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 This Internationa] Student Edition is for use outside of the LLS.

LAW &
ETHICS
for Health Professions
1 N NTH ED T ON

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Graw
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* aren Judson K
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Law &Professions
Ethics
for Health
NINTH Edition
 ii

iii

Law & Ethics

for Health Professions
NINTH Edition

Karen Judson, BS
Carlene Harrison, EdD, CMA (AAMA)
 iv

LAW & ETHICS FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2021 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited
to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 20

ISBN 978-1-260-57034-2
MHID 1-260-57034-7

Cover Image: ©Vladitto/Shutterstock.com, ©vitstudio/Shutterstock.com, ©ktsdesign/Shutterstock.com,

©Andrii Bielov/Shutterstock.com

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright
page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a
website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill
Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
 v

Brief Contents

Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Law and Ethics
CHAPTER 2 Making Ethical Decisions
CHAPTER 3 Working in Health Care
CHAPTER 4 Law, the Courts, and Contracts
CHAPTER 5 Professional Liability
CHAPTER 6 Defenses to Liability Suits
CHAPTER 7 Medical Records and Health Information Technology
CHAPTER 8 Privacy, Security, and Fraud
CHAPTER 9 Public Health Responsibilities of Health Care Practitioners
CHAPTER 10 Workplace Legalities
CHAPTER 11 The Beginning of Life and Childhood
CHAPTER 12 Death and Dying
CHAPTER 13 Stakeholders, Costs, and Patients’ Rights
Glossary
Index
 vi

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1
Introduction to Law and Ethics

1.1 Why Study Law and Ethics?

1.2 Comparing Aspects of Law and Ethics

1.3 Qualities of Successful Health Care Practitioners

Chapter Review

Chapter 2
Making Ethical Decisions

2.1 Value Development Theories

2.2 Value Choices Theories

2.3 Principles of Health Care Ethics

Chapter Review

Chapter 3
Working in Health Care

3.1 Licensure, Certification, Registration, and Scope of Practice

3.2 Accreditation
3.3 Practice Acts and Professional Boards

3.4 Business Aspects of Health Care

3.5 Managed Care Organizations

Chapter Review

Chapter 4
Law, the Courts, and Contracts

4.1 The Basis of and Primary Sources of Law

4.2 Classifications of Law

4.3 Tort Liability

4.4 Contracts

4.5 Physicians’ and Patients’ Rights and Responsibilities

Chapter Review

Chapter 5
Professional Liability

5.1 Liability

5.2 Standard of Care and Duty of Care

5.3 The Tort of Negligence

5.4 Elements of a Lawsuit

5.5 Alternative Dispute Resolution

5.6 Informed Consent

Chapter Review
Chapter 6
Defenses to Liability Suits

6.1 Preventing Liability Suits

6.2 Types of Defenses

6.3 Risk Management

6.4 Professional Liability Insurance

Chapter Review

Chapter 7
Medical Records and Health Information Technology

7.1 Medical Records

7.2 Medical Records Ownership, Retention, Storage, and Destruction

7.3 Records Release

7.4 Health Information Technology (HIT)

7.5 Social Media in Health Care

7.6 Telemedicine

Chapter Review

Chapter 8
Privacy, Security, and Fraud

8.1 The U.S. Constitution and Federal Privacy Laws

8.2 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Privileged Communication

8.3 HIPAA’s Privacy and Security Rules

8.4 Controlling Health Care Fraud and Abuse

Chapter Review

vii

Chapter 9
Public Health Responsibilities of Health Care Practitioners

9.1 Vital Statistics

9.2 Public Health Functions

9.3 Reportable Diseases and Injuries

9.4 Drug Regulations

Chapter Review

Chapter 10
Workplace Legalities

10.1 Basic Employment Law

10.2 OSHA’s Workplace Priorities

10.3 OSHA, CDC, and CLIA Guidelines and Regulations

10.4 Workers’ Compensation and Unemployment Insurance

10.5 Hiring and the New Employee

Chapter Review

Chapter 11
The Beginning of Life and Childhood

11.1 Family History as a Predictor

11.2 DNA Testing

11.3 Genetic Engineering

11.4 Conception and the Beginning of Life

11.5 Rights of Children

Chapter Review

Chapter 12
Death and Dying

12.1 Attitudes toward Death and the Determination of Death

12.2 Legal Documents for Terminally Ill Patients

12.3 Health Care Services for Terminally Ill Patients

12.4 The Right to Die Movement

12.5 The National Organ Transplant Act

12.6 The Grieving Process

Chapter Review

Chapter 13
Stakeholders, Costs, and Patients’ Rights

13.1 The Stakeholders

13.2 Cost of Health Care

13.3 Access and Quality

13.4 Paying for Health Care

13.5 Patients’ Bill of Rights

Chapter Review

Glossary
Index

viii
 ix

About the Authors

Karen Judson, BS
Karen Judson has taught college and high school sciences and grades kindergarten, one, and three. Judson
has also worked as a laboratory and X-ray technician and completed 2 years of nursing while earning a
degree in biology. Judson has also published numerous science and relationship articles and books for
adult and young adult readers.

Carlene Harrison, EdD, CMA (AAMA)

Carlene Harrison was an administrator in a variety of outpatient health care facilities for 20 years in
Colorado, Texas, and Florida. She became a full-time faculty member at Hodges University in 2000
serving first as a professor and program chair in both medical assisting and health administration. In
2007, she was named Dean of the School of Allied Health. During her 15 years at Hodges, she was
responsible for adding six academic programs to the School of Allied Health, retiring in 2015. Even
though she is retired from full-time academia, she continues to work part time at a local public health
department, coordinating with universities and colleges to provide a variety of internships and clinicals
for students in the fields of public health, nursing, medicine, health information technology, dietetics, and
social work.
 x

Preface
Law and Ethics: For Health Professions explains how to navigate the numerous legal and ethical issues
that health care professionals face every day. Topics are based upon real-world scenarios and dilemmas
from a variety of health care practitioners. Through the presentation of Learning Outcomes, Key Terms,
From the Perspective of . . ., Ethics Issues, Chapter Reviews, Case Studies, Internet Activities, Court
Cases, and Videos, students learn about current legal and ethical problems and situations. In the ninth
edition, material has been revised to reflect the current health care environment. As students progress
through the text, they will get the opportunity to use critical thinking skills to learn how to resolve real-life
situations and theoretical scenarios and to decide how legal and ethical issues are relevant to the health
care profession in which they will practice.

New to the Ninth Edition

A number of updates have been made in the ninth edition to enrich the user’s experience with the product,
including revisions to most of the “From the Perspective Of …” features in each chapter:
Chapter 5, “Professional Liability,” now includes the book’s coverage of informed consent.
Chapter 7, “Medical Records and Health Information Technology,” provides more information about electronic health records and updated
information about social media applications in health care.
Chapter 10, “Workplace Legalities,” contains the updated OSHA priorities.
Chapter 11, “The Beginning of Life and Childhood,” includes updated information about genetic testing.
Chapter 13, “Stakeholders, Costs, and Patients’ Rights,” discusses the changing face of health care from a business perspective and
includes a review of the basic types of insurance coverage. It also contains a discussion of patients’ rights.
All statistics and court cases have been updated, as well as content relevant to laws passed since the eighth edition.
Connect has been updated to reflect updates in the chapters and feedback from customers. It contains all Check Your Progress questions,
all end-ofchapter questions, additional Case Studies with related questions, and simple interactives.
MHE Application-Based Activities are highly interactive, automatically graded online exercises that provide students a safe space to
practice using problem-solving skills to apply their knowledge to realistic scenarios. Each scenario addresses key concepts and skills that
students must use to work through and solve course specific problems, resulting in improved critical thinking and relevant workplace skills.
Connect Law and Ethics for Health Professions Application-Based Activities: Video Cases
Students watch different scenarios and are instructed on the different laws and ethical considerations that are relevant to those scenarios. Students apply their
knowledge of the subject by answering periodic questions throughout each video.
For the 9th edition, 5 of the 13 videos contain brand-new scenarios.

For a detailed transition guide between the eight and ninth editions of Law & Ethics, visit the Instructor
Resources in Connect!

To the Student
As you study to become a health care provider, you have undoubtedly realized that patients are more than
the sum of their medical problems. In fact, they are people with loved ones, professions, worries,
hobbies, and daily routines that are probably much like your own. However, because patients’ lives and
well-being are at stake as they seek and receive health care, in addition to seeing each patient as an
individual, you must carefully consider the complex legal, moral, and ethical issues that will arise as you
practice your profession. And you must learn to resolve such issues in an acceptable manner.

xi

Law & Ethics provides an overview of the laws and ethics you should know to help you give
competent, compassionate care to patients that is also within acceptable legal and ethical boundaries. The
text can also serve as a guide to help you resolve the many legal and ethical questions you may reasonably
expect to face as a student and, later, as a health care provider.
To derive maximum benefit from Law & Ethics:
Review the Learning Outcomes and Key Terms at the beginning of each chapter for an overview of the material included in the chapter.
Complete all Check Your Progress questions as they appear in the chapter, and correct any incorrect answers.
Review the legal cases to see how they apply to topics in the text, and try to determine why the court ruled as it did.
Study the Ethics Issues at the end of each chapter, and answer the discussion questions.
Complete the Review questions at the end of the chapter, correct any incorrect answers, and review the material again.
Review the Case Studies, and use your critical thinking skills to answer the questions.
Complete the Internet Activities at the end of the chapter to become familiar with online resources and to see what additional information
you can find about selected topics.
Complete the Connect assignments from your instructor, including any SmartBook modules assigned, as well as additional Case Studies and
the Application-Based Activities (Video Cases).
Study each chapter until you can answer correctly questions posed by the Learning Outcomes, Check Your Progress, and Review
questions.

Instructor Resources
You can rely on the following materials to help you and your students work through the material in this
book. All of the resources in the following table are available in the Instructor Resources under the
Library tab in Connect (available only to instructors who are logged into Connect).

Supplement Features
Instructor’s Each chapter includes:
Manual Learning Outcomes
Overview of PowerPoint Presentations
Teaching Points
Answer Keys for Check Your Progress and End-of-Chapter Questions

Key Concepts
PowerPoint
Accessible
Presentations
Computerized and Connect
Electronic Test
Word version
Bank Questions are tagged with learning outcomes, level of difficulty, level of Bloom’s taxonomy, feedback, topic, and
the accrediting standards of ABHES and CAAHEP, where appropriate

Transition Guide, by chapter, from Law & Ethics, 8e to 9e

Tools to Plan
Correlations by learning outcomes to ABHES and CAAHEP
Course Sample syllabi
Asset Map—a recap of the key instructor resources, as well as information on the content available through
Connect
 Want to learn more about this product? Attend one of our online webinars. To learn more about the
webinars, please contact your McGraw-Hill Learning Technology Representative. To find your McGraw-
Hill representative, go to www.mheducation.com and click “Get Support,” select “Higher Ed,” and then
click the “GET STARTED” button under the “Find Your Sales Rep” section.
Need help? Contact McGraw-Hill Education’s Customer Experience Group (CXG). Visit the CXG
Web site at www.mhhe.com/support. Browse the FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) and product
documentation and/or contact a CXG representative.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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threw on a cloak and went out; there was a great fire at the little
farm, where the ricks were burning. In their light Grani was seen,
saving what he might; but Einar stood by wringing his hands, and
Helga weeping. So while those of Cragness stood and watched,
Hallvard and Hallmund came up the hill and joined them.

"Where have ye been?" asks Frodi.

They had no good answer to give.

When it was day Rolf sent to inquire of Einar if he had had great
loss; Hallvard was sent. "And ask if they will have any help of me;
and mark how much they have saved and where it is bestowed."

So Hallvard went and returned again, and said that Grani needed no
help. "But," said he, "the old man would have taken help, yet the
young man would not allow it. And they have saved no hay, and but
little grain; it is there in the pen of the ewe."

"Now," Rolf said privately to Hallvard, "thou and Hallmund shall take
my shepherd and go into the hills, a day's journey; he shall show
thee where are folded those twenty of my sheep which came not
with the others, and which men call lost. Send him then home
before thee, and do ye twain drive the sheep.—And see to it," quoth
Rolf, "that those sheep do no damage to the fodder which Grani
saved."

So that day those two took their staves, and went with the shepherd
to do as Rolf had bidden. On the second day the shepherd came
again; but on the fourth came Hallvard and Hallmund, driving the
sheep. Now one of them was all bloody.

"What hath happened to the ram?" asked Rolf.

"We came home," answered Hallvard, "over the fell which is above
Einar's farm; we pastured the sheep as we came, yet there is now
no good grazing, and the beasts were terribly thin. So when we
came late at night near to Grani's stead, and could not make
Cragness in the dark, we rested and let the sheep stray. In the
morning, behold, the sheep had found the grain which Grani had
saved from the fire, and were eating the last of it when he came out
by the first light. He saw the sheep, and drove them thence with
fury; but the ram was obstinate, and would not leave the food, so
Grani wounded him. And he gave us hard words before we gathered
the flock to come away."

"Take the sheep to the fold," said Rolf, and he gave each of the men
a piece of money.

Then he went in and sat down to meat; but Frodi followed him and
seemed much discontented. "What ails thee?" asked Rolf.

"This ails me," said Frodi, "that thou hast no mercy upon them
whose lot is hard enough. I cannot bear that thou shouldst use
those base men to do such work against Grani, whom once thou
lovedst. For I perceive clearly that all this has been done with
intention, both the trespassing of the ewe and the burning of the
ricks; likewise this last happening is not by chance. What change is
on thee, that thou doest so?"

Also Asdis came and said: "Thou art hard on those unfortunate ones,
my son. Leave this persecution and do what is worthy of thee."

But Rolf said to Frodi: "Hast thou forgotten that Grani made thee
thrall?" And of Asdis he asked: "Who slew Hiarandi my father?" The
law of vengeance came to their minds, and they were silent, yet not
satisfied.

Then Hallvard and Hallmund came in and helped themselves to

meat, and began talking loudly. Said Hallvard, "Thou art called now,
master, to avenge thy honor. Einar spoke shame on thee while we
were gathering the sheep to drive from his house, for he said thou
hadst the hope to starve him and his children."
"A great slander is that," quoth Hallmund, wagging his head. "Many
a man hath died for such; and at least a money-fine should Einar
pay."

"Hold your tongues!" cried Frodi in anger.

But Rolf rebuked Frodi, and said to those twain: "I give thanks for
your thought of mine honor. But I do not desire blood, only money-
atonement for the slander. Einar hath no money; but Grani hath yet
his sword, a fine weapon. Now you who have my honor in your care,
go to-morrow to Grani. Tell him I demand atonement; but if he
sends me his sword his father's slander will be forgotten."

Those two looked at each other in doubt, for that would be a hard
thing, to get from Grani his sword.

But Frodi sprang from his seat, and cried: "What dost thou now, to
insult Grani so? Never will an Icelander yield his sword! Call now to
mind when ye two were comrades, and slept together, and fought
the Scots together, and crossed the Pentland Firth together in a little
boat, and swam the last mile side by side. Put all this in thy mind,
and unsay what thou hast said."

Rolf answered: "All this I remember, and that is why I send for
Grani's sword."

"Then," Frodi cried, "I leave thy roof now, nor ever are we friends
again!"

"Frodi," answered Rolf, "sleep one night more under my roof; then if
thou art minded thou shalt leave me forever."

Then Frodi called to mind his great love for his cousin, and yielded,
and sat down.

In the morning Hallmund and Hallvard sat late at meat. Rolf said to
them: "Why linger ye here? Do as I bade!"
Then they took swords, axes, and shields, and went to the hut
across the valley, but had no heart in their going. Now Rolf watched
from the hillside, and he saw them go into the farmyard, very
slowly; and he waited a while, and saw them come out, very slowly.
And they came back to Cragness, and climbed the hill to him; and
behold, they had not their arms any more, but were wounded, and
complained as they came.

"Grani," said they, "has done this to us. Now, master, avenge us on
him!"

"Now," said Rolf, "all is come about as I wished." And he bade bring
his sword and his shield.

"Wilt thou then," asked Frodi, "take up the quarrel of these wretched
carles?"

Rolf put on his sword and took his shield; he made no answer to
Frodi, but he beckoned his housecarles and pointed to Hallvard and
Hallmund.

"Whip me," said Rolf to his servants, "these wretches from this
place; if they wait till my return they shall feel the weight of my
hand. But as for all the rest of you, bide ye here till I come again."

Hallvard and Hallmund ran with all haste away along the cliffs, but
Rolf set out across the valley to the little farm.
 CHAPTER XXX

OF THE SAYING OF THOSE TWO WORDS

Now the tale turns to speak of Einar and his two children: how they
went away from their home with but the clothes on their backs, and
with purses nigh empty, and but little jewelry. They came to the hut,
to make a home where there was no room for a fourth to sleep, and
where there was but a rack of dried meat, and a gray cloak hanging
by the door, and little else for comfort.

Grani looks about the farm, and sees how it has a good spring, and
a small garden well tended, and a pen for the ewe. Beyond the
garden were the other crops; yet the hay had not been cut, nor the
grain reaped, and there was nothing stored against the winter.

Said Grani: "Rolf awaited this turn of fortune, and why should he lay
up food for us?"

Then he turned about, and looked off from the hillside. There he
saw Cragness, and the folk feasting; and he saw Fellstead and many
other farms. There lay Broadfirth, and the sea beyond; fishing
vessels were thereon. And he saw the ferry to Hvamm, with all the
four roads which led to it, where people travelled; but the little farm
was far away from all these things. Now it was a bright warm day,
and the ewe bleated in the pasture, and the birds called each other
above his head.

Then Grani's heart fainted within him, and he cried to Einar: "Better
hadst thou chosen exile for us all, rather than condemn us to die in
this place!"

Einar sought to excuse himself to his son, but appeased him not.
Then Helga said: "Is this all thou didst learn in the Orkneys, thus to
meet the fate which thou hast brought upon thyself?"

Then Grani was quiet, and went and fetched water, and wood which
was there for the cooking (but there was no great store). After a
while he said to his sister, "No more will I complain, though worse
things come upon us."

So in the following days he sets himself to work, and cuts the hay,
and stacks it in ricks; and cuts and stacks the grain likewise, working
hastily lest the snow should come. Einar was of no account in such
work, for his body was not used to it; but he watches the ewe upon
the mead, and fetches water; and Helga works at the house, and
when the grain is reaped she begins to grind it in a handmill; a slow
labor that was, to make flour each day for their bread. Now when
Grani had finished harvesting he began to cut peat and stack it near
the house. It was hard work, for the cold was severe and the ground
freezing.

Einar began to complain as the cold came on; he was not warm
enough under the gray cloak, but sat much of the day by the fire. He
disliked his food and wanted better, although naught better was to
be had. It was not easy to bear his complainings; but Helga was
patient, and Grani sought to lighten her labors, doing woman's work.
Yet he was troubled for the shame of his life, and slept badly, and
lost flesh. Now hard frost and bitter winds came, but still no snow.
Grani's clothes were thin, and he was not used to the rough life; his
hands cracked with the cold, all his joints ached, his feet were sore
from his thin shoes, and it seemed as if he would perish with the
wind. Yet still he cut peat, hewing it from the frozen ground in a little
boggy place; and he brought it home with fingers all bleeding. Then
Helga bewailed the weather, how without snow the ground froze
ever deeper: but though at first Grani was minded to complain with
her, he bethought himself and spoke cheerily.

Helga asked: "Why dost thou conceal thy thoughts?"

"The worst of my thoughts," said Grani, "are so bad that I dare not
dwell on them. But the better is that I must be manly; and I have a
memory to help me."

"What is that memory?" asked Helga.

So Grani told of that time when he and his thralls were lost in the
snow in Orkney, and those two Icelanders bore the cold, but he
complained of it. "And they gave me the cloak and the warmth of
their own bodies, yet I could not be brave. So now when I shiver in
the cold I call to mind their hardiness, and strive to copy it."

"That is well said," quoth Helga, "and I will show courage, even as
thou."

So those two fortified each other; but Einar's mind dwelt always on
his misfortunes: the great state he had lost, and the trick that had
betrayed him, and all those servants who had deserted him. "Years
long," said Einar, "I fed many of those men, yet they all turned from
me at the end. Not one had the gratitude to follow me hither."

"There is luck in that," answered Grani, "for how could we feed

them?"

"Most I hate Hallvard and Hallmund," said Einar, "for I favored them
in everything, but now they cling to Rolf."

"He will get small profit from them," says Helga.

Now at the farm they took much comfort in their ewe, which never
wandered far, and came home at night, sleeping always in the pen.
But one morning she was gone and the pen broken down, and no
trace of her was to be seen. Then Einar lamented greatly, since her
milk was needed: he declared that she was stolen. But in the
forenoon came those two, Hallvard and Hallmund, leading the ewe.
"This beast," said Hallvard, "was found eating from our masters
ricks."

"Wherefore," asked Grani, "ate she not from our ricks, which were
nearer?"

"I know not," said Hallvard, "but she hath been at our ricks; and Rolf
has said: Twenty in silver must you pay."

Grani took his purse; and though his father scolded he gave silver, all
that he had, and Hallvard and Hallmund went away.

Now this happened again, and to redeem the ewe Grani gave a gold
ring. Then he built up the pen again of double strength, so that a
bullock could not have broken out; but on another morning the ewe
was gone, and unless she were a goat she might not have jumped
out. Einar was terribly enraged with an old mans anger, and swore
those two ruffians had killed the ewe; yet after a while they were
seen coming, leading the beast.

Einar said to Grani, "Take now thy sword and slay them when they
come."

But Grani held his tongue and heard those two quietly when they
claimed trespass money; he gave them all the jewels that he had,
and the twain went away. Then Einar cried, "I have no son at all, but
two daughters; and no one will defend me from this shameful
persecution."

Grani grew red as blood; but he said naught in answer, and tied the
ewe in the pen. When he was alone Helga came to him.

Asks she: "Thinkest thou that the ewe broke out those two times,
and leaped out the third?"

He answers: "Those two stole her, yet I cannot prove it, for there is
no snow to show their tracks."
"I blame not thy mildness at all," says Helga, "rather do I praise it.
But why art thou so quiet under injustice?"

"I call to mind," says Grani, "that when I enthralled Rolf he never
complained, but took what fortune brought him, seeing that he
could not help himself. He bided his time and avenged his father;
and I suffer in silence, to keep my father alive. That lesson which
Rolf set me, now I follow; I cannot resist him, save to my death, and
what then would become of my father and of thee?"

Now there came another night, and in the morning the ewe was
gone; that day Grani yielded her to Rolf, as already told, while Einar
upbraided him that he was so unmanly. And in the next days the old
man was miserable, missing his milk, and not eating the broth Helga
made, though the broth was very good. He made himself sick with
his anger and his selfishness, and went to bed in the middle of the
day, and scolded from where he lay. "Men tell," said he, "of Gisli the
Outlaw, who entered his enemy's house and slew him for the slaying
of his blood-brother. But nowadays no man will do such a deed—no,
not to save his father."

Then Grani started from his place, and said: "Violence enough has
been done in this feud, nor will I ever have hand in such." He went
out of the house, and Helga after him.

She said to him: "Be comforted, my brother."

Grani answered: "It is true that I might take Rolf unawares, and slay
him. But I remember when he was my thrall in the Orkneys, going
with me everywhere, and my life was daily in his hands. For when
we were on the cliffs he might have cast me down, and no man
would have known he did it. Or when we were fishing he might have
drowned me, and have sailed away in the boat. But he never did evil
for evil, and I remember it now."
Then Grani planned to sell his fodder, and the money would be
welcome. But on another morning they woke in the hut with the
crackle and glare of fire, and there were the ricks burning, all of
them; Grani could save little from the flames. Now that was a great
loss, and Einar bewailed it, saying that since the wheat was gone
they would all three starve. Then by day they saw Hallvard coming.

"He comes to insult us," said Einar, and egged Grani on to meet him
with his sword, and wound him for punishment. But Grani received
Hallvard mildly, and said he had no need of help, and sent him away.

"Now," said Einar, "we might have had help of Rolf, and thou hast
refused it."

Grani answered naught to his father, but afterward when Helga

asked why he sent Hallvard away, Grani said, "What help gave we to
Rolf when he was shipwrecked at our door? Thou savedst his life,
else he had been slain in our hall. For very shame we can take no
help of him."

Now some days passed, and Einar grumbled ceaselessly, so that life
with him was well nigh unbearable; yet he was the cause of all their
misfortune. In nothing that she did might Helga please him; and
though Grani had grown thin with labor, his father did not spare the
lash of his tongue. It was plain that they had not enough food to
keep them through the winter, now that so much grain was gone,
and their fate was much on Grani's mind; yet he was cheerful.

Helga came to him at last, and said, "Brother, give me of thy

courage, for with my fathers harshness and our hard work I feel my
heart failing me. On what thought dost thou sustain thyself?"

"Dost thou remember," asked Grani, "that when we first came here I
complained, and thou didst ask: Had I learned no more in the
Orkneys than to bewail my fate?"

"Forgive me that saying," begged Helga.

"Why not forgive?" Grani said. "For I was reminded of a boast I
made to Rolf there on the cliff by Hawksness, saying that I feared no
misfortune. And he answered: Then I was fitted to be an Icelander.
Then, though I had dwelt so long in the Orkneys, my heart warmed
to my own land whose children love her so; and I resolved to show
myself an Icelander, for the sake of winning Rolf's praise. Therefore I
strive, my sister, to be a true son of this dear Iceland, and to bear
my misfortunes even as Rolf sends them."

"Mayhap," says Helga, "Rolf remembers also that boast of thine."

"Aye," says Grani.

"And mayhap," Helga says, "he sends these trials only to test thee,
for it is clear that they are of design."

"So I have thought," Grani answers. "Either it is that, or it is

revenge; yet Rolf has no spite in him."

"Greatly dost thou praise him," Helga says.

"Not overmuch," quoth Grani. "And now I will say I repent my pride
when I refused his friendship: first at Hawksness, when he had done
me that slight hurt, and then on the ship. But I have most shame
that I offered him no atonement when I was prosperous here in
Iceland, and he was in hiding."

"Go to him now," cries Helga. "Ask forgiveness!"

Grani answers: "I asked it not when I might with honor; it were
cowardice to do so when I am under his feet."

Now Helga wished to argue against that; but their father called
them, complaining, and there was no more of their talk. But Grani,
while Helga tended on Einar, ground corn in the handmill (but there
was little of the grain left) and sang this song:
 "Once I, most fortunate,
Met swords in fight.
Now, sin to expiate,
I show this plight:
Grind corn to make my bread.—
Evil pursues my head."

And it seemed to him that scarce ever had a warrior, not in

thraldom, come to such fortune. Then when he had ground enough
meal for another day he stacked the grain carefully against the
weather, and went about other tasks, and that night slept soundly.

But in the morning, waking with the first light, he heard as it were a
scuffling of feet close outside the door; when he opened he saw
sheep there, a small flock, eating eagerly at the grain, which was
almost all gone. In despair he rushed out upon them, and drove
them away; they all fled before him but one lean old ram, who stood
his ground and still would eat. Then Grani took a club and smote the
ram, and wounded it, so that it ran away. Next he saw how at a little
distance were Hallvard and Hallmund, who came and excused them
of the doings of the sheep, which had strayed while the men slept.
Grani answered nothing, though his sister wept; but Einar was nigh
out of his mind for anger and despair, and cursed those twain, and
Rolf their master, until Grani took him and led him into the house,
when those two drove the sheep away. Einar was so spent with rage
that he fell at last in a stupor; and Grani went and gathered all that
remained of the grain. There were but two measures of it left.

Then as he gleaned those few stalks from the ground, where the
sheep had trodden them, and as he cleansed them of dust and
saved every small particle: bitterness grew in him, and then wrath,
and he nursed his wrath all that day. Now Helga was busy with her
father, and saw not how Grani brooded; there was not much food for
him, but he fed on his despair. And he slept ill that night, and rose
early, and went without food to dig in the garden for roots. There
those twain found him, Hallvard and Hallmund, when they came into
the yard that day for his sword.

Now his back was toward them, and they asked each other: "Shall
we rush on him and wound him, or slay him, and so search the
place at our will for his sword?" That seemed to them the best
counsel, and they stole upon him. He was so busy that he heard
them not; and but for Helga he had been slain. But she saw the
men, and cried "Beware!" So Grani turned with his spade uplifted,
and they rushed at him. Then he dashed the sword from the hand of
Hallmund, and struck fiercely at Hallvard. Hallvard he wounded with
the spade, but Hallmund with his own weapon, and with their
wounds they limped away.

Then all of Grani's anger left him, and he sat in the house by the
hearth, and his father waked and looked at him. Said Grani, "Much
didst thou do to Hiarandi for my sake, and harshly has Hiarandi's son
repaid me for thy sake. But let us forgive each other, father, before
the end of life comes to us."

Asked Einar: "How comes the end of life now?"

Helga says from the doorway: "I see Rolf coming across the valley,
and he is armed."

"Thus comes the end," says Grani, and they embraced and kissed
each other all three, and Grani made ready for death, and he went
out to meet Rolf. Rolf came into the yard, and he had his sword and
shield.

Says Rolf: "What hast thou to say to me for the wounding of my

house-carles?"

Grani looked on Rolf, and remembered how he had loved him once,
and loved him still, yet never might they be friends. "This offer will I
make," said Grani. "I will fare abroad, and never come back to
trouble thee, if so be thou wilt give my father, while he lives, his
winter's food."

"Hast thou nothing better to say?" asked Rolf.

"I will make this offer," said Grani. "I will be thy thrall, and labor for
thee, if only thou wilt maintain my father out of thine abundance."

"Canst thou say no better?" asked Rolf again.

Grani remembered how he might have been friends with Rolf, and
would not; and how he should have asked forgiveness, and could
not. "Nothing better to offer have I," said he. "Nothing worth
offering." For he despised himself, and thought his life ended.
 "Grani took his sword and his shield, and they stood up to fight by the spring"

"Take then thy weapons," said Rolf, "and fight me here on the level
space by the spring."

So Grani took his sword and his shield, and they stood up to fight by
the spring and those in the hut heard the clash of steel. The two
looked strangely fighting, Grani gaunt and ragged, and Rolf well fed
and in holiday clothes. Now Grani thought to be slain quickly; but
Rolf seemed to have no power at first; yet he warmed to the strife,
and began to strike manfully, and at last he smote away a part of
Grani's shield. Then Grani by a great stroke shore away the half of
Rolf's shield.

"Well smitten!" cried Rolf, and they fought on; but Grani found
himself growing weak, and marvelled much that Rolf smote no
faster. "But if he means to tire me out," thought Grani, "he can win
me easily."

Then Rolf drew away, and said: "My shoestrings are loose, I will tie
them." So he laid aside his shield and sword, and knelt before Grani
to tie his shoes; Grani might have slain him there, but he waited.
And not to be tempted to that treachery, Grani looked about; he saw
the hut where were his father and sister, and looked off on the firth
and the wide land, and waited for Rolf to rise. Then they fought
again.

But Grani grew weary and desperate, and his thoughts grew hard.
For there were his sister and father close at hand, and the world was
beautiful. And while they fought slowly he thought that cruel, so to
prolong death, since for Rolf he was no match at all. He wished for
death, and exposed his breast to Rolf's strokes, and cared not what
happened.
But Rolf drew away again, and said, "I am thirsty," and knelt down
by the spring to drink. Then in his great weariness Grani gave way
to an evil thought, and cried, "I will free my father, even if the deed
be foul." And he heaved up his sword to slay Rolf.

But Rolf rose upon his knees, looking fair in Grani's face; and though
Rolf made no defence, Grani stayed the sword in midair, and cast it
far away. Then he sat down on a stone and covered his face with his
hands.

Rolf rose, and came to him, and said: "Wherefore didst thou not slay
me?"

Grani answered: "Because once I loved thee."

"Grani, Grani," cried Rolf, "has thy pride at last come to its end? Now
once more I ask: What hast thou to say to me?

"For the wounding of thy henchmen, and for all I ever did to thee
since first we met," said Grani, "only this I beg: Forgive me!"

"I forgive thee!" Rolf cried, and there they embraced and made
peace.

This is the end of the tale, that Frodi slept yet other nights at
Cragness than that one, and lived with Rolf his life long. But Grani
took his father home to Fellstead, and dwelt there, he and Einar and
Helga. Grani was ever the greatest friend of Rolf, but Einar never
came into Rolf's sight so long as he lived; and that was not long, for
the old man was broken with his shame. Then after that Rolf took to
wife Helga the sister of Grani, and the curse of the Soursops never
troubled their children. Between the households of Cragness and
Fellstead was ever the closest bond, and famous men are come of
both Rolf and Grani.

So here we end the Story of Rolf.

 The Summer Vacation Series

FOUR ON A FARM
By MARY P. WELLS SMITH
Author of "The Old Deerfield Series," etc.

Illustrated. 12mo. $1.35 net

It is a pleasing story, which will aid in making young people

appreciate the beauties and the delights of country life.—
Philadelphia Press.
It would be well for American city youth if more such books
descriptive of the joys and healthfulness of country life could be
written.—Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph.

By the same author

TWO IN A BUNGALOW
 Illustrated. 12mo. $1.35 net

The second volume in the "Summer Vacation Series" is, like "Four on
a Farm," a story of out-door life which tells the story of the first
summer spent by the Strongs in their bungalow on Mount Pisgah,
near the Hoosac Tunnel, and describes the doings of Sydney and
Clyde Strong, eleven and six years old. They built a shack, went
swimming, fishing, berrying, etc. The book is wholesome and
natural: it will teach children to appreciate the joy and beauty of life
out-of-doors and will make many a boy wish for equally happy
summers on Mount Pisgah.

LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers

34 Beacon Street, Boston

Bright, Lively, and Enjoyable

"JOLLY GOOD TIMES"

SERIES
By MARY P. WELLS SMITH

Jolly Good Times; or, Child Life on a Jolly Good Times To-
1. 5.
Farm Day
2. Jolly Good Times at School 6. A Jolly Good Summer
3. Jolly Good Times at Hackmatack 7. The Browns
4. More Good Times at Hackmatack 8. Their Canoe Trip
Illustrated. Cloth. $1.35 net
These books ("Jolly Good Times," etc.) give the best possible picture
of New England child life about seventy-five years ago.—Miss Hunt,
Supt. Children's Dept. Brooklyn Public Library.
Allow me to express, unasked, the zest and satisfaction with which I
read "Jolly Good Times." I am delighted that the joyous country life
of New England is painted in its true colors for children.—Col. Thomas
Wentworth Higginson.

There is a fine fresh flavor of country life in what Mrs. Smith writes,
and her characters, particularly her children, are thoroughly real and
human.—R. H. Stoddard in New York Mail and Express.

A bit of real literature is "Jolly Good Times at Hackmatack." It has all

the vividness of actual experience.—New York Tribune.

LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers

34 BEACON STREET, BOSTON

Books by Allen French

THE STORY OF ROLF AND THE VIKING'S BOW

Illustrated. 12mo. $1.35 net

A stirring tale by the author of "The Junior Cup," presenting a vivid

account of the old Norse life and of the people of Iceland.—Brooklyn
Eagle.
Boys will follow the fortunes of Rolf with ever-increasing attention,
for his skill as a marksman, his intrepidity in scenes of peril, and his
noble character make him a very engaging hero.—Boston Beacon.
The author of this artistic story of Iceland has caught the spirit of
the times and men he depicts most happily.—Outlook, New York.

PELHAM AND HIS FRIEND TIM

Illustrated by Ch. Grunwald. 12mo. $1.35 net

One of the very best boys' books. In the two boys, who are the chief
characters, he has drawn a picture of manliness and honesty. The
plot centres about a mill strike and contains exciting scenes.—
Providence Journal.
A good, wholesome book for boys, especially to be recommended for
the unobtrusive, matter-of-course way in which it makes character,
instead of social station, the thing that counts.—New York Times.

HEROES OF ICELAND
Adapted from Dasent's translation of "The Story of Burnt Njal," the
great Icelandic Saga, with a new Preface, Introduction, and Notes.

Illustrated by E. W. D. Hamilton. 12mo. $1.35 net

He has preserved the spirit of the saga in the abridgment, and even
in this form the Northland epic makes better and healthier reading
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—New York Sun.

THE REFORM OF SHAUN

 Illustrated by Philip R. Goodwin. $1.20 net

Two of the best dog stories that we have read in a long time.—The
Churchman, New York.

LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers, BOSTON

Depicts the Joys of Country Life

SUMMER VACATION
SERIES
By MARY P. WELLS SMITH

1. Four on a Farm. 2. Two in a Bungalow.

3. Three in a Camp.

Illustrated. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.35 net each

"Four on a Farm" is a pleasing story, which will aid in making young

people appreciate the beauties and delights of the country.—
Philadelphia Press.
It would be well for American city youth if more such books like
"Four on a Farm," descriptive of the joys and healthfulness of
country life, could be written.—Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph.

The author knows her ground, for she has reproduced the
atmosphere of New Hampshire farm life to perfection in "Four on a
Farm."—Washington Times.

"Two in a Bungalow" describes the usual vacation sports of

swimming, fishing, berrying, in an interesting and instructive way
and gives a pleasant picture of a vacation outing among the
mountains.—Chicago Post.

This series, as the name indicates, is made up of outdoor books,

books that healthy, hearty, happy boys and girls like.—Christian
Register.

LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers

34 BEACON STREET, BOSTON

Transcriber's Note:

Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.

Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.

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