Texas Health and Science University
Biomedical Pathophysiology First Exam, Spring Semester 2025, Dr. Cai
Name: _____________________________ Score: ______________________________
Directions: Each of the following questions is followed by answers or completions of
the statement. Select the ONE BEST lettered choice for each question.
1. Which cellular component is capable of autodigestion when its contents are released
during cell injury?
(A) Ribosome.
(B) Lysosome.
(C) Golgi apparatus.
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum.
2. A neurotransmitter or hormone is secreted from a neuron or endocrine cell by way of
(A) Exocytosis.
(B) Pinocytosis.
(C) Endocytosis.
(D) Phagocytosis.
3. A reversible pathologic change in which one cell type is replaced by another, such as
a change from columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium, is known as
(A) Dysplasia.
(B) Anaplasia.
(C) Metaplasia.
(D) Hyperplasia.
4. All of the following conditions may be a cause of cellular injury EXCEPT
(A) Genetic derangement.
(B) Nutritional imbalance.
(C) Immunologic reaction.
(D) Adequate oxygenation.
5. What type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the lower extremity?
(A) Caseous necrosis.
(B) Coagulative necrosis.
(C) Gangrenous necrosis.
(D) Liquefactive necrosis.
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6. Caffeine and alcohol inhibit the release of ADH in the body, leading to
(A) Scanty urination.
(B) Retention of urine.
(C) Excessive urination.
(D) Urinary incontinence.
7. Ketoacidosis is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus. What is the
compensatory mechanism for this type of acid-base imbalance?
(A) Hypoglycemia.
(B) Hyperglycemia.
(C) Hypoventilation.
(D) Hyperventilation.
8. Gene products (proteins) are made directly from
(A) RNA in the nucleus.
(B) DNA in the nucleus.
(C) RNA in the cytoplasm.
(D) DNA in the cytoplasm.
9. What is the karyotype of a female patient with Down syndrome?
(A) 46, XX.
(B) 46, XY.
(C) 47, XX.
(D) 47, XY.
10. Which of the following diseases is NOT considered a pure genetic disorder?
(A) Hemophilia.
(B) Hypertension.
(C) Cystic fibrosis.
(D) Sickle cell anemia.
11. Multifactorial psychoneural disorders in adult populations include
(A) Schizophrenia.
(B) Alzheimer disease.
(C) Bipolar affective disorders.
(D) All of the above.
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12. In human immunity, inflammation belongs to the
(A) 1st line of defense.
(B) 2nd line of defense.
(C) 3rd line of defense.
13. Which of the following is NOT a classic local sign of acute inflammation?
(A) Pain.
(B) Fever.
(C) Warmth.
(D) Redness.
(E) Swelling.
14. In addition to lymphocytes, what other cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
(A) Phagocytes.
(B) Granulocytes.
(C) Macrophages.
(D) Agranulocytes.
15. Acquired immunity differs from innate immunity in that the former shows
(A) Specificity.
(B) Adaptation.
(C) Memory function.
(D) All of the above.
16. Antibody-producing plasma cells are derived from
(A) Helper T cells.
(B) T lymphocytes.
(C) B lymphocytes.
(D) Cytotoxic T cells.
17. Which one of the following immunoglobulins or antibodies is involved in type I
hypersensitivity reactions?
(A) Ig A.
(B) Ig D.
(C) Ig E.
(D) Ig G.
(E) Ig M.
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18. Contact dermatitis caused by poison ivy is an example of
(A) Anaphylactic hypersensitivities (type I).
(B) Cytotoxic hypersensitivities (type II).
(C) Immune complex hypersensitivities (type III).
(D) Delayed hypersensitivities (type IV).
19. An immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, such as
blood transfusion and organ transplant, is known as
(A) Allergy.
(B) Alloimmunity.
(C) Autoimmunity.
(D) Immunodeficiency.
20. The number one cause of death from disease worldwide is
(A) Traumatic injury.
(B) Malignant tumor.
(C) Infectious disease.
(D) Cardiovascular disorder.
21. The correct sequence of 4 stages of infection would be
(A) Invasion → colonization → multiplication → spread.
(B) Invasion → multiplication → colonization → spread.
(C) Colonization → invasion → multiplication → spread.
(D) Colonization → multiplication → invasion → spread.
22. Which one of the following body systems is the initial participating system in stress
response?
(A) Immune system.
(B) Nervous system.
(C) Endocrine system.
(D) Cardiovascular system.
23. Mental stress is LEAST likely to be associated with which of the following disorders?
(A) Tension headache.
(B) Peptic ulcer disease.
(C) Lumbar disc herniation.
(D) Irritable bowel syndrome.
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24. According to the biology of cancer, cancer is a disease of
(A) Growth.
(B) Division.
(C) Cell differentiation.
(D) All of the above.
25. A process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell is referred to as
(A) Differentiation.
(B) Transformation.
(C) In situ neoplasm.
26. Which of the following best describes the cancer grading?
(A) It is histologic, and is determined by a pathologist.
(B) It is clinical, and is decided by an oncologist or surgeon.
(C) The lower the cancer grade, the more aggressive the cancer.
(D) The higher the cancer grade, the better the cell differentiation.
27. Spread of the stomach cancer to the ovary is most likely achieved through
(A) Metastasis.
(B) Implantation.
(C) Local invasion.
28. Which pair regarding the TNM system of the cancer staging is mismatched?
(A) T – Size of the primary cancer.
(B) N – Lymph node involvement.
(C) M – The extent of metastasis.
(D) None of the above is mismatched.
29. Which one of the following is NOT an example of embryonic cancers in children?
(A) Leukemia.
(B) Neuroblastoma.
(C) Retinoblastoma.
(D) Nephroblastoma.
30. In comparison with adult cancers, childhood cancers are characterized by
(A) Better prognosis.
(B) Few prevention strategies.
(C) More responsive to treatment.
(D) All of the above.
