CHAPTER - 1 (1)
MATTER – Its Properties and
Measurements
CONTENTS (2)
1-1. Properties of Matter
1-2. Classification of Matter
1-3. Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) System
1-4. Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving
1-5. Significant Figures
1-1. Properties of Matter (3)
Matter is anything that occupies space and displays the properties of mass and
inertia.
Composition refers to the parts or components of a sample of matter and their
relative proportions.
Properties are qualities that we can use to distinguish one sample of matter from
others (physical and chemical).
H 2O H 2O 2
Physical Properties and Physical Changes (4)
Ø A physical property is one that a sample of matter displays without changing its
composition.
Ø Thus, we can distinguish between the reddish brown solid, copper, and the
yellow solid, sulfur, by the physical property of color.
Ø In such a physical change, some of the physical properties of the sample may
change, but its composition remains unchanged.
Ø For example; when liquid water freezes into solid water (ice), it certainly looks
different and, in many ways, it is different. Yet, the water remains 11.19%
hydrogen and 88.81% oxygen by mass. So, ice or solid water is the same as
normal water.
Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes (5)
Ø In a chemical change, or chemical reaction, one or more kinds of matter are
converted to new kinds of matter with different compositions.
Ø The key to identifying chemical change, then, comes in observing a change in
composition.
Ø For example; the burning of paper involves a chemical change.
Ø The ability of paper to burn is an example of a chemical property. A chemical
property is the ability (or inability) of a sample of matter to undergo a change in
composition under stated conditions.
(6)
1-2. Classification of Matter (7)
Ø Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms. Each different type
of atom is the building block of a different chemical element.
Ø Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.
Ø Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.
Ø The composition and properties of an element or a compound are
uniform throughout a given sample and from one sample to another.
(8)
Classification of Matter (9)
Ø A mixture of substances can vary in composition and properties from
one sample to another.
Ø One that is uniform in composition and properties throughout is said
to be a homogeneous mixture or a solution.
Ø In heterogeneous mixtures, the composition and physical properties
vary from one part of the mixture to another.
Classification of Matter (10)
(11)
States of Matter (12)
Ø Matter is generally found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
Ø In a solid, atoms or molecules are in close contact, sometimes in a
highly organized arrangement called a crystal. A solid has a definite
shape.
Ø In a liquid, the atoms or molecules are usually separated by somewhat
greater distances than in a solid.
Ø In a gas, distances between atoms or molecules are much greater than
in a liquid.
(a) Solid (b) Liquid
(13)
(c) Gas
1-3. The Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) System (14)
Ø The scientific system of measurement is called the International
System of Units and is abbreviated SI.
Ø It is a modern version of the metric system, a system based on the unit
of length called a meter (m).
Ø There are seven fundamental quantities in the SI system.
(15)
ØSI is a decimal system.
ØQuantities differing from the base unit by
powers of ten are noted by the use of prefixes.
Mass (16)
Ø Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
Ø In SI, the standard of mass is 1 kilogram
(kg).
Ø Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
𝑊∝𝑚 𝑊 = 𝑔. 𝑚
Temperature (17)
Temperature (18)
Ø On the Celsius scale, the melting point of ice is 0 oC, the boiling point of water is
100 oC, and interval between divided into 100 equal parts called Celsius degrees.
Ø On the Fahrenheit temperature scale, the melting point of ice is 32 oF, the
boiling point of water is 212 oF, and the interval between is divided into 180 equal
parts called Fahrenheit degrees.
Ø The SI temperature scale, called the Kelvin scale, assigns a value of zero to
lowest possible temperature.
Ø The zero on the Kelvin scale is denoted “0 K” and it comes at -273.15 oC.
Temperature (19)
𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑡 ℃ + 273.15
9
𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑡 ℉ = 𝑡 ℃ + 32
5
5
𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡 𝑡 ℃ = 𝑡 ℉ − 32
9
Practice Example: A recipe in an American cookbook calls for roasting a cut of
meat at 350 oF. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
5
𝑡 ℃ = 350 − 32 = 177 ℃
9
Volume (20)
Ø The largest volume, shown in part, is
the SI standard of 1 cubic meter (m3).
Ø A cube with a length of 10 cm (1 dm) on
edge (in blue) has a volume of 1000 cm3
(1 dm3) and is called 1 liter (1 L).
Ø The smallest cube is 1 cm on edge (red)
and has a volume of 1 cm3 = 1 mL.
Volume (21)
S.I. Units Derived Quantities Other Common Units
Length meter, m Force Newton, kg m s-2 Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2 Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2 Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022´1023 mol-1 1 Atm = 1.064 ´ 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg
1-4. Density and Percent Composition (22)
Ø Density is the ratio of mass to volume.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑 = 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚! 𝑜𝑟 𝑔⁄𝑚𝐿
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
Ø Mass and volume are extensive properties
Ø Density is an intensive property
Ø Solid densities: from about 0.2 g/cm3 to 20 g/cm3
Ø Liquid densities: from about 0.5 g/mL to 3-4 g/mL
Ø Gas densities: mostly in the range of a few grams per liter
EXAMPLE (23)
Relating Mass, Volume, and Density
The stainless steel in the solid cylindrical rod pictured below has a density of 7.75
g/cm3. If we want a 1.00 kg mass of this rod, how long a section must we cut off?
2.54 cm
𝑚 1
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉 = = 𝑚×
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑉 = ℎ𝜋𝑟 " →ℎ= "
𝜋𝑟
EXAMPLE (24)
2.54 cm
𝑚 1
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉 = = 𝑚×
𝑑 𝑑
1 𝑐𝑚!
𝑉 = 1.00 𝑘𝑔 1000 𝑔⁄𝑘𝑔 × = 129 𝑐𝑚!
7.75 𝑔
𝑉
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑉 = ℎ𝜋𝑟 " →ℎ= "
𝜋𝑟
𝑉 129 𝑐𝑚!
ℎ= "= " = 25.5 𝑐𝑚
𝜋𝑟 3.14 0.5 2.54 𝑐𝑚
1-5. Significant Figures (25)
Ø The use of appropriate significant figures is important.
Ø Because the correct application of the significant numbers rule avoids
needlessly suggesting a high degree of precision that comes from
calculations and does not guarantee precision in real experiments.
(26)
Rules for Determining Number of Significant Figures (27)
Ø All nonzero digits are significant. (5.81 g à 3 sig. figs.)
Ø Zeros in the middle are significant. (6.091 m à 4 sig. figs.)
Ø Zeros at the beginning are NOT significant. (0.00302 g à 3 sig. figs.)
Ø Zeros at the end are significant if there is a decimal point! No
decimal, not significant. (0.030 g à 2 sig. figs.) (2500 m à 2 sig.
figs.)
EXAMPLE (28)
Significant Significant
Number Number
Figure Figure
0.0050 L 2 1.34000 x 107 nm 6
18.00 g 4 5600 ng 2
0.00012 kg 2 87000 L 2
83.000 L 5 78002.3 ng 6
0.006002 g 4 0.000007800 g 4
Significant Figures in Numerical Calculations: (29)
Division and Multiplication:
Ø The result of multiplication or division may contain only as many
significant figures as the least precisely known quantity in the calculation.
14.79 𝑐𝑚 ∗ 12.11 𝑐𝑚 ∗ 5.05 𝑐𝑚 = 904 𝑐𝑚!
4 𝑠𝑖𝑔. 𝑓𝑖𝑔. ∗ 4 𝑠𝑖𝑔. 𝑓𝑖𝑔. ∗ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑔. 𝑓𝑖𝑔. = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑔. 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
Addition or subtraction:
Ø The result of addition or subtraction must be expressed with the same
number of digits beyond the decimal point as the quantity carrying the
smallest number of such digits.
15.02 𝑔 + 9986.0 𝑔 + 3.518 𝑔 = 10004.538 𝑔
Rules for Determining Number of Significant Figures (30)
Ø In multiplication and division, the answer cannot have more
significant figures than the least of the original numbers.
(9.728 x 2.33 = 22.66624 à not 7 sig. figs. à 22.7 à 3 sig. figs.)
Ø In addition and subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits
after the decimal point than either of the original numbers.
(4.22 + 98.6 = 102.82 à not 5 sig. figs. à 102.8 à 4 sig. figs.)
Rounding Off Numerical Results (31)
Ø Increase the final digit by one unit if the digit dropped is
Ø 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 and
Ø Leave the final digit uncharged if the digit dropped is
Ø 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Ø To three significant figures, 15.44 rounds off to 15.4,
and 15.45 rounds off to 15.5.
15.55 rounds off to 15.6, and
17.65 rounds off to 17.7.
Percentage As Conversion Factor (32)
Ø The composition is generally expressed as a percentage.
Ø A percentage is the number of parts of a component in a whole of 100 parts.
EXAMPLE
A quantity of seawater containing 3.5% sodium chloride by mass will be
evaporated to dryness to obtain 75 g of sodium chloride sample. How many
liters of seawater should be taken for this purpose? The density of seawater is
1.03 g/mL.
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3.5 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
X 75 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑋 = 2142.8 𝑔
𝑚 2142.8
𝑑 = → 1.03 = → 𝑉 = 2080 𝑚𝐿 = 2.1 𝐿
𝑉 𝑉
