2.15. Trigonometric functions.

In Art. 2.12 we have seen that when y is real,

exp(iy) = cos y +isin y.
Therefore exp(-iy) = cos y -i sin y.
These relations determine cos y and sin y in terms of the exponenta
function.

When z is real, cos c exp(ir) +exp(-iz) sin t = exp(iz)-exp(-iz)

2 2t
When z is complex, cosine and sine functions are defined by
Woos z - explh2)+exp-i) sin z = exp(i3)-exp(-iz)
21
The other trigonometricfunctions are defined by
1 1 COS 2
tan z = , sec z cos z ) cOsec Zsin z) cot Zsin

Properties.
1. When z is a complex number, cos? z + sin² z = 1.
Proof. cos z=and sin z = where t= exp(iz).
Therefore cos² z +sin 2= {(t +4) + (t - )} =1
 COMPLEX NUMBERS 85

2. If z1, 22 be complex numbers then

sin(21 + z2) = sin z1 COs z2 + cos 21 sin Z2,
cos(z1 + 22) COS Z1 cos z2 sin zË sin z2.
Proof. sin(z1 + 22) =p li(21+z2)l-expl-i(z1+z2)l
2i

exp(iz1). exp(izs)-exp
2i
(-iz). exp(-iz2)

21 where tË = exp(iz1), ty = exp(iz2)

= L'-1
2i t1t2
-(42-1)((,2+1) +(412+1)((;²-1)
4i t1t2

2i 2 21
= sin Z1 COS z + cos Z1 Sin Z2
lz1+za)]l+expl-i(z1+z)]|
cos(z1 + z) p 2

esp(iz1).exp(iza)+exp (-izi).exp(-is2)
htat2i ,where t, = exp(iz1), t2 = exp(iz2)
= 4?t2+1
2 tit2

=
(t2+1)(32+1)+(t}²-1)(t,²-1)
4 titz

=
2 2 21
= cos z1 COS Z2 - Sin Z Sin Z2.

3. sin(z + m) = - sin , cos(z + ) =-cos 2, tan(z + m) = tan z,

sin(z + 2m) = sin z, cos(z +2m) = cos z.
Proof. sin(z + ) = sin z cos T + cos z sin T =-sin z
COs(z + T)=cOs z cos T- sin z sin T =-C0S z
Bin(z+n) - BÌn Z= tan
tan(z + m) =cos(z+7) z

Bin(z +2r) = sin z cos 2T + cOs z sin 27= sin z

COs(z + 2T) = Co8 Z COs 2T-Bin z Bin 2r = cO8 z.
Note. sin z and cUs z are periodic functions of period 2r; tan z is a
periodic function of period m.
 HIGHER ALGEBRA
86

4. If z,y are real,

sin(z + iy) = sin T cosh y +icos z sinh y,
cos( + iy) = cos T cosh y-isin t sinh y.
i(z+iy)l-expl-i(r+iy)]
Proof. sin(r + iy) =xp 2i
-e cos z+i sin -e(cos z-i sin z)

= sin z, t -cos .
= sin z cosh y +i cos T sinh y.

cos(* + iy) exp t(z+tiy)l 2+exp[-i(+iy)]l

e V(cos +i sin )+eV (cos z-i sin z)
2

=cos S
z. - i s i n z,e
= Cos T cosh y- isin z sinh y.
The right hand side expressions give the real and imaginary parts of
sin z and cos when z is a complex number.
follows that
|sin(r + iy) |? = sin z coshy+ cos? sinh y
sin z cosh²y + (1 - sin² z) sinh y
= sinrt sinh.

|cos(r + iy) | = cos coshy + sin sinh

cos² zcosh²y + (1- cos? z) sinh y
= cosr+ sinhy.
Since sinh y increaes steadily with y, it follows that the functions
sin z and cos z are not bounded in absolute value. But if T be real, the
functions sin r and cos Tare bounded in absolute value, as | sin z | and
|Cos z are never greater than 1.
5. When z is a complex number,
Bin ~ = Sin z, cos 7 = COS Zand tan ~ = tan z.
Proof. Let z =+iy, where c. yare real.
sin z = sin(z + iy) = sin r cosh y+i cos sinh y.
sin Z sin( -iy) sin cosh(-) +i cos z sinh(-y)
sin z coslh y -i cos T sinh y
Bin z.
 COMPLEX NUMBERS 87

Similarly, cos Z = COS Zand tan Z =sÌn cOs

sinz
COS Z
(cOs
sin Z
z)= tan z.

2.16. Hyperbolic functions.

When t is real, the hyperbolic functions cosh I, sinh t, ... are defined
by
X cosh z= sinh z =2 , tanh z =cOsh
sinh z
sechz =cosh z cOsech t=sinh1 z coth z cosh
sinh r

Properties.
L(cosh²c - sinh' =1) sech + tanh z= 1, coth -cosech²r =1.
Proof follows from the definition.
2. cosh(-z) = cosh , sinh(-z) =-sinh z, tanh(-) = tanh z.
Proof follows from the definition.
3. cosh T>1 for all real z.
Proof. Considering two positive numbers e and e-z and applying A.M.
> G.M., we have
>Ve.e-, the equality occurs when e =e-.
or, cosh r> 1, the equality occurs when = 0.
4. For all real , sinh z increases steadily with and assumes every real
value only once.
Proof. (sinh z) =e* cosh T.
Since (sinh z) >0 for all real z, sinh z increases steadily with z.
Let t be an arbitrary real number.
sinh z = t + e - e - = 2t
or, e 2t e - 1=0.
Therefore e t+ t2+ 1, since e >0
or, = log(t + V +1).
Therefore for an arbitrary real t, is a unique real number.

When z js complex, the hyperbolic functions cosh z, sinh z, ... are

defined by
cOsh z = exP Z+oxPE,
2
sinh z=xp -xp(-2) tanh sinh
cosh z

sech =
z Cosh z,
1
cOsech z = Binh a
coth z =cosh 2
sinh z
88 HIGHER ALGEBRA

Properties (continued).
5. Whenz is a complex number, cosh z - sinh z=1..
Proof. cosh z= and sinh z= , where t =exp 2.
Hence cosh² - sinh² = {(t +})?-(t+})}=}4=1.
6. If z1,z be complex numbers,
sinh(z1 + z2) = sinh zË cosh z2 + cosh z1 sinh z2,
0cOsh(z1 + 22) = cosh zË cosh z2 +sinh z1 sinh z2.
-2)
Proof. sinh(z1 +2) exp (31+z2)-exp(-z1
2

= exp Z1. exp z2-exp-z1).exp-2)

2

, where tË = exp Z1,ty = exp z2

2 tita
(t12-1)(;2+1) +(ti2+1)(t²-1)
4 tËtz

2 2 2 2
= sinh Z1 cosh z2 + cosh z1 sinh 22.
Proof of the second part left to the reader.

s7. When z is a complex number,

cos(iz) = cosh z, sin(iz) = i sinh 2,
cosh(iz)= cos z, sinh(iz)=isin z.
These follow from definitions.

8. If z, y are real numbers,

Vi) snh(z + iy) = sinh z cos y +i
cosh z sin y,
Ui cosh( + iy)=cosh z cos y +i sinh z sin y.
=epetiy)-esp(-z-iy)
Proof. sinh(z +iy) 2
e*(cos y+i sin y)-e(cos y-i sin y)
2

=cos y+iin y
=sinh cOS y +i cosh sin y.
(iü) Proof left to the reader.
 COMPLEX NUMBERS 89

9. cosh z and sinh z are periodic functions of period 2ri, tanh 2 is a

periodic function of period Ti.
Proof. cosh(z + 2kmi) = cosh z cosh(2kri) + sinh z sinh(2kmi)
cosh z cos(2kr) + i sinh z sin(2kr)
= cosh z, if k be an integer.
sinh(z + 2kmi) = sinh z cosh(2ki) + cosh z sinh(2kri)
= sinh z cos(2kr) +i cosh z sin(2k )
= sinh z, if k be an integer.
It follows that cosh z and sinh z are periodic functions of period 2ri.
cosh(2 + kmi) cosh z cos(k) +i sinh z sin(km)
= (-1)* cosh z, if k be an integer.

sinh(z + kmi) = sinh z cos(kr) + i cosh z sin(kn)

= (-1) sinh z, if k be an integer.
Therefore tanh(z +kmi) = tanh 2, for all integers k and so tanh is
a periodic function of period mi.

Worked Examples.
"1, Find all values of z such that cOs z =0.
Let z = T+ iy.
Then COS Z =0 COS T COsh y = 0 (i)
and sin r sinh y = 0 (1)
From (1) cos a = 0, since cosh y 0.
Therefore z = (2n + 1)5, where n is an integer.
From (ii) sinh y=0, since sin z =sin(2n + 1)50.
Therefore y =0.
Hence z = (2n + 1)g, where n is an integer.
"2. Find all values of z such that sin z =0.
Let z=I+iy.
Then sin z =0 sin t cosh y = 0 ()
and cOs T Sinh y = 0 :
(i)
From (i) sin g 0, since cosh y # 0.
Therefore = m, where n is an integer.
From (ii) sinh y =0, since cos # = cOs nT 0.
Therefore y = 0. Hence z = I, where n is an intéger.

Cla-7
90 HIGHER ALGEBRA

3. Find the general solution of cos z =2.

cOs 2 = 2
’t+} =4, where t =exp(iz)
’t?- 4t +1 =0.
Therefore t=2t 3.
When t=2+ 3, iz = Log (2 + v3)
log(2 + V3) + 2rnri.
Therefore z =2n -i log(2 +V3).
When t=2- V3, iz Log (2- V3)
=
= log(2 - V3) + 2nmi.
Therefore z 2nt-i log(2- V3)
2nT +i log(2 + V3).
Combining, z = 2nT ±i log(2 + V3), n being an integer.
4. Find the general solution of sin z = 2.
sin z = 2
’ t - = 4i, where t= exp(iz)
’t2 4it - 1 =0.
Therefore t = (2 t V3)i.
When t= (2+ V3)i, iz =
Log (2 + V3)i
log(2 + 3) + (2nm+ 5)i.
Thereforez= 2nm +{-i log(2+ V3)}.
When t= (2-V3)i, iz = Log (2 - vV3)i
= log(2-V3) + (2nm +)i.
Therefore z 2nm + -i log(2 - V3)
(2n +1)7 -{7 -i log(2 + V3)}.
Combining, z = n (-1)"{7 -i log(2 +V3)}, n being an integer.
5. Find the general solution of tan z = 2+i.
tan z = (2+i)

t=i(2+i), where t= exp(iz)

’= =-+i
Therefore 2iz =Log(-+)
=}log +(2nm + )i, since |-+il=a and the
principal amplitude of (-+) is .
Thereforez= nr + +log 2, n being an integer.
 COMPLEX NUMBERS 91

6. Find the general solution of cosh z= -2.

cosh z =-2
’t++=-4, where t =exp z
2+4t +1 = 0.
Therefore t=-2+ V3.
When t=-2+ v3, Log (-2 + V3) = Log-(2-3))
= log(2 - V3) + (2nn + n)i.
When t= -2- V3, z Log (-2 - V3)
log(2 + V3) + (2nm + )i.
Combining, we have z = log(2 ± V3) + (2n + 1)i.
7. Find the general solution of sinh z= 2i.
sinh z = 2i
’ t - =4i, where t = exp z
t2- 4it -1= 0.
Therefore t = (2t V3)i.
When t= (2+ 3)i, z Log (2 + V3)i
log(2 + 3) + (2nm +)i.
When t= (2- v3)i, 2 =
Log (2 -V3)i
log(2 - 3) + (2n7 +)i.
Combining, we have z = log(2 ± V3) + (2nm + 4)i.
8. If tan(8 +i ) = tan B+i sec B where , . 0are real and 0<B<T,
show that e20 = cot and B= n+ + +5.
sin(9+i¢) sin B+i
cos(0+i¢) cos B

or.
cos(0+i )+i sin(0+i ) cos B+i sin B-1
cos(0+i )-i sin(0+i) cos B-i sin 8+1
expi(0+i ) -2 sin+2i sin cos
or.
Kp-i(0+i )
exp 2 cos? -2i sin cos

or, exp 2i(0 + i ) =2i sin (cos +i sin )

2 cos (cos -i sin )
or, e20(cos 20 + isin 20) =itan (cos +i sin 8).
Therefore e-20 cos 20 =tan sin B, e20 sin 20 = tan ß cos .
We have e-4 = tan? and this implies e-20 = tan 5, since tan >
0, i.e., e20= cot.
Also cos 20 sin Ø and sin 20 = cOs B.
92 HIGHER ALGEBRA

2
These determine 28 = 2nm + +, i.e., = nr++8.
M9. If log sin( + id) = a+iß where , , a, B are real, prove that
(i) 2 cos 2 = e20 4 e-20-4e2a
(i) cos( -3) = e20 cos(8 +).
Let sin(0 +id) = p(cos +i sin ), where -7 <y<.
Then log sin(0 +id) = log p+iyand therefore a = log p, B=.
= cos sinh and
We have p cos y=sin cosh , p sin
therefore p = sin cosh + cos? 0 sinh =sin +sinh .
2a = 2log p= log(sin +sinh ).
(y
Therefore e2a = sin? e + sinh ¢= (1- cos 20) +
or, 4ea =2-2 cos 20 + e20 +e-20 2
or, 2 cOs 20 = e20 +e-20 4e2a
sin B cos sinh
Again, cos B= Sin 8 cosh
Therefore tan tan 8 = tanh
1+tan3 tan 0 1+tanh
Or, A
1-tan 3 tan 1-tanh ¢
cos(0-) cosh +sinh
Or, cos(0+) cosh -sinh d

cos(-3) = e2 cos( +8).

tl0. If z =log tan( +), where 0 is real, prove that
0=-i Log tan( +i).
Since is real, is real.
1+tan ;
e= tan(+)=1-tan
Therefore tan
t-t-l e/2-e-z/2
Or, -I=12-2, Where t = exp()
i sinh sin
or, cosh cOs
=tan
1+tan
or, =-tan
or, expli 0) = tan(4 + )
or, 0=-i Log tan( +i5).
 COMP;EX NUMBERS 93

11, If z=I+iy, prove that

(1) |sinh y ls| sin z < cosh y:
(ii) |sinh y |<| coS-z |< cosh y.
(i) sin z= sin(r + iy) = sin cosh y +i cos z sinh y.
Therefore | sin z|=sin²z cosh² y+ cos? sinhy
= sin" cosh y + (1 sin ) sinh y
= sin + sinh"y
<1+ sinh y= cosh?y.
Therefore sin z|<cosh y, since cosh y is positive for all real y.
| sin z = sin" z + sinh"y >| sin z |> sinh y
or, |sin z |2 sinh y|.
Therefore sinh y s| sin z |< cosh y.
(iü) Similar proof.
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
103

6. If tan(0 +i)= sin(a + i6), prove that

sin 20 cot a = sinh 2% coth .
7. IIlog sin(z +iy) =u+iv (0< < m), prove that
() u= log(cosh"y- cos )
(ii) y= tan(cot z tanh y).
rTtot Let sin t COSh y =Tcos U, cOs TSinh y =r sin 0,
where -<0<I. Then
h2,, cos I, tan = cot ztanh y. 0 <Ki<I sin z >0 ’ cos > 0.
Therefore 0= tan(coth tanh w).]

8. Find the general solution of

(i) sin z = (ii) cos z = ,
(iü) sin z = 2i, (iv) cos z = 2i,
(v) sin z =-2, (vi) cos z = -2,
(vi) sinh z =2, (viii) cosh z = 2.
9. Show that

i) Tan(1)=nT +,n being an integer

iü) Tan (-1) = nT -7, n being an integer
Tan-(1 +i) =(2rn + 1)n + tan(-2)] + log 5, n being an integer
(iv) Tan-(-1+i) =(2n + 1)r +tan 2] +log 5, n being an integer.
10. If r be a real number, prove that
fi) Sin-(iz) = nr +i(-1)" log(r + vr+1), nbeing an integer
Mii) Cos (iz) = 2nm± |; -ilog(r + Vr?+ 1)], nbeing an integer
(ii) Tan(ic) =nm +log(), -1<u<1
=n7 ++,log(), >l or z< -1.
[Hint. Tan-(iz) = -i Log
lzkl» - 0 Los= log +2nni.
|z|>1»= <0’ Log=log+(2nm +n)i]
11. If zbe a real number >1, prove that
) Sin = T +(-1)"( - ilog(r + Vr- 1)], n being an integer
(i) Cos-1z=2nn i log(z +V-1), nbeing an integer
(i) Sin(-z) = 2rm-} tilog(* - Vr-1), nbeing an integer
(iv) Cos'(-z) = (2n + 1)m ti log(r - V-I),n being an integer.