FAIRCH
ILD AEROSPACE
TRAINING MANUAL
ATA CHAPTER 09
TOWING & TAXING
TRAINING MANUAL
This training manual is not a controlled document and can only be used for training and
reference. It is not intended to supercede the appropriate aircraft manual for the task at
hand. This current issue will not have revisions issued to it. It must be understood that
this manual cannot be used for maintenance.
Dornier 328 - 300
Training Manual
Towing & Taxing
TABLE OF CONTENT
1 TOWING & TAXING GENERAL...........................................3
1.1 Description ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Safety Precautions............................................................................................................ 3
2 TOWING GENERAL.............................................................5
2.1 Towing the Aircraft with a Tow Bar ................................................................................... 6
2.2 Safety Conditions towing .................................................................................................. 6
3 TAXING GENERAL..............................................................9
3.1 Before engine run safety check......................................................................................... 9
3.2 Cockpit Safety Check........................................................................................................ 9
3.2.1 Cockpit Preparation ................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Engine Start .................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Engine Start Using APU Air Supply ......................................................................... 12
3.3.2 Engine Start Using External Air Supply ................................................................... 13
3.3.3 Engine Starting Using Cross Bleed Air Supply ........................................................ 13
3.3.4 After Engine Start .................................................................................................... 13
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Towing & Taxing
1 TOWING & TAXING GENERAL
This chapter provides information necessary to tow and taxi the aircraft.
1.1 DESCRIPTION
The chapter is divided into sections to assist personnel in locating information. A brief
description of the sections is as follows:
- The first section provides information on the safety precautions to be observed when
towing or taxiing the aircraft.
- The section on towing describes those procedures necessary to tow the aircraft.
- The section on taxiing describes those procedures necessary to taxi the aircraft.
1.2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
This section contains the safety precautions to be observed when towing or taxiing the
aircraft.
WARNING : MAKE SURE THE LANDING GEAR SAFETY-LOCKS ARE IN POSITION.
WARNING : MAKE SURE THERE ARE NO PERSONS ON THE EXTERNAL SURFACES
OF THE AIRCRAFT DURING TOWING OR TAXIING.
CAUTION : BEFORE TOWING THE AIRCRAFT:
- REMOVE ALL EQUIPMENT, SUPPORTS AND PLATFORMS ETC. FROM THE
WORK AREA.
- MAKE SURE THE LANDING GEAR LEVER IS SELECTED DOWN AND THAT THE
LANDING GEAR IS LOCKED DOWN.
- MAKE SURE ALL TIRES AND SHOCK STRUTS ARE CORRECTLY
PRESSURIZED.
- MAKE SURE THE AMBER CAS FIELD MESSAGE E/P - BRK ACCU PRSS DOES
NOT COME ON. IF NECESSARY, CHARGE THE ACCUMULATOR THROUGH THE
HYDRAULIC PUMP UNTIL THE MESSAGE IS ENABLED.
- MAKE SURE THE PASSENGER/CREW DOOR , THE SERVICE DOOR AND THE
CARGO DOOR ARE CLOSED.
- IF THE APU IS OPERATED THE DOCUMENT HATCH MUST BE OPEN.
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CAUTION : IF THE BRAKING SYSTEM IS UNSERVICEABLE, TWO ADDITIONAL
MECHANICS WITH CHOCKS MUST GO WITH THE AIRCRAFT WHEN IT IS TOWED.
THEY MUST CHOCK THE MAIN WHEELS IN AN EMERGENCY. THE TOWING SPEED
MUST NOT BE MORE THAN WALKING PACE.
CAUTION : DO NOT TOW THE AIRCRAFT WHEN THE WIND SPEED IS MORE THAN
55 km/h (30 kn).
CAUTION : WHEN YOU TOW THE AIRCRAFT:
- AN APPROVED AND EXPERIENCED MECHANIC MUST SIT IN THE COCKPIT TO
OPERATE THE BRAKES, IF NECESSARY.
- ADAPT THE TOWING SPEED TO THE GROUND CONDITIONS. DO NOT TOW AT
SPEEDS MORE THAN 10 km/h (6 kn) ON ASPHALT OR CONCRETE SURFACES.
- ONLY OPERATE THE BRAKES IN AN EMERGENCY. TO OPERATE THE BRAKES
PULL THE YELLOW PARKING BRAKE HANDLE.
- IN A BUSY AREA, POSITION A MECHANIC AT EACH WING TIP TO MAKE SURE
THERE IS SUFFICIENT CLEARANCE FROM OBSTRUCTIONS.
- WHEN YOU REVERSE THE AIRCRAFT, POSITION A MECHANIC AT THE TAIL
TO MAKE SURE THERE IS SUFFICIENT CLEARANCE FROM OBSTRUCTIONS.
- DO NOT STEER THE NOSE WHEELS WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS MOVING.
- PREVENT STEERING MOVEMENTS WHICH CAUSE A MAIN WHEEL TO TURN
ON THE SPOT.
- DO NOT MOVE THE AIRCRAFT MANUALLY BY PUSHING ON CONTROL
SURFACES OR LANDING GEAR DOORS.
- ONLY MOVE THE AIRCRAFT ON LEVEL GROUND WITH ALL BLOCKAGES
REMOVED.
CAUTION : WHEN THE MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL TAXIES THE AIRCRAFT AND
THE APU IS OPERATED, THE DOCUMENT HATCH MUST BE OPEN.
- The nose wheel steering must be switched OFF. Confirm the steering operating status
INOP on EICAS and OFF in the illuminated switch on instrument panel, if power is
available.
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2 TOWING GENERAL
The towing fitting is spring-loaded and hinged to the nose landing gear leg as a vertical
swivel arm. The spring holds the fitting to the down position. The towing bracket is attached
with a shear pin to the towing fitting. The shear pin limits the towing force to 45 700 N (10
273 lbf) or the steering moment to 2 700 Nm (23 896 lbf in.).
NOTE : Two spare shear pins are attached to the towing fitting.
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2.1 TOWING THE AIRCRAFT WITH A TOW BAR
Position the tow bar in front of the nose landing gear.
Pull up the towing fitting to align it with the tow bar fork ends.
Attach the tow bar as follows:
Insert the fork ends of the tow bar into the pin of the towing
bracket and align the holes.
Insert the towing pin.
Attach the tow bar to the towing vehicle.
Remove the chocks and/or release the parking brake.
When the mechanic in the cockpit gives you the correct signal, start towing.
2.2 SAFETY CONDITIONS TOWING
- Obey the safety precautions when you tow the aircraft
- Obey the general maintenance practices when you tow the aircraft
Procedure (Fig. 1)
CAUTION : WHEN YOU TOW THE AIRCRAFT, YOU MUST NOT EXCEED THE RED
MARKINGS ON THE TWO NLG DOORS WITH THE TOWING BAR.
NOTE : As an option the markings can have a different color.
The nose wheel steering permits steering angles up to the red markings on the two NLG
doors.
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When you have completed towing, chock the wheels or set the parking brake and
disengage the towing vehicle. Center the nose wheels and remove the tow bar from the
nose gear.
Make sure, the towing bracket and the shear pin are not damaged.
If the shear pin is damaged, replace it as follows:
Remove all parts of the broken shear pin.
Remove the split pin on one of the spare shear pins and remove the pin.
Insert the fork end of the towing bracket into the center pin of the towing fitting.
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Align the towing bracket with the holes of the towing fitting and insert the shear pin from the
top.
Secure the shear pin with the split pin.
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3 TAXING GENERAL
All taxing of aircraft must be performen by a qualified mechanic or crew member. All
safety precautions must be followed. The cockpit should have two qualified operators in
the seats. Special care should be taken with intake and exhaust paths.
3.1 BEFORE ENGINE RUN SAFETY CHECK
Before electrical is applied it is recommended to perform a check of the exterior of the
aircraft for security of flight controls and panels, to ensure the aircraft is in a safe condition
to perform an engine run. Check with the proper JIC for the procedures.
3.2 COCKPIT SAFETY CHECK
Perform a cockpit safety check without electrical power.
NOTE:
If wind gusts of more than 65kts were experienced, a visual inspection of the
gust damper attachment must be performed by maintenance personal.
Remove the AOA covers, TAT probe Cover, Pitot probe covers and the Ice
detector covers to prevent damage to them.
Accumulator pressure of the hydraulic main system, normal brake system and
the emergency park brake system must be checked and set within limits before
the engine run.
ENGINE START SELECTORS ...................................... OFF
LDG GEAR LEVER ........................................................ CHECK/DOWN
E/P BRAKE LEVER........................................................ PARK
EMER: POWER BUTTON.............................................. PUSH
EM PWR LIGHT ............................................................. ILLUMINATED
IRS PWR LIGHT ............................................................ ILLUMINITATED
3.2.1 Cockpit Preparation
Exterior check................................................................. Completed
Emergency and safety equipment .................................. Check
Appropriate documents, charts & publications ............... On board/check
Seats and rudder pedals ................................................ Adjusted
Nose wheel steering tiller ............................................... Centered-Cheked
All circuit breakers .......................................................... Checked
BAT 1 & 2 ....................................................................... On (22 VDC min) Ea.
DC TIE............................................................................ Off
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AC TIE ............................................................................OFF
EXT Power (if Applicable)
EXT Avail light.................................................................Illuminated
EXT power button ...........................................................ON 28 VDC min
INT. Lights dim controls ..................................................As required
Lamp test button .............................................................Push & check
........................................................................................Lights and chime
APU Fire Protection Test
All lights...........................................................................Extinguished
Test switch ......................................................................UP(fire squib) & hold
Check Fire Bell, MASTER WARNING lights, RWP-APU Fire Warning lights,
APU Fire button lights and Squib light. The fire horn (outside for ground crew
alerting) sounds simultaneously.
NOTE: If the Loop Fail light is already illuminated and/or the Fire Light does not
illuminate during the Test, The APU is rendered inoperative for all normal,
abnormal, and emergency uses.
Test switch .....................................................................Down and hold
Check AGN lights and Loop Fail light ..........................illuminated
APU system page ...........................................................Selected
APU master button .........................................................On
APU start button..............................................................push
When the APU is ready to load
Gen-APU button..............................................................On
DC TIE ............................................................................ON
ECS Bleed LH/RH buttons ..............................................OFF
Pack LH/RH buttons .......................................................ON
NOTE: Wait at least one minute for APU stabilization before selecting APU bleed air.
X-Bleed button ................................................................ON
APU Bleed button ...........................................................ON
ECS Flow Mode button ...................................................ON
IRS mode selector (if installed) .......................................NAV
FMS ................................................................................Initiate program
Engine intake buttons ....................................................OFF
De-Ice Bleed buttons ......................................................ON
WSHLD 1 & 2 buttons .....................................................OFF
Probes 1,2 & STBY buttons ...........................................OFF
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Airfoil Cycle selector ....................................................... OFF
X-Feed selector .............................................................. OFF
ELPMP Auto Off lights.................................................... illuminated
JETPMP Fail lights ......................................................... illuminated
ELPMP Fail lights ........................................................... Extinguished
HYD PWR system A & B buttons .................................. ON
HYD PWR STBY selector............................................... OFF
Fire protection test all lights............................................ Extinguished
Test each system same as the APU fire protection test.
GND crew call button...................................................... As Required
MAN CAB ALT Selector ................................................. DN detent
Land ELEV ..................................................................... Set
ALT LH/RH Fail lights ..................................................... Illuminated
Seat Belt/NO Smoking switches..................................... AS Required
EMG Lights switch.......................................................... Check then ARM
CVR Test button if installed ........................................... PUSH
Oxygen Drop out switch ................................................. AUTO latched
NWS button ................................................................... OFF
ANTI-SKID button........................................................... OFF
LDG Gear ....................................................................... Illuminated PUSH Check
Reversionary controller switches.................................... NORM
Emer. LDG Extension handle ......................................... FWD Stowed position
NWS High Button ........................................................... Checked off
GND SPOIL MAN DEPLOY button................................. Checked OFF
THRUST Levers ............................................................ CUT OFF
GUST LOCK lever .......................................................... OFF
HYD PWR STBY selector............................................... AUTO
Flight Controls ............................................................... Checked
HYD PWR STBY Selector .............................................. OFF
Elevator Ailerons & Rudder Trim .................................... Check Set for TO
GND SPOILER button .................................................... ON
RUD LIMIT button .......................................................... Checked OFF
ELT switch...................................................................... Check ARM
PROBES 1& 2 buttons ................................................... ON
Stall Warning and Prevention system check .................. Perform
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PROBES 1&2 buttons ....................................................OFF
GUST LOCK lever ..........................................................ON
Display Controllers..........................................................As Desired
PFDs & MFDs .................................................................As Desired
STBY Instruments ...........................................................Check
EICAS Display Engine & REF Data ................................Check & Enter for TO
Avionic Test ....................................................................Perform
RMUs NAV/ENGINE backup pages................................Check
Doors ..............................................................................Closed
3.3 ENGINE START
3.3.1 Engine Start Using APU Air Supply
ELPMP Auto buttons (both) ............................................On the first flight of the day: If the
feeder tank quantity is below 160 lb. (72.6 kg) wait 40 seconds after turning on the
ELPMPs before starting engine to allow for the automatic transfer system test to take
place.
ELPMP Auto Off and Fail lights ......................................Extinguished
ANTICOLL light switch ....................................................ON
X-Bleed button ................................................................OFF
Pack LH/RH buttons ......................................................OFF
APU Bleed .....................................................................Recheck ON
Engine Area ...................................................................Clear
Thrust lever .....................................................................IDLE
Engine Start selector.......................................................RUN
Engine Start button .........................................................Push
........................................................................................Start light illuminated
........................................................................................ING light illuminated 5.2% N2
Note: THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS SHOULD BE MONITORED DURING ALL
ENGINE STARTS:
Bleed pressure ..............................................................on ECS page (20 psi min.)
Light up..........................................................................10 seconds
N2 > 30% ........................................................................< 40 seconds
N1 rotation indication ...................................................< 40% N2
ING START indication OFF...........................................< 40% N2
GI stable.........................................................................57% N2
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If engine parameters are exceeded:
Thrust lever (affected engine)......................................... OFF
Engine Start selector ...................................................... Vent
Engine Start button......................................................... Push appox. 15 sec.
Perform engine start failure investigation
When the engine is stablized at IDLE............................. Eng. Instrument check
Check OIL TEMP. and OIL PRESS to be within limits.
Observe Engine Operating Limits
Repeat engine start procedure for starting second engine
APU Bleed ..................................................................... OFF after starting both Eng.
3.3.2 Engine Start Using External Air Supply
The start procedures for external start is the same as for APU start. It is recommended that
the RH engine be started first and then use the RH engine to start the LH using the Cross
bleed start procedure.
Disconnect the external bleed source and close the access cover before starting the LH
engine.
3.3.3 Engine Starting Using Cross Bleed Air Supply
X-Bleed button................................................................ Off
APU bleed button .......................................................... OFF
Bleed ( running engine) .................................................. ON
Begin area ...................................................................... Clear
Thrust Lever (running engine) ........................................ Advanced to 70% N2
Thrust Lever (engine to be started) ................................ IDLE
After engine start reduce air source engine from 70% to IDLE.
All other procedures remain the same as APU start.
3.3.4 After Engine Start
EXT Power button ....................................................... OFF
GEN LH/RH FAIL lights ................................................ Extinguished
Check 26 VDC minimum each main bus
External Power ............................................................ Disconnect
HYD PWR STBD selector ............................................ AUTO
DC Tie .......................................................................... OFF
HYD A&B pressurized .................................................. Check 3,000-3,100 psi
Brake Temp. indicators................................................. Check
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ANTI-SKID sys..............................................................Check C/B reset C3,C3,C10,X8
NSW button...................................................................ON
Flaps ............................................................................32°
NOTE: Flaps must remain in position 32° for a minimum of 10 seconds to allow for
complete presurization of all flap related hydraulic lines.
Flaps .............................................................................0°
Pack LH/RH buttons .....................................................ON
ECS Bleed LH/RH buttons ............................................ON
Ground Spoiler system test...........................................Perform
TRU Function test .........................................................Perform
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