Contents

Medieval History...................................................................................................................................................1
Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD to 1526 AD) and Vijayanagar Empire....................................................................... 1
Mughal Empire (1526 AD to 1761 AD)..............................................................................................................7
Provincial Kingdoms in Medieval India........................................................................................................... 12
Religious movement during medieval period.................................................................................................20

Medieval History PYQs

Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD to 1526 AD) and Vijayanagar Empire
Q.1) With reference to Indian history, which of the following is/are the essential element/
elements of the feudal system? (2015)
1. A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or local political
authority.
2. The emergence of an administrative structure based on control and possession of the land.
3. Creation of lord-vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: b
Exp: Statement 1:"A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or
local political authority."
This is incorrect. Feudalism is typically characterized by the decentralization of political
authority, with power being distributed among feudal lords, rather than a strong centralized
authority.
Statement 2: "The emergence of an administrative structure based on control and possession of
the land."
This is correct. Feudalism often revolves around land grants (like Iqta or Jagir in Indian
history), where land served as the primary means of administration and economic control.
Statement 3: "Creation of lord-vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord."
This is correct. Feudal systems involve hierarchical relationships between lords and vassals,
based on land grants and obligations of service or loyalty.

Q.2) With reference to the economic history of medieval India, the term ‘Araghatta’ refers to
(2016)
(a) bonded labor
(b) land grants made to military officers
(c) waterwheel used in the irrigation of land
(d) wasteland converted to cultivated land
Ans: c
Exp: Araghatta refers to a mechanical device or waterwheel used for irrigation during medieval
India. It was an essential agricultural tool that helped lift water from wells or rivers for
irrigation purposes.
●​ Araghatta was widely used in the agricultural economy of medieval India, particularly in
regions where groundwater had to be lifted for irrigation.
●​ It functioned using a series of pots or buckets attached to a wheel, operated either by human
or animal power.
●​ This technology significantly contributed to agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid
areas.
Elimination of Other Options:

1.​ (a) bonded labor: There is no evidence that Araghatta refers to labor systems like bonded
labor.
2.​ (b) land grants made to military officers: Land grants to military officers were referred to by
terms like Iqta or Jagir, not Araghatta.
3.​ (d) wasteland converted to cultivated land: The term Araghatta does not relate to land
reclamation or cultivation directly. It specifically denotes the irrigation mechanism.

Q.3) Banjaras during the medieval period of Indian history were (2016)
(a) Agriculture
(b) Warriors
(c) Weavers
(d) Traders
Ans: d
Exp: The Banjaras were a community of nomadic traders and transporters during the medieval
period in Indian history. They played a significant role in the trade and distribution of goods
across different regions of India.
Role of Banjaras:

1.​ Traders and Transporters: The Banjaras transported essential commodities like grains, salt,
and other goods across long distances. They used pack animals such as bullocks and camels
for carrying goods.
2.​ Economic Significance: They facilitated trade between villages, towns, and cities. The
Banjaras were crucial in supplying goods to armies during campaigns. For example, the
Mughals relied on Banjaras to transport grain and provisions for their troops.
3.​ Social Status: They lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle and were organized into caravans called
Tandas. While primarily traders, they also engaged in cattle rearing and other subsidiary
activities.
Elimination of Other Options:

1.​ (a) Agriculture: Banjaras were not primarily agriculturists; they were involved in trade and
transport.
2.​ (b) Warriors: Although some Banjaras might have had the capacity to protect their caravans,
they were not a warrior community.
3.​ (c) Weavers: Weaving was not their profession; it was associated with other communities like
the Julahas.

Q.4) Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. In the revenue administration of the Delhi Sultanate, the in charge of revenue collection was
known as ‘Amil’.
2. The iqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous institution.
3. The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ came into existence during the reign of Khalji Sultans of Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: a
Exp: Statement 1: "In the revenue administration of the Delhi Sultanate, the in charge of revenue
collection was known as ‘Amil’."
This statement is correct.
●​ The term ‘Amil’ referred to the officer responsible for revenue collection during the Delhi
Sultanate period.
●​ The Amil's primary duty was to collect taxes and ensure the smooth functioning of the
revenue system in the region assigned to them.
Statement 2: "The iqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous institution."
This statement is incorrect.
●​ The Iqta system was introduced to India by the Turkish rulers, inspired by practices in the
Islamic world, particularly Persia and Central Asia.
●​ Under this system, land (iqta) was assigned to nobles or officers, who collected revenue and
maintained troops for the Sultan.
●​ It was not an indigenous Indian institution but a foreign concept adapted by the Delhi
Sultans.
Statement 3: "The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ came into existence during the reign of Khalji Sultans
of Delhi."
This statement is incorrect.
●​ The Mir Bakshi was a key officer responsible for military administration, including the
recruitment, payment, and organization of soldiers.
●​ This office was established during the Mughal period, particularly under Akbar, and was
not a feature of the Delhi Sultanate or Khalji administration.

Q.5) Consider the following statements: (2021)

1. It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in pursuit of the
fugitive Khwarezm prince.
2. It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq that Taimur occupied Multan and crossed
the Indus.
3. It was during the region of Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco da Gama
reached the coast of Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3
Ans: a
Exp: Statement 1: "It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in
pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince."
This statement is correct.
●​ During the reign of Iltutmish (1211–1236 CE), Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader, pursued
the Khwarezm prince Jalaluddin to the borders of India and reached the Indus River in
1221 CE.
●​ Iltutmish diplomatically avoided conflict with Chengiz Khan by refusing to provide refuge to
the Khwarezm prince, thus saving the Delhi Sultanate from a Mongol invasion.
Statement 2: "It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq that Taimur occupied Multan
and crossed the Indus."
This statement is incorrect.
●​ Taimur (Timur) invaded India in 1398 CE during the reign of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud
Tughluq, the last ruler of the Tughluq dynasty, not during the reign of Muhammad bin
Tughluq (1325–1351 CE).
●​ Taimur crossed the Indus, sacked Delhi, and caused widespread destruction, but this
occurred much later than Muhammad bin Tughluq’s time.
Statement 3: "It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco da
Gama reached the coast of Kerala."
This statement is incorrect.
●​ Vasco da Gama reached the coast of Kerala (Calicut) in 1498 CE. By this time, the
Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by the Saluva dynasty, not Deva Raya II.
●​ Deva Raya II ruled from 1422–1446 CE, more than 50 years before Vasco da Gama's
arrival.

Q.6) With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements : (2022)
1. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud- din Khalji.
2. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi and besieged
the city.
3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of north-west of his kingdom to Mongols.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
Ans: b
Exp: Statement 1: "The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud-din
Khalji."
This statement is incorrect.
●​ The first Mongol invasion of India occurred during the reign of Iltutmish in 1221 CE, when
Chengiz Khanpursued the Khwarezm prince Jalaluddin to the Indus River.
●​ Jalal-ud-din Khalji ruled much later, and the Mongols were already conducting incursions
into India by then.
Statement 2: "During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi
and besieged the city."
This statement is correct.
●​ During Ala-ud-din Khalji's reign (1296–1316 CE), the Mongols launched multiple invasions.
●​ In 1299 CE, a Mongol army led by Qutlugh Khwaja reached Delhi and even besieged the
city.
●​ Ala-ud-din Khalji effectively dealt with the Mongol threat by strengthening his defenses and
deploying his army to repel these invasions.
Statement 3: "Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of north-west of his kingdom to
Mongols."
This statement is incorrect.
●​ There is no evidence that Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (reigned 1325–1351 CE) lost territories
to the Mongols.
●​ During his time, Mongol invasions had significantly declined, and the main threats to his
kingdom were internal revolts and administrative failures rather than external Mongol
attacks.

Q.7) Who among the following rulers of Vijayanagara Empire constructed a large dam across
Tungabhadra River and a canal- cum-aqueduct several kilometres long from the river to the
capital city? (2023)
(a) Devaraya I
(b) Mallikarjuna
(c) Vira Vijaya
(d) Virupaksha
Ans: a
Exp: Devaraya I, a prominent ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire (reigned 1406–1422 CE), is
credited with constructing significant irrigation works, including:
1.​ A large dam across the Tungabhadra River: This dam was built to ensure a steady water
supply for irrigation and drinking purposes.
2.​ A canal-cum-aqueduct: A long canal was constructed to channel water from the
Tungabhadra River to the capital city of Vijayanagara (Hampi). This infrastructure was vital
for the city’s agricultural and urban needs.
These projects exemplify the engineering skills and vision of Devaraya I in fostering agricultural
prosperity and urban development during his reign.
Mallikarjuna

●​ Reign: Mallikarjuna Raya ruled the Vijayanagara Empire from 1446 to 1465 CE as part of
the Sangama dynasty.
●​ Historical Significance: Mallikarjuna's reign was marked by internal weaknesses and
external invasions. The empire faced threats from the Bahmani Sultanate and other
neighboring states. There is no record of Mallikarjuna initiating large-scale irrigation
projects or other significant public works.
●​ Reason for Incorrectness: Mallikarjuna is known more for military struggles and the decline
of the Sangama dynasty than for infrastructure or irrigation development.
Vira Vijaya

●​ Reign: Vira Vijaya Raya ruled briefly during the 16th century, likely under the Tuluva
dynasty.
●​ Historical Significance: His reign is relatively obscure, with few significant
accomplishments or records in history. The period was marked by the consolidation of power
by the Tuluva dynasty.
●​ Reason for Incorrectness: There is no historical evidence of Vira Vijaya constructing dams,
canals, or aqueducts during his time.
Virupaksha

●​ Reign: Virupaksha Raya ruled the Vijayanagara Empire from 1465 to 1485 CE as part of the
Sangama dynasty.
●​ Historical Significance: Virupaksha Raya’s reign is remembered as a time of decline for the
Sangama dynasty. The empire saw internal strife, rebellions, and loss of territory during his
rule. His governance was considered ineffective, leading to the weakening of the
Vijayanagara Empire before the Tuluva dynasty rose to power.
●​ Reason for Incorrectness: Virupaksha is not associated with any significant achievements in
public works or irrigation. Instead, his reign is marked by instability and decline.
Mughal Empire (1526 AD to 1761 AD)
Q.1) Consider the following: (2015)
The arrival of Babur into India led to the
1. introduction of gunpowder
2. introduction of the arch and dome in the region’s architecture
3. establishment of the Timurid dynasty
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: b
Exp: Statement 1: Introduction of gunpowder: This statement is incorrect. Gunpowder was
already introduced in India before Babur’s arrival. The Bahmani Sultanateand the
Vijayanagara Empire had used gunpowder and firearms in battles by the 14th century. However,
Babur is credited with effectively using gunpowder artillery in Indian warfare, particularly
during the First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE), which marked the beginning of the Mughal
Empire.
Statement 2: Introduction of the arch and dome in the region’s architecture: This statement is
incorrect. The use of arches and domes in Indian architecture predates Babur’s arrival. These
architectural features were introduced in India during the Delhi Sultanate period (12th–13th
century CE), under rulers like the Slave Dynasty and Khiljis. Structures like the Qutub Minar
and Alai Darwaza already showcased these architectural elements.
Statement 3: Establishment of the Timurid dynasty: This statement is correct. Babur, a
descendant of Tamerlane (Timur) from his father’s side and Genghis Khan from his mother’s
side, established the Timurid dynasty in India, which came to be known as the Mughal dynasty.
The Mughal Empire marked the continuation of the Timurid lineage in the Indian subcontinent.

Q.2) With reference to Mughal India, what is/ are the difference/differences between Jagirdar and
Zamindar? (2019)
1. Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas
Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than
revenue collection.
2. Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and the revenue rights of Zamindars were not
hereditary.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: d
Exp: Statement 1: "Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police
duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty
other than revenue collection."
●​ Jagirdars:
o​ Jagirdars were assigned land (Jagirs) by the Mughal state in lieu of military and
administrative duties.
o​ They were responsible for maintaining troops, collecting revenue, and ensuring law and
order in their assigned territories.
●​ Zamindars:
o​ Zamindars were local intermediaries or landlords who collected revenue from peasants
on behalf of the Mughal state.
o​ They also performed administrative and judicial functions at the local level.
o​ Hence, the claim that Zamindars were not obligated to perform duties beyond revenue
collection is incorrect.
Statement 2: "Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and the revenue rights of
Zamindars were not hereditary."
●​ Jagirdars: Jagirs were not hereditary. These were temporary assignments that could be
transferred or revoked by the Mughal state. This ensured that the Jagirdars remained
dependent on the central authority.
●​ Zamindars: Zamindari rights were often hereditary, passed down within families. Zamindars
maintained their status and authority over generations as long as they fulfilled their
obligations to the state.

Q.3) With reference to Mian Tansen, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(2019)
(a) Tansen was the title given to him by Emperor Akbar.
(b) Tansen composed Dhrupads on Hindu gods and goddesses.
(c) Tansen composed songs for his patrons.
(d) Tansen invented many Ragas.
Ans: a
Exp: (a) Tansen was the title given to him by Emperor Akbar: This statement is not correct.
Tansen was not a title given to him by Emperor Akbar, but rather his name.
Tansen, born as Ramtanu Pandey, was a famous musician who came to be known as Tansen
after his musical prowess. He was awarded the title "Miyan" by Emperor Akbar, but "Tansen"
was his name, not a title bestowed upon him by Akbar.
(b) Tansen composed Dhrupads on Hindu gods and goddesses: This statement is correct.
Tansen is known for composing Dhrupads, a genre of classical Indian music, and some of these
compositions were dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses, like Shiva, Krishna, and others.
(c) Tansen composed songs for his patrons: This statement is correct.
Tansen composed many musical compositions for his patrons, including the Mughal emperors,
particularly Emperor Akbar, for whom he performed regularly at the court.
(d) Tansen invented many Ragas: This statement is correct.
Tansen is credited with the creation or modification of several ragas. Some of the famous ragas
associated with him include Miyan ki Todi and Miyan ki Malhar.

Q.4) Who among the following Mughal Emperors shifted emphasis from illustrated manuscripts
to the album and individual portraits? (2019)
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Shah Jahan
Ans: c
Exp: Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) is credited with shifting the emphasis in Mughal art from
illustrated manuscripts to albumsand individual portraits.
●​ Under Jahangir's reign, the Mughal court became particularly famous for its portraiture,
and he encouraged artists to focus more on creating detailed and lifelike portraits of
individuals, both royal and non-royal.
●​ Jahangir had a personal interest in portrait painting and was a patron of artists who
specialized in this form of art. He also commissioned works that celebrated his own reign, his
court, and his relationship with nature.
●​ The idea of creating albums (collections of portraits) became popular during his rule. These
albums often contained a series of individual portraits, and the portrayal of court life and
nature was central to the works produced.
Humayun (r. 1530–1540, 1555–1556): Humayun’s reign predates the shift towards portraiture.
He is more associated with the early Mughal period when illustrated manuscripts were a
prominent art form.
Akbar (r. 1556–1605): Akbar, while also a patron of Mughal painting, is best known for the
flourishing of illustrated manuscripts, particularly the famous Akbarnama. Akbar's era saw the
creation of detailed manuscripts with a strong narrative style, incorporating both history and
portraiture, but it was not as focused on individual portraiture as in Jahangir’s time.
Shah Jahan (r. 1628–1658): Shah Jahan is known for his architectural achievements, most
notably the Taj Mahal, and his reign did not witness the shift from illustrated manuscripts to
portraiture. While portraiture continued to be significant during his time, it was Jahangir who
was the primary patron of this art form.

Q.5) With reference to medieval India, which one of the following is the correct sequence in
ascending order in terms of size? (2021)
(a) Paragana—Sarkar—Suba
(b) Sarkar—Paragana—Suba
(c) Suba—Sarkar—Paragana
(d) Paragana—Suba—Sarkar
Ans: a
Exp:
1.​ Paragana:
●​ The smallest administrative unit in this hierarchy, typically a cluster of villages.
●​ It was headed by a Munsif or Amil, who was responsible for revenue collection and
administration.
2.​ Sarkar:
●​ A larger administrative unit consisting of several Paraganas (usually 10 to 20).
●​ The Sarkar was the next level above the Paragana and was governed by a Faujdar or
Nazim who had military and administrative duties.
3.​ Suba:
 ●​ The largest administrative division, equivalent to a province or region.
●​ A Suba typically comprised several Sarkars. It was governed by a Subahdar, who had
both civilian and military authority.
●​ Subas were the highest level of provincial administration in the Mughal Empire.

Q.6) “Yogavasistha” was translated into Persian by Nizamuddin Panipati during the reign of:
(2022)
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Ans: a
Exp: Yogavasistha is a well-known philosophical and spiritual text, traditionally attributed to
the sage Vasistha and primarily associated with Vedanta philosophy.
The Persian translation of Yogavasistha was done by Nizamuddin Panipati during the reign of
Emperor Akbar. Akbar, who was known for his interest in religious and philosophical texts,
encouraged the translation of several important works into Persian, the court language of the
Mughal Empire. This was part of his broader policy of fostering a syncretic cultural environment
at his court, where scholars and intellectuals from different religious backgrounds were brought
together.
Humayun, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb did not play a notable role in the translation of
Yogavasistha into Persian. Akbar's reign was the most significant period for such translations.
Provincial Kingdoms in Medieval India
Q.1) Who of the following founded a new city on the south bank of a tributary to river Krishna
and undertook to rule his new kingdom as the agent of a deity to whom all the land south of the
river Krishna was supposed to belong? (2015)
(a) Amoghavarsha I
(b) Ballala II
(c) Harihara I
(d) Prataparudra II
Ans: c
Exp: Harihara I -
●​ Harihara I was one of the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire.
●​ He founded a new city on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River, a tributary to the
Krishna River. The city became the nucleus of the Vijayanagara Empire, which grew into
one of the most powerful and prosperous kingdoms in southern India.
●​ Harihara I (also known as Hakka), along with his brother Bukka Raya I, established the
Vijayanagara Empire around 1336 CE.
●​ Harihara I undertook to rule his new kingdom as the agent of the deity Vishnu. According to
the religious and political ideology of the time, it was believed that the land belonged to the
deity, and the ruler was merely the deity’s representative or "steward" on earth.
●​ The idea that the ruler ruled as the agent of a deity, with divine sanction, was an essential
feature of the Vijayanagara Empire's legitimacy.
Amoghavarsha I (Rashtrakuta Dynasty)

●​ Period of Rule: 814–878 CE

●​ Kingdom: Rashtrakuta Dynasty
●​ Significance:
o​ Amoghavarsha I is one of the most prominent rulers of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, known
for his patronage of culture, arts, and literature.
o​ His reign is marked by great stability, and he is also known for promoting Kannada
literature. Amoghavarsha himself was a scholar and wrote the famous work
"Kavirajamarga", a treatise on poetics.
o​ His reign saw the flourishing of the Rashtrakuta Empire, which stretched from the
Deccan Plateau to parts of the north.
 o​ However, he was not involved in founding the Vijayanagara Empire or in any political
event related to the Krishna River, making him unrelated to the question.
Ballala II (Hoysala Dynasty)

●​ Period of Rule: 1343–1346 CE

●​ Kingdom: Hoysala Dynasty
●​ Significance:
o​ Ballala II was the last great ruler of the Hoysala dynasty, which was based in the
Deccan region.
o​ His reign was marked by territorial losses to the growing Delhi Sultanate and the rise of
the Vijayanagara Empire.
o​ Ballala II is famously known for his defeat by the Sultan of Delhi in the Battle of
Talikota (1565), although this happened after his time. His reign ended the Hoysala
power in the Deccan.
o​ Ballala II was not involved in the founding of a new city on the south bank of the Krishna
River, nor did he rule as the agent of a deity. He is not connected to the creation of the
Vijayanagara Empire.
Prataparudra II (Kakatiya Dynasty)

●​ Period of Rule: 1310–1323 CE

●​ Kingdom: Kakatiya Dynasty
●​ Significance:
o​ Prataparudra II was the last ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty and is best remembered for
his resistance against the Delhi Sultanate under Allaudin Khalji.
o​ His kingdom was centered around Warangal (modern-day Telangana), which was a
prosperous and culturally rich center of power.
o​ Prataparudra II is most famous for his defense of Warangal against the Delhi Sultanate,
but eventually, he was defeated by the forces of Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1323 CE,
leading to the fall of the Kakatiya dynasty.
o​ Prataparudra II was not associated with the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire,
nor did he rule south of the Krishna River.

Q.2) Consider the following pairs: (2015)

Medieval Indian State. Present Region
1. Champaka Central India
2. Durgara. Jammu
3. Kuluta Malabar
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
Ans: b
Exp:
1. Champaka - Central India: Incorrect.
●​ Champaka was an ancient kingdom, but it is typically associated with the region of
modern-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala, not Central India.
●​ There is no historical evidence to suggest that Champaka was located in Central India.
2. Durgara - Jammu: Correct.
●​ Durgara was a medieval Indian state that corresponds to the region of Jammu in
present-day Jammu and Kashmir.
●​ Durgara was an important political entity in the region during medieval times.
3. Kuluta - Malabar: Incorrect.
●​ Kuluta was a historical region located in the Himachal Pradesh and Punjab area, not in
Malabar (which is in the southwestern part of India, primarily in Kerala).
●​ Kuluta was known for its unique geographical and cultural aspects, situated to the north of
the Malabar region.

Q.3) Regarding the taxation systems of Krishna Deva, the ruler of Vijayanagar, consider the
following statements: (2016)
1. The tax rate of land was fixed depending on the quality of the land.
2. Private owners of workshops paid an industry tax.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: c
Exp: Krishna Deva Raya, the ruler of Vijayanagara, implemented an efficient and
well-organized taxation system, which played a key role in maintaining the prosperity of the
empire. The two statements provided reflect aspects of this taxation system:
1. The tax rate of land was fixed depending on the quality of the land.: Correct.
●​ Krishna Deva Raya’s administration had a land revenue system that varied based on the
quality of the land. This means that the tax rate was not uniform but was determined
according to the fertility and productivity of the land.
●​ Lands with better irrigation facilities and fertile soil were taxed more, while lands with lower
productivity were taxed less. This was a common practice in many medieval Indian states
and ensured that the taxation system was fair and based on the ability of the land to produce.
●​ This flexible system helped maximize revenue from agriculture, which was the backbone of
the Vijayanagara economy.
2. Private owners of workshops paid an industry tax.: Correct.
●​ Under Krishna Deva Raya, the Vijayanagara Empire had a structured system of taxation on
artisans and industrial production.
●​ Workshops (like those involved in textiles, metal works, and other crafts) were taxed, and
private owners of workshops had to pay an industry tax. This was part of a broader guild
tax system where industries and trades were taxed based on their output.
●​ This system not only helped the state generate revenue but also regulated the economic
activities of merchants and artisans within the empire.
●​ Such taxes were essential in maintaining the administrative infrastructure and supporting the
military and public works.

Q.4) Which one of the following was a very important seaport in the Kakatiya kingdom? (2017)
(a) Kakinada
(b) Motupalli
(c) Machilipatnam (Masulipatnam)
(d) Nelluru
Ans: b
Exp: Motupalli -
●​ Motupalli was a significant and very important seaport during the Kakatiya dynasty, located
in the present-day Andhra Pradesh on the east coast of India.
●​ During the reign of the Kakatiya rulers, especially under Raja Raja Narendra (circa
1022–1061 CE) and Prataparudra II (the last Kakatiya king), Motupalli served as a major
trading port and maritime hub for commerce, including trade with the Southeast Asian
region, such as with Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and other parts of Southeast Asia.
●​ The port of Motupalli played a central role in the Kakatiya kingdom's maritime trade and
economic interactions.
Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

●​ (a) Kakinada: Kakinada was a port town but became more prominent during later periods,
particularly under the British colonial period, and not during the Kakatiya dynasty.
●​ (c) Machilipatnam (Masulipatnam): While Machilipatnam (formerly known as
Masulipatnam) was a well-known seaport, it became important mainly after the
Vijayanagara Empire period and under the Muslim Sultanates. It was not as significant
during the Kakatiya dynasty.
●​ (d) Nelluru: Nellore, although an important town in the region, was not a major seaport
during the Kakatiya period. It was known for agricultural production rather than maritime
trade.

Q.5) Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed diamonds and diamond
mines of India? (2018)
(a) Francois Bernier
(b) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
(c) Jean de Thevenot
(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre
Ans: b
Exp:
(b) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
●​ Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689) was a French jeweler and traveler who extensively
visited India in the 17th century. He is best known for his detailed accounts of his travels,
particularly his observations of the diamond mines of India.
●​ Tavernier visited India multiple times and his writings, especially his book "Travels in
India", provided a wealth of information about Indian diamonds, including the famous
Golconda mines (which were known for producing some of the finest diamonds in the world,
including the Koh-i-Noor). He detailed the methods of mining and the trade of diamonds in
India, which were highly valued at the time.
●​ Tavernier's descriptions of the diamond mines and the trade in precious stones in India were
among the most comprehensive available to Europeans during his time.
(a) Francois Bernier
●​ Francois Bernier was a French physician and traveler who visited India in the mid-17th
century (1658-1668).
●​ He is known for his accounts of Mughal India, particularly under the reign of Aurangzeb.
Focus of his Writing:
●​ Bernier’s book "Travels in the Mughal Empire" mainly focuses on the political, social, and
economic conditions of India during his time. His accounts emphasize the court of
Aurangzeb, the Mughal administration, and the contrasts between the Mughal Empire and
European powers.
●​ While he mentioned the wealth of the Mughal Empire and noted the existence of diamonds,
he did not provide elaborate discussions on diamond mines or the diamond trade in India.
Bernier's interest lay more in the social structure and Islamic governance rather than the
commercial and industrial activities of the time.
(c) Jean de Thevenot
●​ Background: Jean de Thevenot was a French traveler and scholar who traveled to India in
the 17th century, specifically between 1665 and 1668.
Focus of his Writing:
●​ Thevenot's accounts, "Travels in India", focus on the geography, customs, and cultural
practices of the regions he visited. He wrote about the landscapes, the people, the languages,
and the societies of India, but he did not specifically delve into the diamond trade or mining.
●​ His observations on India are more about its customs and the experiences he had while in the
country, rather than the more commercial aspects of Indian economy like the diamond
industry.
●​ Thus, he did not elaborate on diamonds and diamond mines in the way Tavernier did.
(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre
●​ Background: Abbe Barthelemy Carre was a French missionary and traveler who visited
India during the 17th century.
Focus of his Writing:
●​ Carre’s writings focus more on religious matters and the spread of Christianity in India. His
accounts are not known for discussing the economic or commercial aspects of India, such as
the diamond trade.
●​ Unlike Tavernier, Carre did not provide detailed observations on diamonds, mining, or the
wealth of Indian kingdoms.

Q.6) With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2021)
1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad state.
2. The Mysore kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara Empire.
3. Rohilkhand kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only
Ans: b
Exp: Statement 1: The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad state.: Incorrect.
●​ The Nizamat of Arcot was a separate political entity that did not directly emerge out of
Hyderabad. While both Hyderabad and Arcot were part of the Mughal Empire, the Nizamat
of Arcot was established as a semi-independent state after the decline of Mughal authority. It
became an important state in southern India in the early 18th century, but it was not a direct
offshoot of the Hyderabad state.
●​ The Nizam of Hyderabad was an independent power in the Deccan, and the Nizamat of
Arcot, while having some relations with Hyderabad, had its own trajectory of development.
Arcot was primarily a Mughal suba(province) before becoming more independent under the
control of local rulers like the Nawabs of Arcot.
Statement 2: The Mysore kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara Empire.: Correct.
●​ The Mysore Kingdom indeed emerged out of the Vijayanagara Empire. After the fall of
Vijayanagara in 1565, the region became politically fragmented, and over time, the Mysore
Kingdom rose from the remnants of the Vijayanagara Empire. Initially, Mysore was a small
principality under the Wodeyar dynasty but later grew to become a powerful kingdom under
rulers like Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.
●​ The fall of Vijayanagara left a power vacuum in southern India, and Mysore capitalized on
this by expanding its territory and influence.
Statement 3: Rohilkhand kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah
Durrani.: Incorrect.
●​ The Rohilkhand Kingdom was not directly formed from territories occupied by Ahmad Shah
Durrani(also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali). While Durrani’s invasions in the mid-18th
century (especially his raids between 1748-1761) weakened Mughal power in the region, the
Rohillas, who were Afghan immigrants, established the Rohilkhand region through their
own efforts.
●​ The Rohillas settled in the region and gradually formed their own independent state, but this
was not a direct result of Ahmad Shah Durrani’s military campaigns.
Q.7) Consider the following pairs : (2022)
King. Dynasty
1. Nannuka. Chandela
2. Jayashakti. Paramara
3. Nagabhata II. Gurjara Pratihara
4. Bhoja. Rashtrakuta
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) Only three pairs
(d) All four pairs
Ans: b
Exp: 1. Nannuka – Chandela: Incorrect.
●​ Nannuka was a ruler of the Chandela dynasty, but he was not the founder. The Chandela
dynasty is more famously associated with King Yasovarman and Raja Paramardideva.
●​ Nannuka is generally considered a minor ruler, so this pairing is incorrect.
2. Jayashakti – Paramara: Correct.
●​ Jayashakti was indeed a Paramara king and ruled in the 9th century. He is one of the early
rulers of the Paramara dynasty, which had its capital at Ujjain.
●​ This pairing is correct.
3. Nagabhata II – Gurjara Pratihara: Correct.
●​ Nagabhata II was an important king of the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty. He ruled in the 8th
century and is known for his military achievements and defense against Arab invasions.
●​ This pairing is correct.
4. Bhoja – Rashtrakuta: Incorrect.
●​ Bhoja was a Paramara king of the 11th century, famous for his patronage of the arts and
literature. He was associated with the Paramara dynasty and his capital was Dhara.
●​ The Rashtrakuta dynasty was a separate dynasty, with notable rulers like Dantidurga and
Krishna III. Therefore, this pairing is incorrect.

Q.8) In medieval India, the term “Fanam” referred to: (2022)

(a) Clothing
(b) Coins
(c) Ornaments
(d) Weapons
Ans: b
Exp: Fanam -
●​ Fanam was a type of coin used in medieval South India, particularly in the regions of the
Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagara empires.
●​ The fanam was typically a small silver or gold coin, and it was used as currency in the
southern part of the Indian subcontinent during the medieval period.
●​ These coins were often minted with inscriptions in Tamil or Kannada, and sometimes
featured symbols or images representing the ruling dynasty.
Thus, Fanam refers to coins, not clothing, ornaments, or weapons.
Religious movement during medieval period
Q.1) With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements:
(2016)
1. Siddhas (sittars) of the Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.
2. Lingayats of the Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste
hierarchy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: c
Exp: Statement 1: Siddhas (sittars) of the Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned
idolatry.: Correct.
●​ Siddhas (also known as Sittars) were saints or mystics of Tamil Nadu, particularly
associated with the Bhakti movement in the Tamil region during the medieval period.
●​ They were monotheistic, emphasizing devotion to a single god, and they rejected the worship
of idols, which was prevalent in the traditional Hindu practices of the time.
●​ The Siddhas were influenced by the Shaiva sect, but their focus was on the inner experience
and the worship of an abstract or formless divine, often in the form of Lord Shiva.
●​ Thus, they condemned the practice of idolatry and supported a direct connection between the
individual soul and the divine.
Statement 2: Lingayats of the Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the
caste hierarchy.: Correct.
●​ The Lingayats (also known as Veerashaivas) were a religious community in the Kannada
region, and they followed the teachings of Basava in the 12th century, who was a prominent
social and religious reformer.
●​ One of the core principles of the Lingayat faith was a rejection of the caste system, which
they saw as discriminatory and inconsistent with spiritual equality. They promoted the idea
of equality among all people, regardless of their caste.
●​ The Lingayats also rejected the doctrine of rebirth and instead believed in immediate
salvation through devotion to Lord Shiva. They emphasized the importance of personal
devotion and morality, rather than ritualistic practices tied to the cycles of birth and rebirth.

Q.2) Consider the following statements:

(2019)
1. Saint Nimbarka was a contemporary of Akbar.
2. Saint Kabir was greatly influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: d
Exp: Statement 1: Saint Nimbarka was a contemporary of Akbar.: Incorrect.
●​ Saint Nimbarka was the founder of the Nimbarka sect (a branch of Vaishnavism), and he
lived in the 14th century.
●​ Akbar, on the other hand, ruled from 1556 to 1605. Nimbarka’s time was well before Akbar's
reign. Therefore, Nimbarka was not a contemporary of Akbar.
Statement 2: Saint Kabir was greatly influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.: Incorrect.
●​ Saint Kabir was a 15th-century mystic poet and saint who is known for his Bhakti and Sufi
influences. He is famous for his poetry criticizing both the Hindu and Muslim rituals,
advocating for a personal connection with God.
●​ Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, on the other hand, was a 17th-century Islamic scholar and a key
figure in the Naqshbandi Sufi order. He lived after Kabir's time and was not an influence on
Kabir.
●​ In fact, Kabir's ideas were more in line with Sufism, but he was not directly influenced by
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.

Q.3) According to Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in the Vijayanagara Empire were experts
in which of the following areas? (2021)
1. Wrestling
2. Astrology
3. Accounting
4. Soothsaying
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: d
Exp: According to the Portuguese writer Nuniz, who visited the Vijayanagara Empire in the
16th century, the women in the empire were involved in several activities and were skilled in a
variety of fields. He made specific mention of the following:
1. Wrestling: Correct.
●​ Nuniz mentions that women in the Vijayanagara Empire were expert wrestlers. Wrestling was
a popular sport in the empire, and women were known to participate in it.
2. Astrology: Correct.
●​ Women in the Vijayanagara Empire were also skilled in astrology. It was common for people,
including women, to practice astrology and offer predictions, which was an important aspect
of cultural and religious life.
3. Accounting: Correct.
●​ Women were also involved in accounting. They played a role in managing the household
finances and were even involved in commercial activities, with some women acting as
merchants or managing business transactions.
4. Soothsaying: Correct.
●​ In addition to astrology, soothsaying or fortune-telling was another area in which women
were reputed to be skilled. This was often linked to spiritual practices and rituals.