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OFDM Modulation in Wireless Systems

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique used in modern wireless communication systems, including 5G, that combines Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) for high data rates. It divides a single data stream into multiple sub-streams transmitted over separate orthogonal subcarriers, minimizing interference through the use of guard intervals. OFDM is widely utilized in technologies such as Wi-Fi, DSL, 4G, digital television, and radio broadcasting.

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37 views3 pages

OFDM Modulation in Wireless Systems

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique used in modern wireless communication systems, including 5G, that combines Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) for high data rates. It divides a single data stream into multiple sub-streams transmitted over separate orthogonal subcarriers, minimizing interference through the use of guard intervals. OFDM is widely utilized in technologies such as Wi-Fi, DSL, 4G, digital television, and radio broadcasting.

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Keerthana
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© © All Rights Reserved
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OFDM

(ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation format used in
modern wireless communication systems including 5G. OFDM combines the benefits of
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) to
produce a high-data-rate communication system. OFDM is a method of digital data modulation,
whereby a single stream of data is divided into several separate sub-streams for transmission via
multiple channels.
OFDM uses the principle of frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where the available
bandwidth is divided into a set of sub-streams having separate frequency bands.
The following diagram plots FDM versus OFDM, to depict the saving in bandwidth obtained by
OFDM –
Frequency domain representation of a four-carrier OFDM signal.

Key features of OFDM


The OFDM scheme differs from traditional FDM in the following interrelated ways:
 Multiple carriers (called subcarriers) carry the information stream
 The subcarriers are orthogonal to each other.
 A guard interval is added to each symbol to minimize the channel delay spread and
intersymbol interference.

Figure shows a basic block diagram of a complete end-to-end OFDM system consisting of a
transmitter and receiver. The bit stream enters the system on the left of the diagram. As typical,
this single bit stream is demultiplexed (DEMUX) into smaller bit streams that are fed to the
individual QAM modulators for each of the N subcarriers.
OFDM system
A key enabler for OFDM is the use of the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to efficiently
create the time domain waveform from the array of modulated subcarriers. The resulting OFDM
signal is in digital form which drives the Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) which converts it to
an analog signal. This baseband signal is usually up-converted (UP) to a higher frequency (and
perhaps amplified) before being transmitted via the over-the-air channel.
At the receiver, the process is reversed. An analog downconverter (DN) shifts the OFDM signal
back to baseband. The Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) converts the signal to digital form and
passes it on to the FFT block. The FFT block transforms the time domain signal back to the array
of subcarriers carrying QAM modulation, in the frequency domain. The QAM demodulators
reproduce the bit stream from each subcarrier, which is then multiplexed (MUX) to recreate the
original single data stream.

OFDM is used in the following area −


 Wi-Fi
 DSL internet access
 4G wireless communications
 digital television
 radio broadcast services

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