milk prods only
20004 Ice cream, sorb, frz yog 20010 Other milk, cheese prods
20005 Milk powd, whiteners 26002 Custard pwd, inst puddng
20006 Cond, evap milk
Eggs 20011 Eggs, egg powder
Nutrient Availability

The South African Food Composition Database Version 1.2 (MRC, 1999) was used to
determine the nutrient content of foods that were reported as purchased or consumed from
home production in the IES. The MRC database includes nutrient information for over 1400
food items, whereas the IES collected information on 124 purchased foods and 22 home-
produced foods (including livestock). Thus, food items from the MRC database were selected
that matched the IES foods. On occasions in which the IES foods could be represented by
more than one MRC food, simple averages were taken for the nutrients from the appropriate
MRC foods. The penultimate column in Table 2 displays the average energy value
(kilocalories/100 gram) of the IES foods, while the final column in this table shows the
number of foods from the MRC database that were used to form this average.

The nutrient data in the MRC database are reported per 100 grams of edible portion, whereas
IES data represent foods as purchased. Thus, values for raw foods from the MRC tables were
used whenever possible. When data for cooked foods were used (e.g. boiled rice), a
conversion factor was applied to the IES food quantity data to adjust the raw weight to that of
a cooked weight. These conversion factors were obtained from the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s nutrient database (USDA, 1999). To adjust the weight of foods as purchased to
the appropriate weight of an edible portion the refuse for each food item was also subtracted.
Common refuse factors (e.g. the percent of a banana’s weight that is peel) were also obtained
from the USDA’s nutrient database (USDA, 1999). The USDA database was additionally
used for particular food items with missing nutrient values in the MRC database or for when
composite indices were available from USDA, but not from MRC (e.g. a single composite of
retail cuts of raw beef for all grades, lean and fat).

Tables 14 and 17 present information on energy sources in the diet. The percentage of calories
from protein, fat, saturated fat, alcohol, carbohydrate, and sugar was calculated by multiplying
the amount of the macronutrient available to the household by the energy value of that
macronutrient and dividing by the total energy available to the household. Standard
conversion factors were used for the energy value of macronutrients: 4 kilocalories per gram of
protein, 9 kcal/g of fat, 4 kcal/g of carbohydrate, and 7 kcal/g of alcohol.9

9
For purposes of calculating the percentage of calories from different sources, the total energy
available to the household was calculated in the following manner:

TOT KCAL = (PROTE IN X 4) + (FAT X 9) + (CARBOH X 4) + (ALCOHOL X 7)

where each of the macronutrients are exp ressed in gram quantities. In the case of fats, for example, the
calculation is:

PCTFAT = (FAT X KCALCONVn) ÷ TOTKCAL

where PCT FAT is the percent of energy that comes from fat in the foods available to the household, FAT is the
total amount of fat (in grams) available to the household, KCALCONVn is the calorie conversion factor for
different nutrients (in this case 9 kilocalories p er gram of fat), and T OT KC AL is the total kiloc alories availab le
to the household.

16
Household Size and Adult Equivalence

Since households vary greatly in size it is important to take this into account when reporting
available quantities of foods or nutrients. One method is to report quantities on a per capita
basis, that is, the total amount available to the household, divided by the number of persons in
the household. The problem with this sort of expression is that individuals vary greatly in
their nutritional needs. A three-person household composed of an adult male, an adult female,
and an adolescent male has a very different set of requirements than a three-person household
composed of an adult female and two pre-school children. One way to address this issue is to
express household size in terms of the number of equivalent adults, where adult equivalence is
determined by recommended energy allowances. An adult female has an energy
recommendation of 2200 kilocalories per day (NRC, 1989). All other individuals can be
expressed in equivalent terms to the adult female, with reference to their energy needs, by
dividing their energy recommendation by that of the adult female’s. For example, a two-year
old girl has an energy recommendation of 1300 kilocalories per day. Dividing this by the adult
female’s recommendation (1300 ÷ 2200), gives a result of 0.59, the equivalent size, with
respect to energy needs, of a two-year old relative to the adult female. Table 7 presents the
energy recommendations, and adult female equivalence, for different age and gender groups.

The IES collected age and gender information on each household member. This information
was used to calculate the equivalence to an adult female, in terms of energy needs, for each
household member. Then the size of each household, in terms of adult female equivalents,
was calculated by adding up these numbers for all members of a household. Mean values for
household size, both in terms of the number of persons and the number of adult female
equivalents, are presented in Table 8 and Table 9. These tables also display the energy
availability to the household both in per capita and per adult equivalent terms. All other food
and nutrient availability tables display results on a per adult female equivalent (AFE) basis.

Consumption by Domestic Workers

Information on food expenditures in the IES refers to total monthly purchases. This includes
food purchased for household members and for domestic workers. To derive food and
nutrient availability figures for household members, it was necessary to determine the percent
of food that went exclusively to them.

Fortunately, in a separate section of the survey dealing with domestic workers, the IES
obtained information on the number of workers in each household, their salaries and other
cash payments, and the value of in-kind benefits, such as food, shelter, and clothing. The
value of food given to all workers in a household was summed and converted to calories, by
dividing by the implicit cost of a calorie from at-home food supplies (see footnote 7). The
amount of calories available to household members was determined by subtracting off the
amount given to domestic workers from the total amount purchased. This was then expressed
in percentage terms. This “household member percent” is shown in the first data column
of Tables 8 and 9. It was applied to all food and nutrient availability totals presented in

17
Tables 3, 4, and 8 18. Thus, the figures in these tables refer to availability to household
members, and are net of amounts given to domestic workers.10

In addition to mean values, the medians are also presented.

Table 7 – Energy recommendations and adult equivalence

Males Females
Age group Average energy Adult female Average energy Adult female
(years) allowance (kcal) equivalence allowance (kcal) equivalence
1-3 1300 0.59 1300 0.59
4-6 1800 0.82 1800 0.82
7-10 2000 0.91 2000 0.91
11-14 2500 1.14 2200 1
15-18 3000 1.36 2200 1
19-24 2900 1.32 2200 1
25-50 2900 1.32 2200 1
51 + 2300 1.05 1900 0.86

10
W hile the IES collected information on the value of food given to domestic workers it did not collect
information on the amounts of different types of foods. An implicit assumption in the calorie cost method for
determining the percent given to workers is that the mix of foods given to domestic workers is the same as that
for househo ld membe rs. Tw o other assumptio ns structured the calculations here. First, it was assumed that in
no ca se would the per capita value of food given to worke rs be m ore tha n the per cap ita value of food ava ilable
to household members. Second, it was assumed that in no case would the amount of calories per worker be
more than the amount of calories per household member.

18
Table 8a – Mean household size and daily calorie availability, by province and urbanisation

Province Consumed Household size Daily Calorie availability

by hhold
members Persons Adult At-home, At-home, Total,
(%)* female per capita per AFE per AFE
equivalents
(AFE)
Western Cape Rural .989 3.72 3.87 2337 2175 2212
Urban .985 3.93 4.08 2414 2324 2389
Total .985 3.90 4.05 2403 2303 2365
Eastern Cape Rural .993 4.55 4.63 2344 2274 2288
Urban .974 4.08 4.20 2670 2612 2653
Total .981 4.27 4.37 2537 2474 2504
Northern Cape Rural .996 5.25 5.25 2190 2169 2182
Urban .981 4.17 4.24 2639 2568 2603
Total .992 4.94 4.96 2319 2284 2303
Free State Rural .991 2.95 3.08 1993 1726 1732
Urban .973 3.69 3.82 2450 2381 2409
Total .981 3.39 3.52 2265 2116 2135
KwaZulu Natal Rural .997 5.51 5.64 2252 2163 2180
Urban .975 4.24 4.40 2762 2640 2719
Total .987 4.91 5.06 2492 2388 2434
NorthWest Rural .997 4.78 4.83 1802 1759 1785
Urban .982 3.85 4.00 2517 2380 2436
Total .990 4.37 4.47 2116 2032 2071
Gauteng Rural .976 3.00 3.14 3029 2765 2855
Urban .980 3.71 3.91 3062 2865 2948
Total .980 3.66 3.86 3060 2858 2942
Mpumalanga Rural .995 5.27 5.46 2131 2006 2025
Urban .977 4.49 4.66 2306 2232 2268
Total .989 4.99 5.18 2194 2087 2112
Northern Province Rural .996 5.27 5.36 2684 2609 2636
Urban .979 3.89 4.05 3306 3023 3079
Total .994 5.09 5.19 2766 2664 2694
Total Rural .995 4.94 5.04 2295 2202 2224
Urban .979 3.93 4.09 2751 2617 2682
Total .986 4.37 4.51 2550 2434 2480
* Percent of at-home calories available to household m embers after subtraction of share to d omestic wo rkers.

19
Table 8b - Median household size and daily calorie availability, by province and urbanisation

Province Consumed Household size Daily Calorie availability

by hhold
members Persons Adult At-home, At-home, Total,
(%)* female per capita per AFE per AFE
equivalents
(AFE)
Western Cape Rural 1.000 4.00 3.73 1831 1722 1727
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.91 2067 1989 2037
Total 1.000 4.00 3.91 2038 1960 1992
Eastern Cape Rural 1.000 4.00 4.23 1963 1930 1935
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.86 2215 2167 2201
Total 1.000 4.00 4.05 2099 2051 2068
Northern Cape Rural 1.000 5.00 5.05 1871 1846 1857
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.91 2144 2095 2118
Total 1.000 5.00 4.68 1937 1910 1921

Free State Rural 1.000 3.00 2.91 1098 1026 1029

Urban 1.000 3.00 3.45 1981 1912 1923
Total 1.000 3.00 3.14 1658 1593 1600
KwaZulu Natal Rural 1.000 5.00 5.45 1868 1833 1848
Urban 1.000 4.00 4.14 2374 2270 2324
Total 1.000 5.00 4.68 2090 2022 2050
NorthWest Rural 1.000 4.00 4.45 1506 1476 1502
Urban 1.000 3.00 3.64 2146 2017 2054
Total 1.000 4.00 4.05 1743 1682 1702
Gauteng Rural 1.000 3.00 2.77 2527 2301 2319
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.68 2617 2464 2540
Total 1.000 3.00 3.64 2608 2456 2530
Mpumalanga Rural 1.000 5.00 5.18 1759 1689 1700
Urban 1.000 4.00 4.32 1921 1855 1867
Total 1.000 5.00 4.91 1807 1750 1771
Northern Province Rural 1.000 5.00 5.27 2224 2183 2194
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.82 2595 2497 2516
Total 1.000 5.00 5.05 2255 2199 2225
Total Rural 1.000 5.00 4.73 1877 1831 1848
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.82 2303 2199 2248
Total 1.000 4.00 4.18 2090 2025 2052

20
Table 9a – Mean household size and daily calorie availability by race and urbanisation

Race of household Consumed Household size Daily Calorie availability

head by hhold
members Persons Adult At-home, At-home, Total,
(%)* female per capita per AFE per AFE
equivalents
(AFE)
African Rural .998 5.05 5.14 2244 2158 2176
Urban .996 4.36 4.54 2418 2253 2290
Total .997 4.76 4.89 2316 2197 2223
Coloured Rural .998 3.98 4.12 2124 1986 2000
Urban .996 4.67 4.83 2247 2168 2198
Total .996 4.54 4.69 2223 2132 2160
Indian Rural .982 4.56 4.87 3267 2976 3017
Urban .973 4.18 4.39 3082 2942 3034
Total .974 4.20 4.41 3090 2943 3033
White Rural .915 3.00 3.14 3837 3605 3746
Urban .946 2.90 3.03 3441 3339 3458
Total .944 2.91 3.04 3471 3359 3480
Total Rural .995 4.94 5.04 2295 2202 2224
Urban .979 3.93 4.09 2751 2617 2682
Total .986 4.37 4.51 2550 2434 2480

* Percent of at-home calories available to household m embers after subtraction of share to d omestic wo rkers.

21
Table 9b – Median household size and daily calorie availability by race and urbanisation

Race of household Consumed Household size Daily Calorie availability

head by hhold
members Persons Adult At-home, At-home, Total,
(%)* female per capita per AFE per AFE
equivalents
(AFE)
African Rural 1.000 5.00 4.91 1853 1802 1818
Urban 1.000 4.00 4.23 1919 1830 1854
Total 1.000 5.00 4.64 1880 1816 1834
Coloured Rural 1.000 4.00 3.91 1685 1625 1628
Urban 1.000 4.00 4.64 1902 1842 1862
Total 1.000 4.00 4.41 1860 1810 1830
Indian Rural 1.000 4.00 4.68 2428 2351 2351
Urban 1.000 4.00 4.27 2770 2640 2706
Total 1.000 4.00 4.27 2768 2631 2681
White Rural 1.000 3.00 2.91 3346 3160 3283
Urban 1.000 3.00 2.91 3031 2956 3052
Total 1.000 3.00 2.91 3053 2971 3065
Total Rural 1.000 5.00 4.73 1877 1831 1848
Urban 1.000 4.00 3.82 2303 2199 2248
Total 1.000 4.00 4.18 2090 2025 2052

22
 Results

Household consumption of foods from the cereals, vegetables/fruits, meats, poultry, fish,
dairy, and eggs groups is presented in Table 10 by province and urbanisation. Households in
the rural areas of Northern Province consume the greatest amount of cereals, while those in
rural Western Cape consume the least. Average consumption of fruits and vegetables is
highest in urban areas of the Western Cape and meats consumption is highest in urban
Gauteng. Food consumption is presented by race and urbanisation in Table 11, where it can
be seen that whites consume the largest amounts of many different food groups.

This is also reflected in the energy availability data, which shows whites with the highest
kilocalories per adult equivalent of any of the other racial groups (Table 13). Rural coloured
households have the lowest energy availability, followed by rural African, urban coloured and
urban Africans. Details on energy availability by province and urbanisation are presented in
Table 12.

Tables 12 and 13 also present data on the availability of protein, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol,
alcohol, total carbohydrate, total sugars, and total fiber in at home food supplies. Table 14
and Table 15 present information on the proportion of available energy from different
macronutrient sources.

The percentage of calories from broad food groups is presented in Table 16 and Table 17.
Cereals contribute the most to the diets of all racial-urbanisation groups. Consumption of this
group was highest among rural Africans and lowest among urban whites. The opposite pattern
was found with respect to the availability of meats.

Nutrient availability data in this report were compared with nutrient intake data from the meta-
analysis of 24-hour recall data, conducted by the South African National Nutrition Survey
Study Group, or SANSS (Vorster et al., 1995). The SANSS report summarizes mean intakes
of energy and other macronutrients by eight age-gender groups and five racial-urbanisation
groups.11 Since IES data are collected at the household level and SANSS data are reported at
the individual level, it was necessary to create a household composite variable that would
enable a fair comparison between the two data sources. This composite variable the SANSS
household energy adequacy ratio reflects the age- gender composition of households in the
IES and the mean intakes (expressed as a percent of recommendations) for each of these
individual types in the SANSS report.12 These averages are reported in the second data
column of Table 18. This table also reports estimates of the adequacy of household food
energy supplies from the IES data. This was calculated by dividing total energy available to
the household by the sum of its members’ recommended energy allowances.

11
The age-gender groups were children 2 5 and 6 10 years; males 11-15, 16-24, and 25-64; and
females 11-15, 16-24, and 25-64. T he race-urbanisation groups were rural and urban blacks, coloured, Indian,
and whites.
12
There is an implicit assumption here that intra-household food distribution in the IES households was
the sam e as ho useho lds from which individual intake data were obtained for the SA NS S rep ort.

23
As can be seen from this table, adequacy ratios for available energy from the IES data are
greater than the adequacy ratios for energy intake from the SANSS data, for every racial-
urbanisation group. For whites and Indians, availability is about two times the intake data,
whereas for rural African households available energy supplies are only slightly greater than
intakes. The results for Coloured households and for urban Africans are in between these
other racial-urbanisation groups. These results make sense for several reasons. First, it is
expected that household energy supplies will be greater than intakes since availability data
measure all food going into the house and thus do not account for plate waste, cooking losses,
and other food distributions (e.g. scraps to pets). In addition, it is expected that the amount of
losses due to these reasons will be higher in higher-income households, since they are more
able to afford “waste.” This is also borne out by the IES data, since higher-income households
are disproportionately represented in the Indian and white groups, the two groups with highest
energy availabilities relative to published intake data.

The IES data on the percentage of calories from different food sources was also compared to
estimates from the SANSS meta-analysis of different intake studies. In a similar method as
above, a household composite average was formed by combining the IES data on household
age-gender composition with the SANSS review on the mean amounts of protein, fat, and
carbohydrates for individuals from different age-gender groups. Table 18 shows the results
from this analysis. In general, the IES data track the SANSS data reasonably well, although
for most racial groups, estimates from the IES are a little lower for the percentage of calories
from protein and fat and a little higher for the percentage of calories from carbohydrates. The
one exception to this is among the Coloured population, where the percentage of calories from
fat is considerably lower (and carbohydrate considerably higher) in the IES data than in the
SANSS. Several reasons could explain this, including: the under-reporting of carbohydrate
rich foods in the 24-hour recall data (upon which SANSS is based); the study sites of the
SANSS data, which are focussed largely in the urban areas of the Western Cape (four of the
five studies summarized by SANSS were conducted there); the under-reporting of fat-rich
foods in the IES purchase data; and a higher percentage of plate waste and other food refuse
coming from carbohydrate-dense foods as opposed to other types of foods.

24
Table 10a – Mean household food group availability, by province and urbanisation

Province Cereals Vegetables Meats Poultry Fish Dairy Eggs

& Fruits
(Grams per day per AFE)
Western Cape Rural 269.9 317.5 72.9 33.4 11.8 117.7 16.5
Urban 304.9 399.8 90.1 38.4 15.8 196.0 17.6
Total 300.0 388.4 87.8 37.8 15.2 185.2 17.5
Eastern Cape Rural 375.5 201.4 36.6 22.4 2.4 105.7 6.9
Urban 376.6 354.1 78.9 34.0 8.7 150.7 14.1
Total 376.1 291.8 61.7 29.3 6.1 132.4 11.1
Northern Cape Rural 374.4 196.1 36.9 21.8 2.8 83.3 7
Urban 383.4 333.3 81.9 35.7 7.5 126.7 14
Total 377.0 235.6 49.9 25.8 4.1 95.8 9
Free State Rural 336.5 116.6 34.1 12.2 2 55.4 5
Urban 342.2 280.1 96.8 29.4 8.2 141.2 15.7
Total 339.9 213.9 71.4 22.4 5.7 106.5 11.4
KwaZulu Natal Rural 361.6 186 45.4 21.2 4.4 59 8.6
Urban 368.3 299.4 101.7 40.9 13.8 171.9 17.3
Total 364.7 239.4 71.9 30.5 8.8 112.2 12.7
NorthWest Rural 290.5 198.5 30.8 22.5 4.3 43.9 9.3
Urban 351.0 300.1 82.3 39.3 8.3 159.4 17.6
Total 317.1 243.1 53.4 29.9 6.1 94.6 12.9
Gauteng Rural 405.5 298.4 96.2 39.3 14.0 153.8 16.5
Urban 399.9 392.0 111.1 35.9 15.5 177.4 17.9
Total 400.3 385.9 110.1 36.1 15.4 175.8 17.8
Mpumalanga Rural 346.8 199.0 39.3 22.0 5.8 64.2 11.6
Urban 320.3 297.2 77.5 27.4 10.5 139.3 16.0
Total 337.3 234.3 53.0 23.9 7.5 91.2 13.2
Northern Province Rural 512.6 186.2 38.7 26.7 5.2 52.1 9.6
Urban 508.5 297.4 106.7 45.0 9.1 186.8 17.0
Total 512.1 200.8 47.7 29.1 5.7 69.8 10.5
Total Rural 385.8 194.2 41.5 23.1 4.7 67.6 9.1
Urban 369.1 351.3 97.7 36.6 12.9 169.5 17.0
Total 376.5 282 72.9 30.6 9.3 124.6 13.5

25
Table 10b – Median household food group availability, by province and urbanisation

Province Cereals Vegetables Meats Poultry Fish Dairy Eggs

& Fruits
(Grams per day per AFE)
Western Cape Rural 216.9 228.7 30.6 25.5 7.2 34.0 10.5
Urban 252.3 301.7 63.9 29.5 10.4 141.3 13.1
Total 248.3 290.1 58.0 28.6 9.9 129.7 12.8
Eastern Cape Rural 312.5 151.8 14.1 14.7 0.0 26.6 0.0
Urban 305.2 259.7 41.3 20.3 2.2 82.5 5.6
Total 307.9 204.7 27.5 17.7 0.0 55.7 0.0
Northern Cape Rural 315.8 151.7 12.2 14.5 0.0 56.4 0.0
Urban 311.1 247.6 39.5 21.8 3.3 69.3 7
Total 314.5 170.5 17.2 15.6 0.0 59.7 0.0
Free State Rural 160.2 82.4 19.4 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0
Urban 271.0 193.1 49.5 14.1 3.1 75.4 9.1
Total 234.3 136.2 28.5 4.6 0.0 51.5 0.0
KwaZulu Natal Rural 305.3 142.1 23.5 10.4 0.5 27.3 0.0
Urban 312.5 230.3 72.4 29.0 7.3 115.5 13.5
Total 308.1 178.8 40.4 17.3 3.1 55.5 7.8
NorthWest Rural 241.1 150.6 15.1 14.9 2.0 14.0 1.3
Urban 287.3 222.2 49.4 28.8 3.4 100.6 11.2
Total 261.1 170.7 25.1 19.0 2.4 38.5 5.8
Gauteng Rural 292.2 206.0 54.9 29.4 0.0 105.6 7.7
Urban 322.0 285.5 78.6 26.7 8.1 115.7 13.2
Total 321.0 279.7 77.1 26.8 7.8 114.7 12.8
Mpumalanga Rural 289.8 146.2 21.4 15.4 2.4 34.3 6.8
Urban 265.5 221.2 41.6 17.3 4.8 71.7 11.8
Total 281.1 167.5 26.3 15.9 3.0 43.5 8.3
Northern Province Rural 433.7 124.3 15.9 16.2 0.8 17.2 0.0
Urban 390.6 205.1 59.6 34.6 3.4 100.6 9.2
Total 424.0 132.5 19.0 17.4 1.0 22.9 0.0
Total Rural 313.2 141.0 18.6 13.9 0.0 28.8 0.0
Urban 298.7 256.1 64.2 25.9 6.4 107.5 11.9
Total 305.2 195.5 37.3 19.5 3.2 63.9 7.0

26
Table 11a – Mean household food group availability, by race and urbanisation

Cereals Vegetables Meats Poultry Fish Dairy Eggs

& Fruits
(Grams per day per AFE)
African Rural 388.6 182.3 34.6 22.3 3.9 60.2 8.4
Urban 368.5 254.9 62.9 29.1 6.5 102.9 13.1
Total 380.2 212.4 46.3 25.1 5.0 77.9 10.4
Coloured Rural 280.4 210.4 53.7 23.5 7.1 62.6 10.4
Urban 307.5 308.6 73.9 32.8 13.7 121.8 14.9
Total 302.3 289.6 70.0 31.0 12.4 110.3 14.0
Indian Rural 457.1 321.1 76.1 45.2 12.8 144.5 12.7
Urban 379.5 372.0 106.3 53.1 24.0 213.4 16.9
Total 382.9 369.8 105.0 52.8 23.5 210.4 16.7
White Rural 419.5 497.3 218.6 45.2 22.3 275.5 25.1
Urban 391.9 522.6 162.5 47.9 21.4 290.6 24.0
Total 394.0 520.7 166.8 47.7 21.5 289.4 24.1
Total Rural 385.8 194.2 41.5 23.1 4.7 67.6 9.1
Urban 369.1 351.3 97.7 36.6 12.9 169.5 17.0
Total 376.5 282.0 72.9 30.6 9.3 124.6 13.5

27
Table 11b – Median household food group availability, by race and urbanisation

Cereals Vegetables Meats Poultry Fish Dairy Eggs

& Fruits
(Grams per day per AFE)
African Rural 316.7 136.6 17.3 13.3 0.0 27.3 0.0
Urban 288.5 184.5 38.4 17.9 2.9 61.8 7.6
Total 305.5 154.1 25.6 14.9 1.4 40.4 0.0
Coloured Rural 222.3 164.0 28.0 15.9 3.7 14.7 0.0
Urban 258.1 241.5 50.2 24.4 9.0 81.4 10.6
Total 251.2 224.2 46.0 22.8 7.9 67.7 9.3
Indian Rural 331.4 239.4 55.8 40.0 9.0 118.6 9.9
Urban 338.6 280.4 90.0 42.7 17.3 185.4 13.7
Total 337.5 278.1 88.5 42.4 16.8 181.9 13.4
White Rural 325.9 403.7 138.4 35.1 13.3 206.3 17.6
Urban 324.9 418.6 131.6 36.6 14.8 236.8 18.9
Total 325.1 417.5 132.3 36.5 14.8 234.9 18.8
Total Rural 313.2 141.0 18.6 13.9 0.0 28.8 0.0
Urban 298.7 256.1 64.2 25.9 6.4 107.5 11.9
Total 305.2 195.5 37.3 19.5 3.2 63.9 7.0

28
Table 12a – Mean nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by province and urbanisation

Province Calories per Pro tein Fat Saturated fat Cho lesterol Alcohol Carboh ydrate Sugars Fiber
day per AFE (Grams per day per AFE)
Western Cape Rural 2175 59.2 61.6 18.5 162 .0 3.4 315 .7 130 .7 23.6
Urban 2324 69.2 72.7 22.8 199 .9 2.5 317 .8 129 .2 23.6
Total 2303 67.8 71.2 22.2 194 .7 2.6 317 .5 129 .4 23.6
Eastern Cape Rural 2274 54.9 42.2 11.8 78.6 .8 382 .5 104 .3 29.1
Urban 2612 69.0 71.7 21.0 160 .2 1.5 386 .5 127 .2 28.9
Total 2474 63.3 59.7 17.2 126 .9 1.2 384 .9 117 .8 28.9
Northern Cape Rural 2169 53.9 38.4 10.7 75.3 .4 366 .4 95.0 28.9
Urban 2568 69.5 64.0 19.2 155 .9 1.0 391 .2 119 .9 29.9
Total 2284 58.4 45.8 13.1 98.5 .6 373 .5 102 .2 29.2
Free State Rural 1726 43.0 27.5 7.9 58.0 1.8 299 .2 85.3 22.1
Urban 2381 64.0 68.1 20.6 172 .2 2.3 349 .3 123 .1 21.9
Total 2116 55.5 51.7 15.5 126 .0 2.1 329 107 .8 22
KwaZulu Natal Rural 2163 52.5 48.9 13.4 89.2 1.3 349 95.2 23.1
Urban 2640 74.5 85.6 25.7 202 .1 2.5 361 .2 126 .0 24.7
Total 2388 62.9 66.1 19.2 142 .3 1.9 354 .8 109 .7 23.8
NorthW est Rural 1759 42.7 38.6 10.2 79.5 1.0 286 .6 86.5 19.2
Urban 2380 65.9 70.8 20.6 178 .4 3.0 340 116 .3 23.4
Total 2032 52.9 52.7 14.8 122 .9 1.9 310 .1 99.6 21
Gauteng Rural 2765 74.3 74.9 22.4 188 .8 5.3 412 .3 143 .2 27.1
Urban 2865 80.3 86.6 26.6 216 .6 3.4 404 .9 143 .9 28.2
Total 2858 79.9 85.9 26.3 214 .8 3.5 405 .4 143 .9 28.1
Mp umalanga Rural 2006 49.8 44.8 12.1 100 .3 1.8 323 .5 93.1 22.3
Urban 2232 60.4 63.4 19.0 165 .1 1.9 327 .5 115 .1 21.3
Total 2087 53.6 51.5 14.6 123 .6 1.8 324 .9 101 .0 21.9
Northern Province Rural 2609 64 44.3 11.2 90.5 .8 449 .7 95.7 31.4
Urban 3023 86.0 78.4 22.9 197 .2 2.3 454 .4 128 .5 30.7
Total 2664 66.9 48.7 12.7 104 .5 1.0 450 .3 100 .0 31.3
To tal Rural 2202 54.4 44.1 12.0 89.9 1.3 364 .8 96.7 25.8
Urban 2617 73.3 78.3 23.8 195 .5 2.6 371 .6 131 .2 26.0
Total 2434 64.9 63.2 18.6 149 .0 2.0 368 .6 116 .0 25.9

29
Table 12b – Median nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by province and urbanisation

Province Calories per Pro tein Fat Saturated fat Cho lesterol Alcohol Carboh ydrate Sugars Fiber
day per AFE (Grams per day per AFE)
Western Cape Rural 1722 44.7 44.0 12.4 102 .4 1.5 258 .9 104 .6 18.7
Urban 1989 59.6 59.5 18.4 161 .0 0.0 271 .9 109 .9 18.8
Total 1960 57.7 57.3 17.4 153 .7 0.0 269 .7 109 .2 18.8
Eastern Cape Rural 1930 45.6 31.1 8.2 42.8 0.0 325 .6 86.3 24.6
Urban 2167 56.4 51.8 14.9 104 .9 0.0 320 .9 102 .1 23.3
Total 2051 51.0 40.6 11.1 68.4 0.0 323 .6 94.7 23.9
Northern Cape Rural 1846 44.4 28.7 7.6 42.9 0.0 314 .6 78.3 24.3
Urban 2095 55.5 45.5 12.4 96.9 0.0 328 .1 94.2 24.5
Total 1910 46.5 32.3 8.6 53.6 0.0 318 .9 81.7 24.4
Free State Rural 1026 23.1 19.1 5.6 39.7 0.0 177 .6 64.7 11.2
Urban 1912 48.4 47.5 13.7 110 .7 0.0 288 .8 99.7 17.1
Total 1593 38.2 33.4 8.3 59.9 0.0 251 .0 85.2 15.3
KwaZulu Natal Rural 1833 43.3 38.5 10.0 58.8 0.0 297 .6 76.3 18.9
Urban 2270 62.5 69.8 21.0 162 .6 0.0 309 .4 104 .2 19.9
Total 2022 51.2 50.1 13.8 97.8 0.0 303 .5 87.7 19.4
NorthW est Rural 1476 34.8 29.6 7.6 47.5 0.0 239 .4 72.0 16.0
Urban 2017 55.5 53.3 15.0 129 .6 0 293 .6 95.8 19.2
Total 1682 42.0 37.5 9.9 80.0 0.0 263 .8 80.0 17.3
Gauteng Rural 2301 59.7 50.1 15.0 127 .5 0.0 348 .3 121 .4 21.1
Urban 2464 68.5 69.5 21.0 172 .2 0.0 337 .7 116 .8 22.8
Total 2456 68.2 68.5 20.7 168 .8 0.0 338 .1 117 .5 22.7
Mp umalanga Rural 1689 41.7 34.5 8.7 67.5 0.0 277 .2 74.4 18.5
Urban 1855 49.0 47.4 13.6 121 .0 0.0 279 .8 91.0 18.0
Total 1750 44.0 37.3 9.8 80.5 0.0 278 .3 79.5 18.3
Northern Province Rural 2183 51.9 33.9 7.9 53.7 0.0 379 .2 75.9 26.5
Urban 2497 69.1 57.6 15.7 145 .3 0.0 360 .1 103 .0 23.2
Total 2199 53.5 36.0 8.4 61.3 0.0 377 .7 78.5 25.9
Total Rural 1831 43.8 33.2 8.3 53.4 0.0 305 .4 77.3 20.8
Urban 2199 61.1 61.1 18.2 151 .4 0.0 309 .1 106 .7 20.8
Total 2025 52.3 45.3 12.5 97.1 0.0 307 .5 91.8 20.8

30
Table 13a – Mean nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by race and urbanisation

Race Calories per Protein Fat Saturated fat Cholesterol Alcohol Carbohydrate Sugars Fiber
day per AFE
(Grams per day per AFE)
African Rural 2158 52.6 40.9 10.9 80.4 1.1 363.0 92.8 25.7
Urban 2253 59.7 55.9 16.2 132.2 1.8 346.6 102.5 24.8
Total 2197 55.5 47.1 13.1 101.9 1.4 356.2 96.8 25.3
Coloured Rural 1986 50.1 46.7 13.3 104.6 2.1 312.5 113.2 23.1
Urban 2168 61.5 63.0 18.8 160.0 1.2 311.0 115.8 22.2
Total 2132 59.3 59.9 17.8 149.3 1.4 311.3 115.3 22.4
Indian Rural 2976 78.6 83.8 24.7 168.4 1.1 441.4 133.3 27.8
Urban 2942 83.2 105.6 32.1 235.1 1.6 382.1 143.8 25.8
Total 2943 83.0 104.7 31.8 232.2 1.6 384.6 143.3 25.9
White Rural 3605 106.8 126.8 40.6 334.9 5.8 465.3 186.2 32.0
Urban 3339 98.6 116.9 36.8 307.1 4.7 433.8 182.2 29.6
Total 3359 99.2 117.7 37.1 309.2 4.8 436.3 182.5 29.8
Total Rural 2202 54.4 44.1 12.0 89.9 1.3 364.8 96.7 25.8
Urban 2617 73.3 78.3 23.8 195.5 2.6 371.6 131.2 26.0
Total 2434 64.9 63.2 18.6 149.0 2.0 368.6 116.0 25.9

31
Table 13b – Median nutrients available in at-home food supplies, by race and urbanisation

Race Calories per Protein Fat Saturated fat Cholesterol Alcohol Carbohydrate Sugars Fiber
day per AFE
(Grams per day per AFE)
African Rural 1802 42.6 31.9 8.1 50.5 0 304.3 74.8 20.8
Urban 1830 47.8 42.4 11.9 93.9 0.0 279.4 81.9 19.3
Total 1816 44.8 36.4 9.4 65.9 0.0 294.3 77.4 20.1
Coloured Rural 1625 40.2 37.6 10.3 74.0 0.8 253.1 94.9 18.2
Urban 1842 52.3 50.3 14.6 122.4 0.0 265.7 97.8 18.0
Total 1810 49.4 47.6 13.5 113.2 0.0 263.6 97.1 18.0
Indian Rural 2351 61.1 73.9 20.9 143.3 0.0 321.8 126.2 21.5
Urban 2640 75.1 90.7 27.7 200.8 0.0 342.3 126.3 21.5
Total 2631 74.3 89.8 27.4 199.3 0 341.5 126.3 21.5
White Rural 3160 91.9 106.4 33.2 258.6 1.6 391.2 158.9 27.4
Urban 2956 86.4 102.4 32.4 264.2 0.5 374.5 153.8 24.5
Total 2971 86.6 102.7 32.4 264.1 0.7 375.5 154.0 24.7
Total Rural 1831 43.8 33.2 8.3 53.4 0.0 305.4 77.3 20.8
Urban 2199 61.1 61.1 18.2 151.4 0.0 309.1 106.7 20.8
Total 2025 52.3 45.3 12.5 97.1 0.0 307.5 91.8 20.8

32
Table 14a – Mean proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by province and urbanisation

Calories per day Pro tein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carboh ydrate Sugars
per AFE
Western Cape Rural 2175 .111 .253 .074 .013 0.623 .261
Urban 2324 .124 .284 .088 .007 0.586 .237
Total 2303 .122 .279 .087 .008 0.591 .240
Eastern Cape Rural 2274 .101 .169 .047 .003 0.728 .205
Urban 2612 .110 .239 .070 .004 0.647 .207
Total 2474 .106 .211 .060 .003 0.68 .206
Northern Cape Rural 2169 .105 .160 .044 .001 0.734 .197
Urban 2568 .112 .220 .065 .003 0.665 .206
Total 2284 .107 .177 .050 .002 0.714 .200
Free State Rural 1726 .098 .165 .049 .010 0.726 .249
Urban 2381 .107 .246 .073 .006 0.641 .221
Total 2116 .103 .213 .063 .008 0.675 .232
KwaZulu Natal Rural 2163 .101 .209 .057 .004 0.686 .194
Urban 2640 .115 .293 .088 .006 0.585 .202
Total 2388 .108 .249 .072 .005 0.639 .198
NorthWest Rural 1759 .101 .207 .055 .005 0.687 .227
Urban 2380 .114 .263 .076 .009 0.614 .208
Total 2032 .107 .232 .064 .007 0.655 .219
Gauteng Rural 2765 .109 .247 .074 .014 0.63 .228
Urban 2865 .116 .278 .085 .008 0.597 .209
Total 2858 .116 .276 .084 .008 0.6 .210
Mpumalanga Rural 2006 .102 .207 .057 .005 0.685 .208
Urban 2232 .110 .249 .074 .005 0.635 .216
Total 2087 .105 .222 .063 .005 0.667 .211
Northern Province Rural 2609 .102 .159 .039 .002 0.737 .161
Urban 3023 .117 .243 .070 .005 0.635 .183
Total 2664 .104 .170 .043 .002 0.724 .164
Total Rural 2202 .102 .187 .051 .004 .706 .200

33
 Calories per day Pro tein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carboh ydrate Sugars
per AFE
Urban 2617 .116 .270 .081 .007 .608 .212
Total 2434 .110 .233 .068 .006 0.651 0.207
Table 14b – Median proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by province and urbanisation

Calories per day Pro tein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carboh ydrate Sugars
per AFE
Western Cape Rural 1722 0.109 0.246 0.067 0.006 0.638 0.256
Urban 1989 0.124 0.287 0.088 0.000 0.582 0.232
Total 1960 0.123 0.280 0.085 0.000 0.590 0.236
Eastern Cape Rural 1930 0.100 0.155 0.042 0.000 0.74 0.197
Urban 2167 0.109 0.229 0.066 0.000 0.658 0.202
Total 2051 0.105 0.191 0.053 0.000 0.701 0.200
Northern Cape Rural 1846 0.103 0.150 0.040 0.000 0.746 0.188
Urban 2095 0.112 0.206 0.060 0.000 0.681 0.203
Total 1910 0.105 0.162 0.044 0.000 0.732 0.192
Free State Rural 1026 0.098 0.142 0.045 0.000 0.752 0.199
Urban 1912 0.107 0.240 0.069 0.000 0.648 0.214
Total 1593 0.103 0.202 0.058 0.000 0.686 0.211
KwaZulu Natal Rural 1833 0.100 0.198 0.053 0.000 0.698 0.180
Urban 2270 0.115 0.297 0.088 0.000 0.581 0.196
Total 2022 0.106 0.241 0.068 0.000 0.649 0.188
NorthWest Rural 1476 0.099 0.191 0.049 0.000 0.704 0.205
Urban 2017 0.113 0.263 0.074 0.000 0.614 0.195
Total 1682 0.106 0.218 0.058 0.000 0.672 0.199
Gauteng Rural 2301 0.110 0.252 0.077 0.000 0.627 0.215
Urban 2464 0.114 0.281 0.085 0.000 0.596 0.198
Total 2456 0.114 0.280 0.084 0.000 0.599 0.199
Mpumalanga Rural 1689 0.103 0.201 0.052 0.000 0.694 0.195
Urban 1855 0.109 0.244 0.069 0.000 0.641 0.209
Total 1750 0.105 0.213 0.056 0.000 0.678 0.199

34
 Calories per day Pro tein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carboh ydrate Sugars
per AFE
Northern Province Rural 2183 0.101 0.147 0.034 0.000 0.750 0.149
Urban 2497 0.116 0.241 0.069 0.000 0.640 0.176
Total 2199 0.102 0.153 0.036 0.000 0.743 0.153
Total Rural 1831 0.101 0.173 0.045 0.000 0.721 0.282
Urban 2199 0.115 0.271 0.080 0.000 0.607 0.205
Total 2025 0.108 0.225 0.063 0.000 0.661 0.195
Table 15a – Mean proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by race and urbanisation

Race Calories per day Protein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carbohydrate Sugars
per AFE
African Rural 2158 .101 .181 .048 0.004 .714 .197
Urban 2253 .110 .231 .067 0.005 .654 .197
Total 2197 .105 .202 .056 0.005 0.689 .197
Coloured Rural 1986 .105 .220 .062 .009 .666 .251
Urban 2168 .119 .264 .078 0.004 0.614 .230
Total 2132 .116 .255 .075 0.005 .624 .234
Indian Rural 2976 .113 .280 .084 0.003 .603 .217
Urban 2942 .118 .331 .100 0.003 .548 .204
Total 2943 .118 .328 .100 0.003 .550 .205
White Rural 3605 .121 .323 .103 0.012 .543 .222
Urban 3339 .123 .327 .103 0.01 .539 .232
Total 3359 .123 .327 .103 0.01 .540 .231
Total Rural 2202 .102 .187 .051 0.004 .706 .200
Urban 2617 .116 .270 .081 0.007 .608 .212

35
Race Calories per day Protein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carbohydrate Sugars
per AFE
Total 2434 .110 .233 .068 0.006 0.651 .207

36
Table 15b – Median proportion of energy from different macronutrients, by race and urbanisation

Race Calories per day Protein Fat Saturated fat Alcohol Carbohydrate Sugars
per AFE
African Rural 1802 0.101 0.169 0.044 0.000 0.726 0.178
Urban 1830 0.109 0.228 0.065 0.000 0.657 0.186
Total 1816 0.104 0.191 0.052 0.000 0.701 0.182
Coloured Rural 1625 0.105 0.219 0.060 0.004 0.665 0.252
Urban 1842 0.119 0.260 0.076 0.000 0.616 0.225
Total 1810 0.116 0.254 0.073 0.000 0.626 0.229
Indian Rural 2351 0.109 0.288 0.083 0.000 0.605 0.195
Urban 2640 0.118 0.334 0.100 0.000 0.543 0.200
Total 2631 0.118 0.331 0.099 0.000 0.544 0.200
White Rural 3160 0.118 0.325 0.101 0.004 0.547 0.218
Urban 2956 0.122 0.330 0.103 0.001 0.537 0.226
Total 2971 0.122 0.330 0.103 0.002 0.537 0.225
Total Rural 1831 0.101 0.173 0.045 0.000 0.721 0.282
Urban 2199 0.115 0.271 0.080 0.000 0.607 0.205
Total 2025 0.108 0.225 0.063 0.000 0.661 0.195

37
Table 16 – Mean proportion of energy from different food sources, by province and urbanisation

Province Cereals Meats Fish Fats Dairy Vegetables Fruits Sugars Jams Coffees Other Beverages Alcohol
Western Cape Rural .422 .083 .010 .110 .047 .074 .015 .171 .015 .000 .027 .020 .006
Urban .412 .115 .011 .102 .071 .065 .025 .132 0.017 .001 .029 .015 .005
Total .413 .110 .011 .103 .068 .066 .024 .137 0.017 .001 .029 .016 .005
Eastern Cape Rural .617 .041 .002 .074 .031 .048 .008 .163 .006 .000 .006 .003 .002
Urban .516 .082 .006 .101 .045 .055 .018 .134 0.011 .000 .021 .009 .003
Total .557 .065 .004 .090 .039 .052 .014 .146 0.009 .000 .015 .007 .002
Northern Cape Rural 0.63 .035 .002 .064 .031 .052 .007 .165 0.004 .000 .006 .003 .001
Urban .534 .085 .005 .084 .040 .060 .016 .140 0.009 .000 .018 .007 .002
Total .602 .050 .003 .070 .033 0.054 .010 .158 .005 .000 .009 .004 .001
Free State Rural .572 .052 .003 .064 .025 .046 .011 .187 0.012 .000 .011 .010 .007
Urban .500 .098 .006 .097 .048 .043 .016 .149 0.01 .001 .018 .010 .004
Total .529 .079 .004 .084 .039 .044 .014 .165 0.011 .000 .015 .010 .006
KwaZulu Natal Rural .584 .055 .004 .102 .028 .047 .008 .149 0.007 .001 .008 .006 .003
Urban .459 .108 .009 .124 .055 .048 .016 .119 0.014 .002 .030 .011 .005
Total .525 .080 .006 .112 .040 .048 .011 .135 0.01 .001 .018 .008 .004
NorthW est Rural .548 .055 .005 .100 .032 .050 .013 .170 0.006 .000 .010 .008 .004
Urban .493 .100 .006 .106 .058 .041 .019 .124 0.009 .000 .021 .014 .007
Total .524 .074 .005 .103 .043 0.046 .016 .150 0.007 .000 .015 .011 .005
Gauteng Rural .484 .098 .008 .098 .047 .040 .017 .135 0.016 .001 .021 .024 .010
Urban .463 .110 .009 .107 .056 .048 .021 .113 0.016 .001 .035 .015 .006
Total .465 .109 .009 .106 .055 .047 .021 .114 0.016 .001 .034 .016 .006
Mp umalanga Rural .577 .058 .005 .098 .031 .040 .010 .154 0.007 .000 .008 .007 .004
Urban .498 .091 .008 .100 .052 0.05 .017 .133 0.013 .001 .020 .013 .004
Total .548 .070 .006 .098 .039 .044 .013 .146 0.009 .000 .013 .009 .004
North Province Rural .696 .043 .004 .063 .019 .026 .008 .127 0.005 .000 .005 .005 .001
Urban .554 .100 .006 .091 .047 .034 .014 .108 0.012 .000 .018 .013 .004
Total .677 .050 .004 .066 .023 0.027 .008 0.124 .006 .000 .006 .006 .002
Total Rural .604 .051 .004 .083 .028 .043 .009 .153 .007 .000 .008 .007 .003
Urban .471 .104 .008 .106 .055 .051 .020 .124 .014 .001 .028 .013 .005
Total .530 .081 .006 .096 .043 .047 .015 .137 .011 .001 .019 .010 .004

38
Table 17 – Mean proportion of energy from different food sources by race and urbanisation

Province Cereals Meats Fish Fats Dairy Vegetables Fruits Sugars Jams Coffees Other Beverage Alcohol
s
African Rural .617 .047 .003 .081 .027 .042 .009 .153 .006 .000 .007 .006 .003
Urban .547 .084 .005 .096 .042 .045 .014 .129 .009 .001 .015 .009 .004
Total .588 .062 .004 .087 .033 0.043 .011 .143 .007 .000 .010 .007 .003
Coloured Rural .488 .071 .007 .100 .033 .062 .009 .180 .014 .000 .018 .015 .004
Urban .454 .100 .011 .106 .051 .063 .017 .142 .015 .001 .025 .013 .003
Total .460 .095 .010 .105 .047 0.063 .016 .150 .015 .001 .024 .013 .003
Indian Rural .452 .088 .008 .132 .051 .067 .013 .130 .014 .003 .024 .016 .003
Urban 0.406 .111 .014 .143 .060 .059 .019 .110 .014 .002 .046 .014 .003
Total 0.408 .110 .014 .143 .060 .059 .019 .111 .014 .002 .045 .014 .003
White Rural 0.393 .126 .012 .120 .063 .049 .027 .118 .019 .001 .040 .024 .009
Urban 0.362 .138 .012 .117 .079 .054 .029 .110 .022 .001 .047 .019 .008
Total .364 0.137 .012 .117 .078 0.054 .029 .111 .022 .001 .046 .020 .008
Total Rural .604 0.051 .004 .083 .028 .043 .009 .153 .007 .000 .008 .007 .003
Urban .471 .104 0.008 .106 .055 .051 .020 .124 .014 .001 .028 .013 .005
Total .530 .081 0.006 0.096 0.043 0.047 0.015 .137 .011 .001 .019 .010 .004

39
Table 18 –Comparison of mean nutrient availability from IES with mean nutrient intake from the SANSS meta-analysis

Energy Adequacy Ratio* Protein Fat Carbohydrate

(percent of energy) (percent of energy) (percent of energy)
IES Available SANSS Intake IES Available SANSS Intake IES Available SANSS Intake IES Available SANSS Intake
African Rural .989 .952 .101 .136 .181 .191 .714 .654
African Urban 1.040 .693 .110 .144 .231 .274 .654 .570
Coloured .982 .764 .116 .144 .255 .371 .624 .466
Indian 1.378 .695 .118 .136 .328 .355 .550 .492
White 1.581 .814 .123 .149 .327 .360 .540 .466
Total 1.127 .828 .110 .142 .233 .267 .651 0.574

* For “IES Available” this is the total energy available to household members divided by the sum of the members’ recommended energy allowances.
“SANSS Intake” is a composite household measure created for this comparison, which simulates the intake of IES households if each member were to
consume at the mean of intakes for his/her age-gender group, as given in the SANSS nutrient intake meta-analysis report.

40
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41