



    

• The word variable means something that can vary i.e., change and
constant means that does not vary. The value of a variable is not
fixed. Variables are denoted usually by letters of the English alphabets
such as x, y, z, l, m, n, p, a etc.
• The expressions are formed by performing operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division on the variables and
constants.
• An equation is a condition on a variable (or variables) such that two
expressions in the variable (variables) have equal value.
• The value of the variable for which the equation is satisfied is called
the solution or root of the equation.
• An equation remains the same if the LHS and the RHS are
interchanged.
• In case of balanced equation if we (i) add the same number to both
the sides, or (ii) subtract the same number from both the sides, or
(iii) multiply both sides by the same non-zero number or (iv) divide
both sides by the same non-zero number, the balance remains
undisturbed.
• Transposing means moving from one side to the other. When a term
is transposed from one side of the equation to the other side, its sign
gets changed.
• Transposition of an expression can be carried out in the same way
as the transposition of a term.

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• To solve practical problems:

(A) Read the problem carefully and denote the unknown quantity
by variable x, y etc.
(i) Form the equation according to the given conditions.
(ii) Solve the equation i.e., find the value of the unknown
quantity (variable).

  

In Examples 1 to 3, there are four options, out of which one is correct.

Choose the correct one.

Example 1: The solution of the equation 3x + 5 = 0 is

5 5
(a) (b) – 5 (c) - (d) 5
3 3
Solution : Correct answer is (c).
Example 2: –1 is not a solution of the equation
(a) x + 1 = 0 (b) x – 1 = 2 (c) 2y + 3 =1 (d) 2p + 7 = 5
Solution : Correct answer is (b).
Example 3: Which of the following equations can be formed using
the expression x = 5:
(a) 2x + 3 = 13 (b) 3x + 2 = 13
(c) x – 5 = 1 (d) 4x – 9 =21
Solution: Correct answer is (a).
[Hint: x = 5 on multiplying both sides by 2 gives 2x = 10
which on adding 3 both sides gives 2x + 3 =13]

An equation is a mathematical sentence that uses

an equality sign to show that two expressions have
the same value. All of these are equations.

−100
3 + 8 = 11 r + 6 = 14 – 24 = x – 7 = – 50
2
To solve an equation that contains a variable, find the value of the variable
that makes the equation true. This value of the variable is called the
solution of the equation.

 

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In Examples 4 to 6, fill in the blanks to make it a true statement.

Example 4: Any value of the variable which makes both sides of an
equation equal, is known as a ______ of the equation.
Solution: Solution
Example 5: The root of the equation y – 13 = 9 is ________.
Solution: 22
Example 6: 2x + ________ = 11 has the solution – 4.
Solution: 19


Words Numbers Algebra
You can add the same
number to both sides 2+3= 5 x = y implies
of an equation, and the + 4 = +4 x+z=y+z
statement will still be 2+7= 9
true.

In Examples 7 to 10, state whether the statements are True or False.

Example 7: 12 is a solution of the equation 4x – 5 = 3x + 10.
Solution: False
[LHS = 4 × 12 – 5 = 43
and RHS = 3 × 12 + 10 = 46 They are not equal.]
x +1
Example 8: A number x divided by 7 gives 2 can be written as
7
= 2.
Solution: False.
Example 9: x + 2 = 5 and 3x – 1 = 8 have the same solutions.
Solution: True
Example 10: The equation 3x + 7 = 10 has 1 as its solution.
Solution: True
In each of the Examples 11 to 13, form an equation for each statement.

Example 11 : One fourth of a number is 20 less than the number itself.

Solution : Let the number be x.

 

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x
So, one fourth of the number is .
4
x
is 20 less than the number itself. So, the required
4
equation is
x
= x – 20.
4
Example 12 : On subtracting 13 from 3 times of a number, the result
is 8.
Solution : Let the number be x.
So, 3 times the number = 3x
On subtracting 13 from it, we get 3x –13.
Therefore, 3x – 13 = 8 is the required equation.
Example 13 : Two times a number increased by 5 equals 9.
Solution : Let the required number be x.
So, 2 times this number = 2x
When increased by 5, it gives the expression 2x + 5
Thus, required equation is 2x + 5 = 9.
Example 14 : 9 added to twice a number gives 13. Find the number.
Solution : Let the number be x.
As per the given condition,
2x + 9 = 13   
or 2x = 4
    
or x=2 

Example 15 : 1 subtracted from one third of a number gives 1. Find

the number.
Solution : Let the number be x.
According to the given condition,
1
x–1=1
3
1
or x = 1 + 1
3
1
or x = 2 or x = 6.
3

 

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Example 16: Correct the incorrect equation written in Roman

numerals by moving only one tooth pick.

Solution: By moving one tooth pick from numeral , change the

minus sign to plus, we get

Example 16: Solve the riddle “What is too much fun for one, enough
for two, and means nothing to three?” The answer to
this is hidden in the equations given below.
If 4c = 16, then c = ? If 4e + 8 = 20, then e = ?
If 2r – 3 = 7, then r = ? If 3t + 8 = 29, then t = ?
If 2s + 4 = 4s, then s = ?
To get the answer substitute the numbers for the letters
it equals in the following:
e
manner: , , , , ,
2 3 4 5 7
Solution : Solving the given equations:
16
If 4c = 16, we get c = = 4. Thus, c = 4.
4
12
If 4e + 8 = 20, we get 4e = 12 or e = = 3. Thus, e = 3.
4
10
If 2r – 3 = 7, we get 2r = 10 or r = = 5, i.e., r = 5.
2
If 3t + 8 = 29, we get 3t = 29 – 8
21
or 3t = 21, or t = , or t = 7
3
If 2s + 4 = 4s, we get 4 = 4s – 2s

4
or 2s = 4 or s = or s = 2.
2
Replacing the solutions by the corresponding letters we
get
s e c r e t
, , , , ,
2 3 4 5 3 7

 

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    

Example 18
Solve the following equation.
10 = 4 + 3 ( t + 2)

Solution : Understand and Explore the Problem

• What do you know?

Solving an equation means to find value of the variable
used in the equation.
Distributive property can be used to open the bracket of
expression in RHS of the above equation.
Method of transposition can help in solving the equation
• To find value of ‘t’ which satisfy the above equation.

Plan a Strategy

• What are the most appropriate steps to solve this

equation?
First we should remove all the brackets appearing in the
equation.
Solve and simplify the expression on one side of equation
and then use method of transposition to collect terms
with variable on one side and without variable on the
other side of equation.

Solve

• Step 1 : 10 = 4 + 3 (t + 2) [open the brackets]

• Step 2 : 10 = 4 + 3t + 6 [simplify RHS]
• Step 3 : 10 = 10 + 3t [collect terms without
• Step 4 : 10 – 10 = 3t variable on one side]
• Step 5 : 0 = 3t
0
• Step 6 : t =
3
i.e., t = 0

 

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Revise Solution of an equation can always be checked by

substituting the value of variable and confirming whether
LHS is equal to RHS or not
LHS = 10
RHS = 4 + 3 (t + 2)
Substituting ‘t = 0’
= 4 + 3 (0 + 2)
=4+6
= 10 = LHS
Hence, LHS = RHS
Thus, ‘t = 0’ is the correct answer.

  

1. Can variable ‘t ’ take any other value also for same equation?
2. Can more equations have solution as ‘t = 0’ ?

 
In the Questions 1 to 18, there are four options out of which, one is
correct. Choose the correct one.
1. The solution of the equation ax + b = 0 is

a b b
(a) (b) –b (c) − (d)
b a a
2. If a and b are positive integers, then the solution of the equation
ax = b will always be a
(a) positive number (b) negative number
(c) 1 (d) 0

3. Which of the following is not allowed in a given equation?

(a) Adding the same number to both sides of the equation.
(b) Subtracting the same number from both sides of the equation.

 

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(c) Multiplying both sides of the equation by the same non-zero

number.
(d) Dividing both sides of the equation by the same number.

4. The solution of which of the following equations is neither a fraction

nor an integer?
(a) 2x + 6 = 0 (b) 3x – 5 = 0
(c) 5x – 8 = x + 4 (d) 4x + 7 = x + 2

5. The equation which cannot be solved in integers is

(a) 5y – 3 = – 18 (b) 3x – 9 = 0
(c) 3z + 8 = 3 + z (d) 9y + 8 = 4y – 7

6. If 7x + 4 = 25, then x is equal to

29 100
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
7 7
7. The solution of the equation 3x + 7 = – 20 is
17 13
(a) (b) – 9 (c) 9 (d)
7 3
8. The value of y for which the expressions (y – 15) and (2y + 1) become
equal is
(a) 0 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) – 16

   

Words Numbers Algebra
You can subtract the
same number from both 4 + 7 = 11 x = y implies
sides of an equation, – 3 = –3 x–z=y–z
and the statement will 4+4= 8
still be true.

9. If k + 7 = 16, then the value of 8k – 72 is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 112 (d) 56

10. If 43m = 0.086, then the value of m is

(a) 0.002 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.2 (d) 2

 

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11. x exceeds 3 by 7, can be represented as

(a) x + 3 = 2 (b) x + 7 = 3 (c) x – 3 = 7 (d) x – 7 = 3

12. The equation having 5 as a solution is:

(a) 4x + 1 = 2 (b) 3 – x = 8 (c) x – 5 = 3 (d) 3 + x = 8

13. The equation having – 3 as a solution is:

(a) x + 3 =1 (b) 8 + 2x = 3 (c) 10 + 3x = 1 (d) 2x + 1 = 3

14. Which of the following equations can be formed starting with x = 0 ?

x
(a) 2x + 1 = – 1 (b) + 5 = 7 (c) 3x – 1 = – 1 (d) 3x – 1 = 1
2
15. Which of the following equations cannot be formed using the equation
x = 7?
x
(a) 2x + 1 =15 (b) 7x – 1 = 50 (c) x – 3 = 4 (d) –1=0
7
x
16. If = 3, then the value of 3x + 2 is
2
13
(a) 20 (b) 11 (c) (d) 8
2
17. Which of the following numbers satisfy the equation –6 + x = –12 ?
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) – 6 (d) – 2

18. Shifting one term from one side of an equation to another side with
a change of sign is known as
(a) commutativity (b) transposition
(c) distributivity (d) associativity

 
One-step equations can be solved by applying a single inverse operation.
To solve two-step equations, apply more than one inverse operation.
The order of operations for 2x + 5 = 7 is to start with x, multiply by 2 and
add 5. The result is 7.
Order of Operations: x multiply by 2 add 5 7
To solve the equation, inverse the steps. Start with 7, subtract 5, then
divide by 2 to find x.
Solve the equation: 7 subtract 5 divide by 2 x

 

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In Questions 19 to 48, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

19. The sum of two numbers is 60 and their difference is 30.
(a) If smaller number is x, the other number is .(use sum)
(b) The difference of numbers in term of x is .
(c) The equation formed is .
(d) The solution of the equation is .
(e) The numbers are and .

   

Words Numbers Algebra
Multiply both sides of 2×3=6 x = y implies
an equation by the same
non-zero number, and 4×2×3=4×6 zx = zy (z ≠ 0)
the statement will still
be true. 8 × 3 = 24

20. Sum of two numbers is 81. One is twice the other.

(a) If smaller number is x, the other number is .
(b) The equation formed is .
(c) The solution of the equation is .
(d) The numbers are and .

21. In a test Abha gets twice the marks as that of Palak. Two times
Abha's marks and three times Palak's marks make 280.
(a) If Palak gets x marks, Abha gets marks.
(b) The equation formed is .
(c) The solution of the equation is .
(d) Marks obtained by Abha are .

22. The length of a rectangle is two times its breadth. Its perimeter is
60 cm.
(a) If the breadth of rectangle is x cm, the length of the rectangle is
.

 

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(b) Perimeter in terms of x is .

(c) The equation formed is .
(d) The solution of the equation is .

23. In a bag there are 5 and 2 rupee coins. If they are equal in number
and their worth is  70, then
(a) The worth of x coins of  5 each .
(b) The worth of x coins of  2 each .
(c) The equation formed is .
(d) There are 5 rupee coins and 2 rupee coins.

  

1. Describe how you would solve 4 (x – 2) = 16.
2. Express how to check your solution to an equation.

24. In a Mathematics quiz, 30 prizes consisting of 1st and 2nd prizes

only are to be given. 1st and 2nd prizes are worth  2000 and
 1000, respectively. If the total prize money is  52,000 then show
that:
(a) If 1st prizes are x in number the number of 2nd prizes are .
(b) The total value of prizes in terms of x are .
(c) The equation formed is .
(d) The solution of the equation is .
(e) The number of 1st prizes are and the number of
2nd prizes are .

25. If z + 3 = 5, then z = .

26. is the solution of the equation 3x – 2 =7.

27. is the solution of 3x + 10 = 7.

28. If 2x + 3 = 5, then value of 3x + 2 is .

29. In integers, 4x – 1 = 8 has solution.

 

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   

Words Numbers Algebra
You can divide both sides 4 × 3 = 12 x = y, implies
of an equation by the 4 × 3 12 x y
same non-zero number, = = ,z ≠ 0
2 2 z z
and the statement will
still be true. 12
=6
2

30. In natural numbers, 4x + 5 = – 7 has solution.

31. In natural numbers, x – 5 = – 5 has solution.

32. In whole numbers, x + 8 = 12 – 4 has solution.

33. If 5 is added to three times a number, it becomes the same as 7 is

subtracted from four times the same number. This fact can be
represented as .

34. x + 7 = 10 has the solution .

35. x – 0 = ; when 3x = 12.

36. x – 1= ; when 2x = 2.
x
37. x – = 15; when =6.
2
38. The solution of the equation x + 15 = 19 is .

39. Finding the value of a variable in a linear equation that

the equation is called a of the equation.

40. Any term of an equation may be transposed from one side of the
equation to the other side of the equation by changing the
of the term.
9 18
41. If x= , then x = .
5 5
42. If 3 – x = – 4, then x = .
1 1
43. If x − = − , then x = .
2 2

 

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1 1
44. If − x = , then x = .
6 6
45. If 10 less than a number is 65, then the number is .

46. If a number is increased by 20, it becomes 45. Then the number is

.

47. If 84 exceeds another number by 12, then the other number is

.
7 7
48. If x − = , then x = .
8 8

  

 Give two words or phrases that can be used to express each operation:
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
 Express 5 + 7n in words in at least two different ways.

In Questions 49 to 55, state whether the statements are True or False.

49. 5 is the solution of the equation 3x + 2 = 17.

9
50. is the solution of the equation 4x – 1 = 8.
5

51. 4x – 5 = 7 does not have an integer as its solution.

52. One third of a number added to itself gives 10, can be represented
x
as + 10 = x .
3
3
53. is the solution of the equation 8x – 5 = 7.
2
54. If 4x – 7 = 11, then x = 4.
5x − 7
55. If 9 is the solution of variable x in the equation = y , then the
2
value of y is 28.

 

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56. Match each of the entries in Column I with the appropriate entries
in Column II.

Column I Column II

5
(i) x+5=9 (A) −
3

5
(ii) x–7=4 (B)
3
x
(iii) =–5 (C) 4
12
(iv) 5x = 30 (D) 6

(v) The value of y which satisfies 3y = 5 (E) 11

1
(vi) If p = 2, then the value of (1 – 3p) (F) – 60
3
(G) 3

To become familiar with some of the vocabulary

terms consider the following:
1. The word constant means “unchanging.” What do


you think a constant in mathematics refers to?

2. The word equation looks like the word equal, which
means “having the same value.” How do you think
this meaning applies to an equation?
3. The word inequality begins with the prefix ‘in’ which
means “not”, and has the same root as the word
equation. Together, what do you think the prefix
and root mean?
4. The word ‘vary’ which is the root of variable means
“to change.” How do you think this applies to
mathematics?

 

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In Questions 57 to 67, express each of the given statements as an

equation.
57. 13 subtracted from twice of a number gives 3 .

58. One-fifth of a number is 5 less than that number.

59. A number is 7 more than one-third of itself.

60. Six times a number is 10 more than the number.

61. If 10 is subtracted from half of a number, the result is 4.

62. Subtracting 5 from p, the result is 2.

63. Five times a number increased by 7 is 27.

64. Mohan is 3 years older than Sohan. The sum of their ages is 43
years.

65. If 1 is subtracted from a number and the difference is multiplied by

1
, the result is 7.
2
66. A number divided by 2 and then increased by 5 is 9.

67. The sum of twice a number and 4 is 18.

68. The age of Sohan Lal is four times that of his son Amit. If the difference
of their ages is 27 years, find the age of Amit.

69. A number exceeds the other number by 12. If their sum is 72, find
the numbers.

70. Seven times a number is 12 less than thirteen times the same
number. Find the number.

71. The interest received by Karim is  30 more than that of Ramesh. If

the total interest received by them is  70, find the interest received
by Ramesh.

72. Subramaniam and Naidu donate some money in a Relief Fund. The
amount paid by Naidu is  125 more than that of Subramaniam. If
the total money paid by them is  975, find the amount of money
donated by Subramaniam.

 

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73. In a school, the number of girls is 50 more than the number of boys.
The total number of students is 1070. Find the number of girls.
74. Two times a number increased by 5 equals 9. Find the number.
75. 9 added to twice a number gives 13. Find the number.
76. 1 subtracted from one-third of a number gives 1. Find the number.
77. After 25 years, Rama will be 5 times as old as he is now. Find his
present age.
78. After 20 years, Manoj will be 5 times as old as he is now. Find his
present age.
79. My younger sister's age today is 3 times, what it will be 3 years from
now minus 3 times what her age was 3 years ago. Find her present
age.
80. If 45 is added to half a number, the result is triple the number. Find
the number.
81. In a family, the consumption of wheat is 4 times that of rice. The
total consumption of the two cereals is 80 kg. Find the quantities of
rice and wheat consumed in the family.
82. In a bag, the number of one rupee coins is three times the number
of two rupees coins. If the worth of the coins is  120, find the number
of 1 rupee coins.
83. Anamika thought of a number. She multiplied it by 2, added 5 to
the product and obtained 17 as the result. What is the number she
had thought of ?
84. One of the two numbers is twice the other. The sum of the numbers
is 12. Find the numbers.
85. The sum of three consecutive integers is 5 more than the smallest of
the integers. Find the integers.
86. A number when divided by 6 gives the quotient 6. What is the
number?
87. The perimeter of a rectangle is 40m. The length of the rectangle is
4 m less than 5 times its breadth. Find the length of the rectangle.

 

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88. Each of the 2 equal sides of an isosceles triangle is twice as large as

the third side. If the perimeter of the triangle is 30 cm, find the
length of each side of the triangle.
89. The sum of two consecutive multiples of 2 is 18. Find the numbers.
90. Two complementary angles differ by 20°. Find the angles.
91. 150 has been divided into two parts such that twice the first part is
equal to the second part. Find the parts.
92. In a class of 60 students, the number of girls is one third the number
of boys. Find the number of girls and boys in the class.
93. Two-third of a number is greater than one-third of the number by 3.
Find the number.
94. A number is as much greater than 27 as it is less than 73. Find the
number.
95. A man travelled two fifth of his journey by train, one-third by bus,
one-fourth by car and the remaining 3 km on foot. What is the length
of his total journey?
96. Twice a number added to half of itself equals 24. Find the number.
97. Thrice a number decreased by 5 exceeds twice the number by 1.
Find the number.
98. A girl is 28 years younger than her father. The sum of their ages is
50 years. Find the ages of the girl and her father.
99. The length of a rectangle is two times its width. The perimeter of the
rectangle is 180 cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
100. Look at this riddle?
If she answers the riddle correctly how ever will she pay for the pencils?

 

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101. In a certain examination, a total of 3768 students secured first division

in the years 2006 and 2007. The number of first division in 2007
exceeded those in 2006 by 34. How many students got first division
in 2006?
102. Radha got  17,480 as her monthly salary and over-time. Her salary
exceeds the over-time by  10,000. What is her monthly salary ?

103. If one side of a square is represented by 18x – 20 and the adjacent

side is represented by 42 – 13x, find the length of the side of the
square.

104. Follow the directions and correct the given incorrect equation, written
in Roman numerals:

(a) Remove two of these matchsticks to make a valid equation:

(b) Move one matchstick to make the equation valid. Find two different
solutions.

105. What does a duck do when it flies upside down? The answer to this
riddle is hidden in the equation given below:
If i + 69 = 70, then i = ? If 8u = 6u + 8, then u =?
If 4a = –5a + 45, then a = ? if 4q + 5 = 17, then q =?
1
If –5t – 60 = – 70, then t = ? If s + 98 = 100, then s =?
4
5
If p + 9 = 24, then p =_____?
3
If 3c = c +12, then c =_____?
If 3 (k + 1) = 24, then k =_____?

For riddle answer : substitute the number for the letter it equals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 9

 

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106. The three scales below are perfectly balanced if • = 3. What are the
values of ∆ and * ?

a.

b.

c.

107. The given figure represents a weighing balance. The weights of some
objects in the balance are given. Find the weight of each square and
the circle.

 

1. Crossword Number Puzzle

Get cracking on the following questions to fill the crossword puzzle as per
mentioned clues of down and across. Clue number is written at the corner
of boxes. Answers of Clue have to the filled up in their respective boxes.
Down 1: I spent one third of my sleeping time while dreaming. If I dreamt
for 3 hours, then how long did I sleep?
Down 2: I ran around three sides of a square park whose perimeter is
200 m. How far am I from the starting point?
Down 4: I purchased three sarees and was left with  1000 out of my
savings of  10000. How much is each saree worth?
Down 8: I have 4 coins worth 50 paise each and a few coins of  1 each.
If I have  45 in total, how many coins of  1 do I possess?

 

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Down 9: The unequal angle of an isosceles triangle measures 120. How

much is each of the remaining angles?
Down 11: For what value of y is 3 (y – 1) + 7 = 40?
Across 3: Out of 40 chocolates, Ram and I shared in the ratio 1 : 3. How
many chocolates did Ram get?
Across 5: Sum of two consecutive numbers is 111. What is the smaller
number of the two?
Across 7: Out of a flock of birds, half flew away while one got injured, if
244 remain, then how many did we begin with?
Across 10: If 2x + 7 = 1573, then x = ?
Across 12: What value of z satisfies
2
z + 8 = 58 ?
5

2. Crossword Puzzle
Fill the following crossword puzzle as per the mentioned clues of down and
across. Clue’s number is written at the corner of boxes. Answers of Clues
have to fill up in their respective boxes.
Down 1: A mathematical statement with two expressions that have same
value.
Down 2: The property that states a(b + c) = ab + ac

 

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Down 5: An operation that undoes another operation.

Across 3: The expression which can be formed by performing mathematical
operations on variables and constants.
Across 4: A number that does not change.
Across 6: A number that multiply the variable.
Across 7: A letter that represents an unknown number.

 

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[Link] Time
There are nine identical looking pearl. Eight are real and one is fake.
Using a balance scale that consists of two pans, you must find the fake
pearl.

The real pearls weigh the same and the fake weighs less. Also, the scale
can be used maximum twice.
Now find the Phony!
[Hint: Divide the pearls into three equal groups and then proceed for
weighing.]

 

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
    
• An angle is formed when two lines or rays or line segments meet or
intersect.
• When the sum of the measures of two angles is 90°, the angles are
called complementary angles. Each of them is called complement of
the other.
• When the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, the angles are
called supplementary angles. Each of them is called supplement of
the other.
• Two angles are called adjacent angles, if they have a common vertex
and a common arm but no common interior points.
• A linear pair is a pair of adjacent angles whose non-common sides
are opposite rays.
• When two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles so formed
are equal.
• When two lines are intersected by a transversal, eight angles are
formed. These angles can be classified as 4 interior angles, 4 exterior
angles, 4 pairs of corresponding angles, 2 pairs of alternate interior
angles, 2 pairs of alternate exterior angles and two pairs of interior
angles on the same side of the transversal.
• If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal,
(i) each pair of corresponding angles is equal.
(ii) each pair of alternate interior angles is equal.
(iii) each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary.
• Converses of the above results are also true.

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  

In each of the Examples 1 to 4, there are four options, out of which one
option is correct. Write the correct one.
Example 1: The angles between North and East and North and West
are
(a) complementary angles
(b) supplementary angles
(c) both acute angles
(d) both obtuse angles

Solution: Correct answer is (b).

Fig. 5.1
Example 2: Which of the following pair of
angles are supplementary?
(a) 48°, 42° (b) 60°, 60°
(c) 75°, 105° (d) 179°, 2°

A point name a location. .A point A

A line is perfectly straight and extends line e, or

for ever in both directions.

A plane is a perfectly flat surface that plane p, or plane DEF

extends forever in all directions.

A segment, or line segment, is the part

of a line between two points.

A ray is part of a line that starts at

one point and extends for ever in one
direction.

 

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Solution: Correct answer is (c).

Example 3: In Fig. 5.2, a pair of
corresponding angles is
(a) ∠1, ∠2
(b) ∠3, ∠6
(c) ∠3, ∠5
(d) ∠3, ∠7
Solution: Correct answer is (d). Fig. 5.2

Example 4: If two lines are intersected by a transversal, then the

number of pairs of interior angles on the same side of
the transversal is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Solution: Correct answer is (b).

An angle (∠) is formed by two rays with a common endpoint called the
vertex (plural, vertices). Angles can be measured in degrees, m∠l means
the measure of ∠1. The angles can be named ∠XYZ, ∠1, or ∠Y. The vertex
must be the middle letter.

In Examples 5 to 7, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

Example 5 : Two lines in a plane which never meet at any point are
called _________.
Solution: parallel lines
Example 6: Angles of a linear pair are _________ as well as ________ .
Solution: adjacent, supplementary
Example 7: Adjacent angles have a common vertex, a common
__________ and no-common _________.
Solution: arm, interior points

 

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In Examples 8 to 11, state whether the statements are True or False.

Example 8: Sum of two complementary angles is 180°.

Solution: False
Example 9: Sum of two supplementary angles is 180°.
Solution: True
Example 10: Sum of interior angles on the same side of a transversal
with two parallel lines is 90°.
Solution: False
Example 11: Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Solution: True
Example 12: In Fig. 5.3, four line
segments PQ, QR, RS
and ST are making the
letter W, PQ||RS and
QR||ST. If angle between
PQ and QR is 39°, find
the values of x and y.
Solution: Since PQ||RS and QR is
transversal, so Fig. 5.3
x = 39° [Alternate interior angles]
Again QR||ST and RS is a transversal.
Therefore, y= x [Alternate interior angles]
or y = 39°
Example 13: In Fig. 5.4, are the angles 1
and 2 of the letter N forming
a pair of adjacent angles?
Give reasons.
Solution: No, ∠1 and ∠2 are not forming
a pair of adjacent angles as they
do not have a common vertex.
Fig. 5.4
Example 14: In Fig. 5.5, the points A, O and
B are collinear. Ray OC ⊥ ray OD. Check whether

 

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(i) ∠AOD and ∠BOC

are complementary,
(ii) ∠AOC and
∠BOC are
supplementary.
Solution: Since points A, O
and B are collinear
Fig. 5.5
(Given), therefore AB
is a straight line.
(i) As O is a point on the line AB, therefore ∠AOD +
∠DOC + ∠BOC = 180°
or, ∠AOD + ∠BOC + 90° = 180°
or, ∠AOD + ∠BOC = 90°
So, ∠AOD and ∠BOC are complementary angles.
(ii) Also, ∠AOC and ∠BOC are supplementary as
∠AOC + ∠BOC = 180°

A right angle measures 90°. An acute angle measures greater than 0° and
less than 90°. An obtuse angle measures greater than 90° and less than
180°. Complementary angles are two angles whose measures add to 90°.
Supplmentary angles are two angles whose measures add to 180°.

Example 15: In Fig. 5.6 AB||EF, ED||CB

and ∠APE is 39°. Find ∠CQF.
Solution: Since ED||BC and AB is a
transversal, so
so ∠QBP = ∠APE
[Corresponding angles]
or ∠QBP = 39°
Now, AB||EF and BC is a
transversal.
Therefore, ∠FQB = ∠QBP Fig. 5.6
[Alternate interior angles]

 

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or ∠FQB = 39°
Also, ∠CQF + ∠FQB = 180° [Linear pair]
So ∠CQF + 39° = 180°
or ∠CQF = 180° – 39°
or ∠CQF = 141°
Example 16: Out of a pair of complementary angles, one is two-third
of the other. Find the angles.
Solution: Let one angle be x.
So, other angle = 90° – x
2
Thus, × x = 90° – x
3
or 2x = 270° – 3x
or 2x + 3x = 270°
or 5x = 270°
270°
or x= = 54°
5
So, one angle = 54° and the other angle = 90° – 54°= 36°.

Congruent figures have the same size and same shape.

• Segments that have the same length are congruent.
• Angles that have the same measure are congruent.
• The symbol for congruence is ≅, which is read as “is congruent to.”

Example 17: In Fig. 5.7, CD intersects the line AB at F, ∠CFB = 50°

and ∠EFA = ∠AFD. Find the
measure of ∠EFC.
Solution: Let ∠EFA = x.
Then ∠AFD = x.
It is given that CD intersects
line AB at F.
Therefore, ∠CFB = ∠AFD
(Vertically opposite angles)
Fig. 5.7
So, x = 50°
But ∠EFA = ∠AFD which gives ∠EFA = 50°

 

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Now ∠CFB + ∠EFA + ∠EFC = 180° [As AB is a straight

line].
or, 50° + 50° + ∠EFC = 180°
or, ∠EFC = 180° – 100°
Thus, ∠EFC = 80°.

  

1. Tell which statements are correct: If ∠X and ∠Y are congruent,
a. ∠X = ∠Y b. m∠X = m∠Y c. ∠X ≅ ∠Y.
2. Explain why vertically opposite angles must always be congruent.

    

Example 18
In the given figure, find out which pair of lines are
parallel.

Fig. 5.8

Solution: Understand and Explore the Problem

• What information is given in the question?

Lines AB and CD are intersecting three lines EF, GH and KP
at distinct points forming angles ∠1= 1230, ∠2 = 570, ∠3 = 550
and ∠5 = 1220.
• What are you trying to find?
We are trying to find
(a) EF || GH or not

 

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(b) GH || KP or not
(c) EF || KP or not
(d) AB || CD or not

Plan a Strategy

(a) Since we want to find whether the lines are parallel or not,
therefore recall the conditions when the lines are parallel.
The lines are parallel if it satisfies any one of the following,
(1) when corresponding angles are equal
(2) when alternate interior angles are equal
(3) when the sum of interior angles on the same side of
the transversal is 180°.
(b) Find out what type of angles are formed by lines EF, GH, KP
taking AB or CD as transversal.

Solve

• For lines EF and GH, taking CD as transversal, ∠1 and ∠2

are interior angles on the same side of the transversal.
Therefore, we check whether the sum of ∠1 and ∠2 is 180° or
not.
∠1 = 123°, ∠2 = 57°, ∠1 + ∠2 = 123° + 57° = 180°
Since the sum of interior ∠’s on the same side of the
transversal is 180°, therefore EF || GH.
• For lines GH and KP, taking CD as transversal, ∠2 and ∠3
are corresponding ∠’s. If these angles are equal, then lines
are parallel.
∠2 = 57°, ∠3 = 55°
∠2 ≠∠3. Since corresponding angles are not equal,
therefore, GH is not parallel to KP.
• Similarly, for lines EF and KP, taking CD as transversal
∠1 and ∠3 are interior angles on the same side of the
transversal.
∠1 = 123°, ∠3 = 55°, ∠1 + ∠3 = 123° + 55°=178°. Since the
sum is not equal to 1800,
therefore EF is not parallel to KP.
• For lines AB and CD, taking GH as a transversal
∠2 = ∠4 = 57° (vertically opp. ∠’s).
∠5 and ∠4 are interior angles on the same side of the

 

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transversal and ∠5 + ∠4 = 122° + 57° = 179° ≠ 180°.

Therefore, AB is not parallel to CD.

Revise

• EF||GH, since sum of interior ∠ ’s on the same side of

transversal is 180°.
• GH is not parallel to KP, since corresponding angles formed
are not equal.
• EF is not parallel to KP, since the sum of interior ∠’s on the
same side of the transversal is not equal to 180°.
• AB is not parallel to CD, since the sum of interior ∠’s on the
same side of the transversal is not equal to 180°.

  

1. Can you find whether the lines EF, GH, KP, AB and CD are parallel or
not by using other conditions of parallel lines?
2. Discuss with your classmates regarding their method towards this
problem.

 
In questions 1 to 41, there are four options out of which one is correct.
Write the correct one.
1. The angles between North and West and South and East are
(a) complementary (b) supplementary
(c) both are acute (d) both are obtuse
2. Angles between South and West and South and East are
(a) vertically opposite angles
(b) complementary angles
(c) making a linear pair
(d) adjacent but not supplementary
3. In Fig. 5.9, PQ is a mirror, AB is the
incident ray and BC is the reflected ray.
If ∠ ABC = 46°, then ∠ ABP is equal to
(a) 44° (b) 67°
Fig. 5.9
(c) 13° (d) 62°

 

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4. If the complement of an angle is 79°, then the angle will be of

(a) 1° (b) 11° (c) 79° (d) 101°
5. Angles which are both supplementary and vertically opposite are
(a) 95°, 85° (b) 90°, 90° (c) 100°, 80° (d) 45°, 45°
6. The angle which makes a linear pair with an angle of 61° is of
(a) 29° (b) 61° (c) 122° (d) 119°
7. The angles x and 90° – x are
(a) supplementary (b) complementary
(c) vertically opposite (d) making a linear pair
8. The angles x – 10° and 190° – x are
(a) interior angles on the same side of the transversal
(b) making a linear pair
(c) complementary
(d) supplementary
9. In Fig. 5.10, the value of x is
(a) 110° (b) 46°
(c) 64° (d) 150°
10. In Fig. 5.11, if AB || CD, ∠ APQ = 50° and
∠PRD = 130°, then ∠ QPR is
(a) 130° (b) 50°
(c) 80° (d) 30° Fig. 5.10

Fig. 5.11

 

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11. In Fig. 5.12, lines l and m intersect each

other at a point. Which of the following is
false?
(a) ∠a = ∠b (b) ∠d = ∠c
(c) ∠a + ∠d = 180° (d) ∠a = ∠d
12. If angle P and angle Q are supplementary
and the measure of angle P is 60°, then Fig. 5.12
the measure of angle Q is
(a) 120° (b) 60°
(c) 30° (d) 20°
13. In Fig. 5.13, POR is a line. The value of
a is
(a) 40° (b) 45°
(c) 55° (d) 60°
14. In Fig. 5.14, POQ is a line. If x = 30°,
then ∠ QOR is Fig. 5.13

Fig. 5.14

(a) 90° (b) 30°

(c) 150° (d) 60°


If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, corresponding angles
are congurent,
• alternate interior angles are congruent
• and alternate exterior angles are congruent.
If the transversal is perpendicular to the parallel lines, all of the angles
formed are congruent to 90° angles.

 

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15. The measure of an angle which

is four times its supplement is
(a) 36° (b) 144°
(c) 16° (d) 64°

16. In Fig. 5.15, the value of y is

(a) 30° (b) 15°
(c) 20° (d) 22.5° Fig. 5.15
17. In Fig. 5.16, PA || BC || DT and AB || DC. Then, the values of a and b
are respectively.

Fig. 5.16
(a) 60°, 120° (b) 50°,130° (c) 70°,110° (d) 80°,100°
18. The difference of two complementary angles is 30°. Then, the angles
are
(a) 60°, 30° (b) 70°, 40°
(c) 20°,50° (d) 105°,75°
19. In Fig. 5.17, PQ || SR and SP || RQ.
Then, angles a and b are respectively
(a) 20°, 50° (b) 50°, 20°
(c) 30°,50° (d) 45°, 35° Fig. 5.17
20. In Fig. 5.18, a and b are
(a) alternate exterior angles
(b) corresponding angles
(c) alternate interior angles
(d) vertically opposite angles
21. If two supplementary angles are in
the ratio 1 : 2, then the bigger
angle is
(a) 120° (b) 125°
(c) 110° (d) 90° Fig. 5.18

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22. In Fig. 5.19, ∠ROS is a right angle

and ∠POR and ∠QOS are in the
ratio 1 : 5. Then, ∠ QOS measures
(a) 150° (b) 75°
(c) 45° (d) 60°

23. Statements a and b are as given Fig. 5.19

below:
a : If two lines intersect, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
b : If a transversal intersects, two other lines, then the sum of two
interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180°.
Then
(a) Both a and b are true (b) a is true and b is false
(c) a is false and b is true (d) both a and b are false

24. For Fig. 5.20, statements p and q are given below:

p : a and b are forming a linear pair.
q : a and b are forming a pair of adjacent angles.
Then,
(a) both p and q are true
(b) p is true and q is false
(c) p is false and q is true
(d) both p and q are false
Fig. 5.20

A transversal is a line that intersects two or more lines that lie in the
same plane in distinct points. Transversals to parallel lines form angles
with special properties.

Alternate interior Alternate exterior Corresponding

 

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25. In Fig. 5.21, ∠AOC and ∠ BOC form a

pair of
(a) vertically opposite angles
(b) complementary angles
(c) alternate interior angles
(d) supplementary angles
26. In Fig. 5.22, the value of a is Fig. 5.21
(a) 20° (b) 15°
(c) 5° (d) 10°
27. In Fig. 5.23, if QP || SR, the value of a is
(a) 40° (b) 30°
(c) 90° (d) 80°

Fig. 5.22

Fig. 5.23

28. In which of the following figures, a and b are forming a pair of adjacent
angles?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 5.24

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  

1. Tell how many different angles would be formed by a transversal
intersecting three parallel lines. How many different angle measures
would there be?
2. Explain how a transversal could intersect two other lines so that
corresponding angles are not congruent.

29. In a pair of adjacent angles, (i) vertex is always common, (ii) one arm
is always common, and (iii) uncommon arms are always opposite
rays
Then
(a) All (i), (ii) and (iii) are true
(b) (iii) is false
(c) (i) is false but (ii) and (iii) are true
(d) (ii) is false
30. In Fig. 5.25, lines PQ and ST intersect at O. If ∠POR = 90° and
x : y = 3 : 2, then z is equal to
(a) 126° (b) 144° (c) 136° (d) 154°

Fig. 5.25

  

Words Numbers Algebra
The angle measures of
a triangle add to 180°.

43° + 58° + 79° = 180° r° + s° + t° = 180°

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31. In Fig. 5.26, POQ is a line, then a is

equal to
(a) 35° (b) 100°
(c) 80° (d) 135°
32. Vertically opposite angles are always
(a) supplementary
(b) complementary
(c) adjacent Fig. 5.26
(d) equal
33. In Fig. 5.27, a = 40°. The value of b is
(a) 20° (b) 24°
(c) 36° (d) 120°
34. If an angle is 60° less than two times
of its supplement, then the greater
angle is Fig. 5.27
(a) 100° (b) 80°
(c) 60° (d) 120°
35. In Fig. 5.28, PQ || RS.
If ∠1=(2a+b)° and ∠6=(3a–b)°, then
the measure of ∠2 in terms of b is
(a) (2+b)° (b) (3–b)°
(c) (108–b)° (d) (180–b)°
36. In Fig. 5.29, PQ||RS and a : b = 3 : 2.
Then, f is equal to
(a) 36° (b) 108°
(c) 72° (d) 144° Fig. 5.28

Fig. 5.29

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An acute triangle has 3 acute angles. A right triangle has 1 right angle,
An obtuse triangle has 1 obtuse angle.
An e quilateral triangle has 3 congruent sides and 3 congruent angles. An
isosceles triangle has at least 2 congruent sides and 2 congruent angles.
A scalene triangle has no congruent sides and no congruent angles.

37. In Fig. 5.30, line l intersects two parallel lines PQ and RS. Then,
which one of the following is not true?
(a) ∠1 = ∠3 (b) ∠2 = ∠4
(c) ∠6 = ∠7 (d) ∠4 = ∠8
38. In Fig. 5.30, which one of the following is
not true?
(a) ∠1 + ∠5 = 180°
(b) ∠2 + ∠5 = 180°
(c) ∠3 + ∠8 = 180°
(d) ∠2 + ∠3 = 180°
39. In Fig. 5.30, which of the following is true? Fig. 5.30
(a) ∠1 = ∠5 (b) ∠4 = ∠8 (c) ∠5 = ∠8 (d) ∠3 = ∠7

  

1. Explain whether a right triangle can be equilateral. Can it be isosceles?
scalene?
2. Explain whether a triangle can have two right angles. Can it have two
obtuse angles?

40. In Fig. 5.31, PQ||ST. Then,

the value of x + y is
(a) 125° (b) 135°
(c) 145° (d) 120°

Fig. 5.31

 

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41. In Fig. 5.32, if PQ||RS and

QR||TS, then the value a is
(a) 95° (b) 90° (c) 85° (d) 75°

Fig. 5.32
In questions 42 to 56, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.
42. If sum of measures of two angles is 90°, then the angles are _________.
43. If the sum of measures of two angles is 180°, then they are _________.
44. A transversal intersects two or more than two lines at _________
points.
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then (Q. 45 to 48).
45. sum of interior angles on the same side of a transversal is .
46. alternate interior angles have one common .
47. corresponding angles are on the side of the transversal.
48. alternate interior angles are on the side of the transversal.
49. Two lines in a plane which do not meet at a point anywhere are
called lines.
50. Two angles forming a __________ pair are supplementary.
51. The supplement of an acute is always __________ angle.
52. The supplement of a right angle is always _________ angle.
53. The supplement of an obtuse angle is always _________ angle.
54. In a pair of complementary angles, each angle cannot be more than
_________90°.
55. An angle is 45°. Its complementary angle will be __________ .
56. An angle which is half of its supplement is of __________.
In questions 57 to 71, state whether the statements are True or False.
57. Two right angles are complementary to each other.

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58. One obtuse angle and one acute angle can make a pair of
complementary angles.
59. Two supplementary angles are always obtuse angles.
60. Two right angles are always supplementary to each other.
61. One obtuse angle and one acute angle can make a pair of
suplementary angles.
62. Both angles of a pair of supplementary angles can never be acute
angles.
63. Two supplementary angles always form a linear pair.
64. Two angles making a linear pair are always supplementary.
65. Two angles making a linear pair are always adjacent angles.
66. Vertically opposite angles form a linear pair.
67. Interior angles on the same side of a transversal with two distinct
parallel lines are complementary angles.
68. Vertically opposite angles are either both acute angles or both obtuse
angles.
69. A linear pair may have two acute angles.
70. An angle is more than 45°. Its complementary angle must be less
than 45°.
71. Two adjacent angles always form a linear pair.
72. Write down each pair of adjacent angles shown in the following
figures:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Fig. 5.33

 

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73. In each of the following figures, write, if any, (i) each pair of vertically
opposite angles, and (ii) each linear pair.

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Fig. 5.34
74. Name the pairs of supplementary angles in the following figures:

(i) (ii)

(iii)

Fig. 5.35

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75. In Fig. 5.36, PQ || RS, TR || QU and ∠PTR = 42°. Find ∠QUR.

Fig. 5.36
76. The drawings below (Fig. 5.37), show angles
formed by the goalposts at different positions of
a football player. The greater the angle, the better
chance the player has of scoring a goal. For
example, the player has a better chance of scoring
(ii)
a goal from Position A than from Position B.

(i) (iii)

Fig. 5.37
In Parts (a) and (b) given below it may help to trace the diagrams and
draw and measure angles.

(a) Seven football players are practicing their kicks. They are lined
up in a straight line in front of the goalpost [Fig.(ii)]. Which
player has the best (the greatest) kicking angle?

(b) Now the players are lined up as shown in Fig. (iii). Which player
has the best kicking angle?

(c) Estimate atleast two situations such that the angles formed by
different positions of two players are complement to each other.

77. The sum of two vertically opposite angles is 166°. Find each of the
angles.

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78. In Fig. 5.38, l ||m || n.

∠ QPS = 35° and ∠ QRT = 55°. Find ∠PQR.
79. In Fig. 5.39, P, Q and R are collinear points
and TQ ⊥ PR,
Name; (a) pair of complementary angles
(b) two pairs of supplementary angles.
(c) four pairs of adjacent angles.
Fig. 5.38

Fig. 5.39

80. In Fig. 5.40, OR ⊥ OP.

(i) Name all the pairs of adjacent
angles.
(ii) Name all the pairs of
complementary angles.
81. If two angles have a common
vertex and their arms form Fig. 5.40
opposite rays (Fig. 5.41), Then,
(a) how many angles are formed?
(b) how many types of angles are formed?
(c) write all the pairs of vertically opposite
angles.

82. In (Fig 5.42) are the following pairs of angles

adjacent? Justify your answer.

Fig. 5.41

 

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(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Fig. 5.42
83. In Fig. 5.43, write all the pairs of supplementary angles.

Fig. 5.43
84. What is the type of other angle of a linear pair if

(a) one of its angle is acute?

(b) one of its angles is obtuse?

(c) one of its angles is right?

85. Can two acute angles form a pair of supplementary angles? Give
reason in support of your answer.

86. Two lines AB and CD intersect at O (Fig. 5.44). Write all the pairs of
adjacent angles by taking angles 1, 2, 3, and 4 only.

 

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Fig. 5.44

Polygon Number of
Sides
Triangle 3
Quadrilateral 4
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7
Octagon 8
n-gon n

87. If the complement of an angle is 62°, then find its supplement.

88. A road crosses a railway line at an angle of 30° as shown in Fig.5.45.
Find the values of a, b and c.

Fig. 5.45

 

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89. The legs of a stool make an angle of 35° with the floor as shown in
Fig. 5.46. Find the angles x and y.

Fig. 5.46
90. Iron rods a, b, c, d, e and f are making a design in a bridge as shown
in Fig. 5.47, in which a ||b, c ||d, e || f. Find the marked angles between
(i) b and c
(ii) d and e
(iii) d and f
(iv) c and f

Fig. 5.47

91. Amisha makes a star with the help of line

segments a, b, c, d, e and f, in which a || d,
b || e and c || f. Chhaya marks an angle as
120° as shown in Fig. 5.48 and asks
Amisha to find the ∠x, ∠y and ∠z. Help
Amisha in finding the angles.

Fig. 5.48

 

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92. In Fig. 5.49, AB||CD, AF||ED, ∠AFC = 68° and ∠FED = 42°. Find
∠EFD.

Fig. 5.49
93. In Fig. 5.50, OB is perpendicular to OA and ∠BOC = 49°. Find ∠AOD.

Fig. 5.50
94. Three lines AB, CD and EF intersect each other at O. If ∠AOE =
30° and ∠DOB = 40° (Fig. 5.51), find ∠COF.

Fig. 5.51
95. Measures (in degrees) of two complementary angles are two
consecutive even integers. Find the angles.
96. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, and the difference of two
interior angles on the same side of a transversal is 20°, find the
angles.

 

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97. Two angles are making a linear pair. If one of them is one-third of
the other, find the angles.
98. Measures (in degrees) of two supplementary angles are consecutive
odd integers. Find the angles.
99. In Fig. 5.52, AE || GF || BD, AB || CG || DF and ∠CHE = 120°. Find
∠ABC and ∠CDE.

Fig. 5.52
100. In Fig. 5.53, find the value of ∠BOC, if points A, O and B are collinear.

Fig. 5.53
101. In Fig. 5.54, if l ||m, find the values of a and b.

Fig. 5.54

 

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102. In Fig. 5.55, l || m and a line t intersects these lines at P and Q,

respectively. Find the sum 2a + b.

Fig. 5.55
103. In Fig. 5.56, QP || RS. Find the values of a and b.

Fig. 5.56
104. In Fig. 5.57, PQ || RT. Find the
value of a + b.

Fig. 5.57

105. In Fig 5.58, PQ, RS and UT are

parallel lines.

c
(i) If c = 570 and a = , find the
3
value of d.
Fig. 5.58
0
2
(ii) If c = 75 and a = c, find b.
5

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 
106. In Fig. 5.59, AB||CD . Find the reflex ∠ EFG.

Fig. 5.59
Look for a pattern between the number of sides and the number of triangles.

107. In Fig. 5.60, two parallel lines l and m are cut by two transversals n
and p. Find the values of x and y.

Fig. 5.60
108. In Fig. 5.61, l, m and n are parallel lines, and the lines p and q are
also parallel. Find the values of a, b and c.

Fig. 5.61

 

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109. In Fig. 5.62, state which pair of lines are parallel. Give reason.

Fig. 5.62

110. In Fig. 5.63, examine whether the following pairs of lines are parallel
or not:
(i) EF and GH (ii) AB and CD

Fig. 5.63

111. In Fig. 5.64, find out which pair of lines are parallel:

Fig. 5.64

 

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112. In Fig. 5.65, show that

(i) AB || CD
(ii) EF || GH

Fig. 5.65

113. In Fig. 5.66, two parallel lines l and m are cut by two transversals p
and q. Determine the values of x and y.

Fig. 5.66

 
1. The game pool belongs to billiard sports and generally played with
a cue stick which is used to strike billiard balls, moving them
around a cloth-covered billiards table with six pocket bounded by
rubber cushions.
The angle at which a pool ball hits the side of a table has the same

 

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measure as the angle at which it

bounces off the side. This is shown
in the drawing at the right. The
marked angles have the same
measure, and the arrow shows the
ball’s path.
In Parts (a)–(c), trace the drawing. Then use your protractor to find the
path the ball will take when it bounces off the side. Tell whether the
ball will go into a pocket or hit another side. (Draw just one bounce.)

(a)

When light hits a mirror, it

behaves in the same way as a
pool ball hitting the side of a
table. If light hits a mirror at an
angle, it bounces off at the same
angle. In physics, this law is often
(b)
stated as “the angle of incidence
= the angle of reflection.”

(c)

(d) Try to trace this drawing. Draw a path for which the ball will bounce
off a side and land in the lower-right pocket.

 

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2. Crossword Puzzle
Fill the crossword puzzle with the help of following clues:

Across
1. Two lines in a plane which do not intersect each other.
2. A pair of adjacent angles having their non common arms opposite
rays.
3. A pair of angles having a common vertex, a common arm and their
interiors do not overlap.
4. The two lines are intersected by a line at distinct points.
5. The sum of two angles is 90°.
Down
6. Sum of two angles is 180°.
7. The two lines in a plane intersect each other at one and only one point
are called _________ .
8. When two parallel lines intersected by a transversal at two distinct
points then the _________ angles are equal.

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    

• The six elements of a triangle are its three angles and the three
sides.
• The line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the mid point of its
opposite side is called a median of the triangle. A triangle has
3 medians.
• The perpendicular line segment from a vertex of a triangle to its
opposite side is called an altitude of the triangle. A triangle has
3 altitudes.
• An exterior angle of a triangle is formed, when a side of a triangle is
produced.
• The measure of any exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of
the measures of its two interior opposite angles.
• The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°.
• A triangle is said to be equilateral, if each of its sides has the same
length.
• In an equilateral triangle, each angle has measure 60°.
• A triangle is said to be isosceles if at least two of its sides are of same
length.
• The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always greater
than the length of the third side.
• The difference of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always
smaller than the length of the third side.

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• In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite to the right angle is

called the hypotenuse and the other two sides are called its legs or
arms.
• In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares on its legs.
• Two plane figures, say, F 1 and F2 are said to be congruent, if the
trace-copy of F1 fits exactly on that of F2. We write this as F1 ≅ F2.

• Two line segments, say AB and CD , are congruent, if they have equal

lengths. We write this as AB ≅ CD . However, it is common to write it

as AB = CD .

• Two angles, say ∠ABC and ∠PQR, are congruent, if their measures
are equal. We write this as ∠ABC ≅ ∠ PQR or as m ∠ABC = m∠PQR or
simply as ∠ ABC = ∠ PQR.
• Under a given correspondence, two triangles are congruent, if the
three sides of the one are equal to the three sides of the other (SSS).
• Under a given correspondence, two triangles are congruent if two
sides and the angle included between them in one of the triangles
are equal to the two sides and the angle included between them of
the other triangle (SAS).
• Under a given correspondence, two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the side included between them in one of the triangles
are equal to the two angles and the side included between them of
the other triangle (ASA).
• Under a given correspondence, two right-angled triangles are
congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg (side) of one of the triangles
are equal to the hypotenuse and one of the leg (side) of the other
triangle (RHS).

  

In Examples 1 to 5, there are four options, out of which only one is

correct. Write the correct one.

Example 1: In Fig. 6.1, side QR of a ∆PQR has been produced to the

point S. If ∠PRS = 115° and ∠P = 45°, then ∠Q is equal to,
(a) 70° (b) 105° (c) 51° (d) 80°

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Fig. 6.1

Solution: Correct answer is (a).

Example 2: In an equilateral triangle ABC (Fig. 6.2), AD is an altitude.
Then 4AD2 is equal to
(a) 2BD2 (b) BC2 (c) 3AB2 (d) 2DC2

Fig. 6.2
Solution: Correct answer is (c).
Example 3: Which of the following cannot be the sides of a triangle?
(a) 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm (b) 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm
(c) 2.5 cm, 3.5 cm, 4.5 cm (d) 2.3 cm, 6.4 cm, 5.2 cm
Solution: Correct answer is (b).


1. The word equilateral contains the roots equi,

which means “equal,” and lateral, which
means “of the side.” What do you suppose
an equilateral is?
2. The Greek prefix poly means “many,” and
the root gon means “angle.” What do you
suppose a polygon is?

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Example 4: Which one of the following is not a criterion for

congruence of two triangles?
(a) ASA (b) SSA (c) SAS (d) SSS
Solution: Correct answer is (b).
Example 5: In Fig. 6.3, PS is the bisector of ∠P and PQ = PR. Then
∆PRS and ∆PQS are congruent by the criterion
(a) AAA (b) SAS (c) ASA (d) both (b) and (c)

Fig. 6.3
Solution : Correct answer is (b).

In examples 6 to 9, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

Example 6: The line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the
mid-point of its opposite side is called its __________.
Solution: median
Example 7: A triangle is said to be ________, if each one of its sides
has the same length.
Solution: equilateral

Example 8: In Fig. 6.4, ∠ PRS = ∠ QPR + ∠ ________

Fig. 6.4
Solution: PQR

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Example 9: Let ABC and DEF be two triangles in which AB = DE,

BC = FD and CA = EF. The two triangles are congruent
under the correspondence
ABC ↔ ________
Solution: EDF
In Examples 10 to 12, state whether the statements are True or False.
Example 10: Sum of any two sides of a triangle is not less than the
third side.
Solution: False
Example 11: The measure of any exterior angle of a triangle is equal
to the sum of the measures of its two interior opposite
angles.
Solution: True
Example 12: If in ∆ABC and ∆DEF, AB = DE, ∠A = ∠D and BC = EF
then the two triangle ABC and DEF are congruent by
SAS criterion.
Solution: False

    

Example 13
In Fig. 6.5, find x and y.

Fig. 6.5

Solution : Understand and Explore the Problem

• What all are given?

∠ABD = 60°, ∠BAD = 30° and ∠ACD = 45°
• What are to be found?
∠ADC and ∠XAC, which are respectively exterior angles
for ∆ABD and ∆ABC.

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Plan a Strategy

• Find ∠ADC using exterior angle property for ∆ABD.

• Find y using exterior angle property for ∆ABC.

Solve

• x = ∠ADC = ∠DBA + ∠BAD (In ∆ABD)

= 60° + 30°
= 90°
• y = ∠XAC = ∠ABC + ∠ACB ( In ∆ABC)
= 60° + 45°
= 105°

Revise

• Verify your answer by using some other properties of triangle.

In ∆ABD, ∠ADB = 180° – (30° + 60°) = 90° (Angle sum property
of a triangle)
x = ∠ADC = 180° – ∠ADB
= 180° – 90° = 90°, Hence, ∠ADC = 90° verified.
∠DAC = 180° – (x + 45°) = 180° – 135° = 45°

At point A on BAX , 30° + ∠DAC + y = 180°

Hence for verifying value of y, 30° + 45° + y = 180°

or y = 180° – 75° = 105°

  

1. If AD = DC? Why?
2. In given problem, can ∠B be 85° instead of 60°? If yes find the values of
x and y in that case.
3. What type of triangle is ∆ADC?

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 
In each of the questions 1 to 49, four options are given, out of which
only one is correct. Choose the correct one.
1. The sides of a triangle have lengths (in cm) 10, 6.5 and a, where a is
a whole number. The minimum value that a can take is
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 4

2. Triangle DEF of Fig. 6.6 is a right triangle

with ∠E = 90°.
What type of angles are ∠D and ∠F?
(a) They are equal angles
(b) They form a pair of adjacent angles
(c) They are complementary angles
Fig. 6.6
(d) They are supplementary angles

 
Diagram Statement Corresponding Corresponding
Angles Sides
∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF ∠A ≅ ∠D AB ≅ DE
∠B ≅ ∠E BC ≅ EF
∠C ≅ ∠F AC ≅ DF

3. In Fig. 6.7, PQ = PS. The

value of x is
(a) 35° (b) 45°
(c) 55° (d) 70°

4. In a right-angled triangle,
the angles other than the
right angle are
(a) obtuse (b) right
(c) acute (d) straight Fig. 6.7

5. In an isosceles triangle, one angle is 70°. The other two angles are of
(i) 55° and 55° (ii) 70° and 40° (iii) any measure

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In the given option(s) which of the above statement(s) are true?

(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (iii) only (d) (i) and (ii)

6. In a triangle, one angle is of 90°. Then

(i) The other two angles are of 45° each
(ii) In remaining two angles, one angle is 90° and other is 45°
(iii) Remaining two angles are complementary
In the given option(s) which is true?
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (iii) only (d) (i) and (ii)

7. Lengths of sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. The triangle is

(a) Obtuse angled triangle (b) Acute-angled triangle
(c) Right-angled triangle (d) An Isosceles right triangle

8. In Fig. 6.8, PB = PD. The value of x is

(a) 85° (b) 90°
(c) 25° (d) 35°

9. In ∆PQR,
(a) PQ – QR > PR
(b) PQ + QR < PR
(c) PQ – QR< PR
(d) PQ + PR< QR

10. In ∆ ABC,
Fig. 6.8
(a) AB + BC > AC (b) AB + BC < AC
(c) AB + AC < BC (d) AC + BC < AB

  

1. Explain what it means for two polygons to be congruent.
2. Tell how to write a congruence statement for two triangles.

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11. The top of a broken tree touches the ground at a distance of 12 m

from its base. If the tree is broken at a height of 5 m from the ground
then the actual height of the tree is
(a) 25 m (b) 13 m (c) 18 m (d) 17 m

12. The trianlge ABC formed by AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm, AC = 4 cm is

(a) an isosceles triangle only (b) a scalene triangle only
(c) an isosceles right triangle (d) scalene as well as a right triangle

13. Two trees 7 m and 4 m high stand upright on a ground. If their

bases (roots) are 4 m apart, then the distance between their tops is
(a) 3 m (b) 5 m (c) 4 m (d) 11 m

14. If in an isosceles triangle, each of the base angles is 40°, then the
triangle is
(a) Right-angled triangle (b) Acute angled triangle
(c) Obtuse angled triangle (d) Isosceles right-angled triangle

15. If two angles of a triangle are 60° each, then the triangle is
(a) Isosceles but not equilateral (b) Scalene
(c) Equilateral (d) Right-angled

16. The perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 60 cm and a diagonal

is 61 cm is
(a) 120 cm (b) 122 cm (c) 71 cm (d) 142 cm

17. In ∆PQR, if PQ = QR and ∠Q = 100°, then ∠R is equal to

(a) 40° (b) 80° (c) 120° (d) 50°

18. Which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side
(b) A triangle can have all its angles acute
(c) A right-angled triangle cannot be equilateral
(d) Difference of any two sides
of a triangle is greater than
the third side

19. In Fig. 6.9, BC = CA and

∠A = 40. Then, ∠ACD is equal to
(a) 40° (b) 80°
(c) 120° (d) 60° Fig. 6.9

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20. The length of two sides of a

triangle are 7 cm and 9 cm. The
length of the third side may lie
between
(a) 1 cm and 10 cm
(b) 2 cm and 8 cm
(c) 3 cm and 16 cm
Fig. 6.10
(d) 1 cm and 16 cm

21. From Fig. 6.10, the value of x is

(a) 75° (b) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 60°

22. In Fig. 6.11, the value of

∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D + ∠E + ∠F is
(a) 190° (b) 540°
(c) 360° (d) 180°
Fig. 6.11
23. In Fig. 6.12, PQ = PR, RS = RQ and ST || QR. If
the exterior angle RPU is 140°, then the
measure of angle TSR is
(a) 55° (b) 40°
(c) 50° (d) 45°

24. In Fig. 6.13, ∠BAC = 90°, AD ⊥ BC and

∠BAD = 50°, then ∠ACD is
(a) 50° (b) 40° (c) 70° (d) 60°

25. If one angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the

Fig. 6.12
other two angles, the triangle is
(a) obtuse (b) acute
(c) right (d) equilateral

26. If the exterior angle of a triangle is 130°

and its interior opposite angles are equal,
then measure of each interior opposite
angle is
(a) 55° (b) 65° (c) 50° (d) 60°
Fig. 6.13

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27. If one of the angles of a triangle is 110°, then the angle between the
bisectors of the other two angles is
(a) 70° (b) 110° (c) 35° (d) 145°

28. In ∆ABC, AD is the bisector of ∠A meeting BC at D, CF ⊥ AB and

E is the mid-point of AC. Then median of the triangle is
(a) AD (b) BE
(c) FC (d) DE

29. In ∆PQR, if ∠ P = 60°, and ∠ Q = 40°, then the exterior angle formed
by producing QR is equal to
(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 100° (d) 80°

30. Which of the following triplets cannot be the angles of a triangle?

(a) 67°, 51°, 62° (b) 70°, 83°, 27°
(c) 90°, 70°, 20° (d) 40°, 132°, 18°

31. Which of the following can be the length of the third side of a triangle
whose two sides measure 18 cm and 14 cm?
(a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 32 cm

32. How many altitudes does a triangle have?

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9

33. If we join a vertex to a point on opposite side which divides that side
in the ratio 1:1, then what is the special name of that line segment?
(a) Median (b) Angle bisector
(c) Altitude (d) Hypotenuse

34. The measures of ∠x and ∠y in Fig.

6.14 are respectively
(a) 30°, 60° (b) 40°, 40°
(c) 70°, 70° (d) 70°, 60°

35. If length of two sides of a triangle are

Fig. 6.14
6 cm and 10 cm, then the length of
the third side can be
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 6 cm

36. In a right-angled triangle ABC, if angle B = 90°, BC = 3 cm and

AC = 5 cm, then the length of side AB is
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm

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37. In a right-angled triangle ABC, if angle B = 90°, then which of the

following is true?
(a) AB2 = BC2 + AC2 (b) AC2 = AB2 + BC2
(c) AB = BC + AC (d) AC = AB + BC

38. Which of the following figures will have it’s altitude outside the
triangle?

Fig. 6.15

39. In Fig. 6.16, if AB || CD, then

Fig. 6.16

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(a) ∠ 2 = ∠ 3 (b) ∠ 1 = ∠ 4
(c) ∠ 4 = ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 (d) ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 = ∠ 3 + ∠ 4

40. In ∆ABC, ∠Α = 100°, AD bisects ∠A and AD⊥BC. Then, ∠B is equal to

(a) 80° (b) 20° (c) 40° (d) 30°

41. In ∆ABC, ∠Α = 50°, ∠B = 70° and bisector of ∠C meets AB in D

(Fig. 6.17). Measure of ∠ADC is.

Fig. 6.17

(a) 50° (b) 100° (c) 30° (d) 70°

42. If for ∆ABC and ∆DEF, the correspondence CAB ↔ EDF gives a
congruence, then which of the following is not true?
(a) AC = DE (b) AB = EF
(c) ∠A = ∠D (d) ∠C = ∠E

43. In Fig. 6.18, M is the mid-point of both AC and

BD. Then
(a) ∠1 = ∠2 (b) ∠1 = ∠4
(c) ∠2 = ∠4 (d) ∠1 = ∠3

44. If D is the mid-point of the side BC in ∆ABC

where AB = AC, then ∠ADC is Fig. 6.18
(a) 60° (b) 45°
(c) 120s° (d) 90°

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45. Two triangles are congruent, if two angles and the side included
between them in one of the triangles are equal to the two angles and
the side included between them of the other triangle. This is known
as the
(a) RHS congruence criterion
(b) ASA congruence criterion
(c) SAS congruence criterion
(d) AAA congruence criterion

46. By which congruency criterion, the two triangles

in Fig. 6.19 are congruent?
(a) RHS (b) ASA
(c) SSS (d) SAS

47. By which of the following criterion two triangles

Fig. 6.19
cannot be proved congruent?
(a) AAA (b) SSS (c) SAS (d) ASA

48. If ∆PQR is congruent to ∆STU (Fig. 6.20), then what is the length of TU?
(a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 7 cm (d) cannot be determined

Fig. 6.20
49. If ∆ABC and ∆DBC are on the same base BC, AB = DC and
AC = DB (Fig. 6.21), then which of the following gives a congruence
relationship?
(a) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DBC (b) ∆ ABC ≅∆CBD
(c) ∆ ABC ≅∆ DCB (d) ∆ ABC ≅∆BCD

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Fig. 6.21
In questions 50 to 69, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

50. The triangle always has altitude outside itself.

51. The sum of an exterior angle of a triangle and its adjacent angle is
always .

52. The longest side of a right angled triangle is called its .

53. Median is also called in an equilateral triangle.

54. Measures of each of the angles of an equilateral triangle is .

55. In an isosceles triangle, two angles are always .

56. In an isosceles triangle, angles opposite to equal sides are .

57. If one angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of other two, then the
measure of that angle is .

58. Every triangle has at least acute angle (s).

59. Two line segments are congruent, if they are of lengths.

60. Two angles are said to be , if they have equal measures.

61. Two rectangles are congruent, if they have same and

.

62. Two squares are congruent, if they have same .

63. If ∆ PQR and ∆ XYZ are congruent under the correspondence

QPR ↔ XYZ, then

(i) ∠R = (ii) QR =

(iii) ∠P = (iv) QP =

(v) ∠Q = (vi) RP =

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64. In Fig. 6.22, ∆PQR ≅ ∆

Fig. 6.22
65. In Fig. 6.23, ∆PQR ≅ ∆

Fig. 6.23

66. In Fig. 6.24, ∆ ≅ ∆ PQR

Fig. 6.24
67. In Fig. 6.25, ∆ ARO ≅ ∆

Fig. 6.25

68. In Fig. 6.26, AB = AD and ∠ BAC = ∠ DAC. Then

(i) ∆ ≅ ∆ ABC.
(ii) BC = .

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(iii) ∠ BCA = .
(iv) Line segment AC bisects and .

Fig. 6.26
69. In Fig. 6.27,
(i) ∠ TPQ = ∠ _____ + ∠ _____
(ii) ∠ UQR = ∠ _____ + ∠ _____
(iii) ∠ PRS = ∠ _____ + ∠ _____

Fig. 6.27

In questions 70 to 106 state whether the statements are True or False.

70. In a triangle, sum of squares of two sides is equal to the square of
the third side.

71. Sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than or equal to the third
side.
72. The difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
smaller than the length of third side.
73. In ∆ABC, AB = 3.5 cm, AC = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and in ∆PQR,
PR= 3.5 cm, PQ = 5 cm, RQ = 6 cm. Then ∆ABC ≅ ∆PQR.

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74. Sum of any two angles of a triangle is always greater than the third
angle.
75. The sum of the measures of three angles of a triangle is greater than
180°.
76. It is possible to have a right-angled equilateral triangle.
77. If M is the mid-point of a line segment AB, then we can say that AM
and MB are congruent.
78. It is possible to have a triangle in which two of the angles are right
angles.
79. It is possible to have a triangle in which two of the angles are obtuse.
80. It is possible to have a triangle in which two angles are acute.
81. It is possible to have a triangle in which each angle is less than 60°.
82. It is possible to have a triangle in which each angle is greater than
60°.
83. It is possible to have a triangle in which each angle is equal to 60°.
84. A right-angled triangle may have all sides equal.
85. If two angles of a triangle are equal, the third angle is also equal to
each of the other two angles.
86. In Fig. 6.28, two triangles are congruent by
RHS.
87. The congruent figures super impose each
other completely.
Fig. 6.28
88. A one rupee coin is congruent to a five rupee coin.
89. The top and bottom faces of a kaleidoscope are congruent.
90. Two acute angles are congruent.
91. Two right angles are congruent.
92. Two figures are congruent, if they have the same shape.
93. If the areas of two squares is same, they are congruent.
94. If the areas of two rectangles are same, they are congruent.
95. If the areas of two circles are the same, they are congruent.
96. Two squares having same perimeter are congruent.
97. Two circles having same circumference are congruent.

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98. If three angles of two triangles are equal, triangles are congruent.
99. If two legs of a right triangle are equal to two legs of another right
triangle, then the right triangles are congruent.
100. If two sides and one angle of a triangle are equal to the two sides and
angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
101. If two triangles are congruent, then the corresponding angles are
equal.
102. If two angles and a side of a triangle are equal to two angles and a
side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
103. If the hypotenuse of one right triangle is equal to the hypotenuse of
another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
104. If hypotenuse and an acute angle of one right triangle are equal to
the hypotenuse and an acute angle of another right triangle, then
the triangles are congruent.
105. AAS congruence criterion is same as ASA congruence criterion.
106. In Fig. 6.29, AD ⊥ BC and AD is the bisector of angle BAC. Then,
∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD by RHS.

Fig. 6.29

107. The measure of three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 5 : 3 : 1.

Find the measures of these angles.
108. In Fig. 6.30, find the value of x.

Fig. 6.30

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109. In Fig. 6.31(i) and (ii), find the values of a, b and c.

(i) (ii)

Fig. 6.31

110. In triangle XYZ, the measure of angle X is 30° greater than the measure
of angle Y and angle Z is a right angle. Find the measure of ∠Y.
111. In a triangle ABC, the measure of angle A is 40° less than the measure
of angle B and 50° less than that of angle C. Find the measure of ∠ A.
112. I have three sides. One of my angle measures 15°. Another has a
measure of 60°. What kind of a polygon am I? If I am a triangle, then
what kind of triangle am I?
113. Jiya walks 6 km due east and then 8 km due north. How far is she
from her starting place?
114. Jayanti takes shortest route to her home by walking diagonally across
a rectangular park. The park measures 60 metres × 80 metres. How
much shorter is the route across the park than the route around its
edges?

Understand the Problem

• If you write a problem in your own words, you may understand

it better. Before writing a problem in your own words, you
may need to read it over several times – perhaps aloud, so
you can hear yourself say the words.
• Once you have written the problem in your own words, you
may want to make sure you included all of the necessary
information to solve the problem.

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115. In ∆PQR of Fig. 6.32, PQ = PR. Find the measures of ∠Q and ∠R.

Fig. 6.32
116. In Fig. 6.33, find the measures of ∠ x and ∠ y.

Fig. 6.33
117. In Fig. 6.34, find the measures of ∠ PON and ∠ NPO.

Fig. 6.34
118. In Fig. 6.35, QP || RT. Find the values of x and y.

Fig. 6.35

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119. Find the measure of ∠ A in Fig. 6.36.

Fig. 6.36
120. In a right-angled triangle if an angle measures 35°, then find the
measure of the third angle.
121. Each of the two equal angles of
an isosceles triangle is four times
the third angle. Find the angles
of the triangle.
122. The angles of a triangle are in the
ratio 2 : 3 : 5. Find the angles.
123. If the sides of a triangle are
produced in an order, show that
the sum of the exterior angles so
formed is 360°.
124. In ∆ABC, if ∠A = ∠C, and exterior
angle ABX = 140°, then find the
angles of the triangle. Fig. 6.37
125. Find the values of x and y in Fig. 6.37.

Plan a Strategy

• Concept maps are visual tools for organising information. A

concept map shows how key concepts are related and can
help you summarise and analyse information in lessons or
chapters.

Create a Concept Map

• Give your concept map a title.
• Identify the main idea of your concept map.
• List the key concepts.
• Link the concepts to show the relationships between the
concepts and the main idea.

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126. Find the value of x in Fig. 6.38.

Fig. 6.38
127. The angles of a triangle are arranged in descending order of their
magnitudes. If the difference between two consecutive angles is 10°,
find the three angles.
128. In ∆ ABC, DE || BC (Fig. 6.39). Find the values of x, y and z.

Fig. 6.39
129. In Fig. 6.40, find the values of x, y and z.

Fig. 6.40
130. If one angle of a triangle is 60° and the other two angles are in the
ratio 1 : 2, find the angles.
131. In ∆PQR, if 3∠P = 4∠Q = 6∠R, calculate the angles of the triangle.
132. In ∆DEF, ∠D = 60°, ∠E = 70° and
the bisectors of ∠E and ∠F meet
at O. Find (i) ∠F (ii) ∠EOF.
133. In Fig. 6.41, ∆PQR is right-angled
at P. U and T are the points on
line QRF. If QP || ST and US || RP,
find ∠S.
Fig. 6.41

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134. In each of the given pairs of triangles of Fig. 6.42, applying only ASA
congruence criterion, determine which triangles are congruent. Also,
write the congruent triangles in symbolic form.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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(e) (f)

Fig. 6.42

135. In each of the given pairs of triangles of Fig. 6.43, using only RHS
congruence criterion, determine which pairs of triangles are
congruent. In case of congruence, write the result in symbolic form:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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(e) (f)

Fig. 6.43

136. In Fig. 6.44, if RP = RQ, find the value of x.

Fig. 6.44

137. In Fig. 6.45, if ST = SU, then find the values of x and y.

Fig. 6.45

138. Check whether the following measures (in cm) can be the sides of a
right-angled triangle or not.
1.5, 3.6, 3.9
139. Height of a pole is 8 m. Find the length of rope tied with its top from
a point on the ground at a distance of 6 m from its bottom.

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140. In Fig. 6.46, if y is five times x, find the value of z.

Fig. 6.46

141. The lengths of two sides of an isosceles triangle are 9 cm and 20 cm.
What is the perimeter of the triangle? Give reason.
142. Without drawing the triangles write all six pairs of equal measures
in each of the following pairs of congruent triangles.
(a) ∆STU  ∆DEF (b) ∆ABC  ∆LMN
(c) ∆YZX  ∆PQR (d) ∆XYZ  ∆MLN
143. In the following pairs of triangles of Fig. 6.47, the lengths of the
sides are indicated along the sides. By applying SSS congruence
criterion, determine which triangles are congruent. If congruent, write
the results in symbolic form.

(a)

(b)

(c) (d)

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(e) (f)

(g)

(h)

Fig. 6.47

144. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC and D is the mid-point of

base BC (Fig. 6.48).
(a) State three pairs of equal parts in the triangles ABD and ACD.
(b) Is ∆ABD ≅ ∆ACD. If so why?

Fig. 6.48

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145. In Fig. 6.49, it is given that LM = ON and NL = MO

(a) State the three pairs of equal parts in the triangles NOM and
MLN.
(b) Is ∆NOM ≅ ∆MLN. Give reason?

Fig. 6.49

146. Triangles DEF and LMN are both isosceles with DE = DF and
LM = LN, respectively. If DE = LM and EF = MN, then, are the two
triangles congruent? Which condition do you use?
If ∠ E = 40°, what is the measure of ∠ N?
147. If ∆PQR and ∆SQR are both isosceles triangle on a common base
QR such that P and S lie on the same side of QR. Are triangles PSQ
and PSR congruent? Which condition do you use?
148. In Fig. 6.50, which pairs of triangles are congruent by SAS
congruence criterion (condition)? If congruent, write the congruence
of the two triangles in symbolic form.

(i)

(ii)

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(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

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(vii) (viii)

Fig. 6.50

149. State which of the following pairs of triangles are congruent. If yes,
write them in symbolic form (you may draw a rough figure).
(a) ∆ PQR : PQ = 3.5 cm, QR = 4.0 cm, ∠ Q = 60°
∆ STU : ST = 3.5 cm, TU = 4 cm, ∠ T = 60°
(b) ∆ABC : AB = 4.8 cm, ∠ A = 90°, AC = 6.8 cm
∆XYZ : YZ = 6.8 cm, ∠ X = 90° , ZX = 4.8 cm

150. In Fig. 6.51, PQ = PS and ∠ 1 = ∠ 2.

(i) Is ∆PQR ≅ ∆PSR? Give reasons.
(ii) Is QR = SR? Give reasons.

151. In Fig. 6.52, DE = IH, EG = FI and

∠ E = ∠ I. Is ∆DEF ≅ ∆HIG? If yes, by
Fig. 6.51
which congruence criterion?

Fig. 6.52

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152. In Fig. 6.53, ∠1 = ∠ 2 and ∠ 3 = ∠ 4.

(i) Is ∆ADC ≅ ∆ ABC? Why ?
(ii) Show that AD = AB and CD = CB.

153. Observe Fig. 6.54 and state the three pairs

of equal parts in triangles ABC and DBC.
(i) Is ∆ABC ≅ ∆DCB? Why?
(ii) Is AB = DC? Why?
(iii) Is AC = DB? Why? Fig. 6.53

Fig. 6.54

154. In Fig. 6.55, QS ⊥ PR, RT ⊥ PQ and QS = RT.

(i) Is ∆ QSR ≅ ∆ RTQ? Give reasons.
(ii) Is ∠ PQR = ∠ PRQ? Give reasons.

Fig. 6.55

155. Points A and B are on the opposite edges of a pond as shown in

Fig. 6.56. To find the distance between the two points, the surveyor
makes a right-angled triangle as shown. Find the distance AB.

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Fig. 6.56

156. Two poles of 10 m and 15 m stand upright on a plane ground. If the

distance between the tops is 13 m, find the distance between their
feet.
157. The foot of a ladder is 6 m away from its wall and its top reaches a
window 8 m above the ground, (a) Find the length of the ladder. (b) If
the ladder is shifted in such a way that its foot is 8 m away from the
wall, to what height does its top reach?
158. In Fig. 6.57, state the three pairs of equal parts in ∆ABC and ∆EOD.
Is ∆ABC ≅ ∆ EOD? Why?

Fig. 6.57

 

1. Draw an equilateral triangle of side 6 cm, an isosceles triangle of

base 3 cm and equal sides 6 cm each and a scalene triangle of
sides 3 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm. Now draw a median and an altitude
in each triangle from the top vertex, measure and tabulate the
lengths of all the medians and altitude’s of respective triangles.
What can you conclude from this activity (This activity can also
be done by paper folding)?

2. Draw two triangles which have a pair of corresponding sides equal

but are not congruent.

3. Draw two triangles which have two pairs of corresponding sides

equal but are not congruent.

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4. Draw two triangles, which have one pair of corresponding angles

equal and one pair of corresponding sides equal but are not
congruent.
5. Draw two triangles which have three pairs of corresponding angles
equal but are not congruent.
Solve the given cross number/word and then fill up the given
boxes in activities 6 and 7. Clues are given below for across as
well as downward fillings. For across and downward clue numbers
are written at the corner of boxes. Answers of clues have to fill up
in their respective boxes.

Cross Number Puzzle 6

Across

(a) If 6, 8, m are the sides of a right triangle, then the value of m is

______.

(b) In ∆ABC, AC is the longest side, then what can be the measure of
angle B (in degree), if the three angles of triangle are 120°, 40°,
20°?

(c) In a right-angled triangle, one acute angle measures twice the other
angle, then the smaller angle shall measure _________.

(d) If three angles in ∆ABC are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5, then measure of

∠B is _____.
(e) Length of third side of a triangle whose two sides are 5 cm and
6 cm, must be less than _______.

(f) The perimeter of ∆ABC in Fig. 6.58 is _________.

Fig. 6.58

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Down
(a) In an isosceles triangle if one of the equal angles measures 35°,
then the third angle is __________.
(b) In Fig. 6.59, the value of x is _________.

Fig. 6.59

(c) The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is ___________.

(d) In ∆ ABC, ∠B = 80°, ∠ A = 30°, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet
at O. The measure of ∠BOC is ___________.

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Cross Word Puzzle 7

Across
1. A triangle with all its sides unequal.
2. The longest side of a right-angled triangle.
3. Two squares having same side lengths.
4. Line segment drawn from a vertex of a triangle perpendicular to its
opposite side.
Down
5. A type of triangle in which altitude falls outside the triangle.
6. A line segment joining vertex with the mid-point of the opposite side.
7. A regular triangle.
8. In a parallelogram, the line segment that divides it into two congruent
triangles.

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