Third Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
4 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
Pure Bending
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Stress Concentrations
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Unsymmetric Bending
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members
subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
• Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx x dA 0
M y z x dA 0
M z y x dA M
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L y
L L y y
y y
x (strain va ries linearly)
L
c c
m or ρ
m
y
x m
c
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Stress Due to Bending
• For a linearly elastic material,
y
x E x E m
c
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c
• For static equilibrium,
• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx 0 x dA m dA y
c M y x dA y m dA
c
0 m y dA I
c M m y 2 dA m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m
I S
surface must pass through the
y
section centroid. Substituti ng x m
c
My
x
I
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Beam Section Properties
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m
I S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S 16 bh3 16 Ah
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Properties of American Standard Shapes
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Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 1 Mc
m m
c Ec Ec I
M
EI
• Although cross sectional planes remain planar
when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
y x z x
• Expansion above the neutral surface and
contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1
anticlastic curvature
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Stress Concentrations
Stress concentrations may occur: Mc
m K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes
in cross section
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x x centric x bending
P My
A I
• Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional
FP limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
• Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
• The neutral axis of the cross section
coincides with the axis of the couple
• Will now consider situations in which the
bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
• Cannot assume that the member will bend
in the plane of the couples.
• In general, the neutral axis of the section will
not coincide with the axis of the couple.
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Edition
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Unsymmetric Bending
• 0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid
y
Wish to determine the conditions under • M M z m dA
y
c
which the neutral axis of a cross section σ I
of arbitrary shape coincides with the or M m I I z moment of inertia
c
axis of the couple as shown. defines stress distribution
• The resultant force and moment
• 0 M y z x dA z m dA
from the distribution of y
elementary forces in the section c
must satisfy or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
Fx 0 M y M z M applied couple couple vector must be directed along
a principal centroidal axis
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
• Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos M y M sin
• Superpose the component stress distributions
Mzy Myy
x
Iz Iy
• Along the neutral axis,
x 0
Mzy Myy
M cos y M sin y
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan tan
z Iy
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