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Q1. C o Established 897 locally supported

Subsidiary Alliance System (1798-1805) elementary schools in villages under James
Introduced by: Lord Wellesley, Governor-General of India Thomason.
Key Features 2. Infrastructure Development:
1. Treaty with Native Rulers: o Set up a separate Public Works
o Maintain a British subsidiary force within Department for public utility projects.
the princely state. o Extensive irrigation works initiated.
o Pay for the upkeep of the subsidiary force. 3. Technological Advancements:
2. British Resident: o Introduced passenger railways, electric
o Indian rulers required to host a permanent telegraph, and uniform postage, termed as
British Resident. the "three great engines of social
o Acted as observer, advisor, and British improvement."
representative. 4. Punjab Annexation (1849):
3. Restrictions on Indian Rulers: o Excuse: Murder of British officials by
o Prohibited from employing Europeans Multan’s Governor, Mulraj.
without British approval. o Defeated Sikhs in battles at Ramnagar,
o Barred from negotiating with other rulers Chilianwala, and Gujrat.
or foreign powers independently. o Annexed Punjab on 29 March 1849,
4. Company's Commitments: pensioning Maharaja Dalip Singh.
o Provide protection from external threats. Legacy
o Guarantee internal security. • Laid the foundation for colonial education and
o Respect the ruler's authority and territorial public infrastructure in India.
boundaries. • Played a key role in expanding British territories
o Non-interference in internal matters through annexation policies.
unless treaty terms were breached. Q4. A
Objectives Regulating Act of 1773
• Establish British dominance without direct Background
annexation. • Passed by the British Parliament to address
• Control Indian military forces. mismanagement and bankruptcy of the East India
• Eliminate French influence in India. Company in Bengal.
Q2. A • Marked the beginning of British Parliamentary
Press Regulation (Pre-1799 to 1818) control over Company administration.
Pre-1799 Key Provisions
• Unregulated Press: Operated under threat of 1. Governor-General and Council:
imprisonment, deportation, and withdrawal of o Established a Governor-General of Bengal
patronage and postal resources. assisted by a Council of four members.
• No official censorship policy; editors were punished o First Governor-General: Warren Hastings.
arbitrarily under different Governor-Generals. o Council Members: Clavering, Francis,
Censorship Act of 1799 Monson, and Barwell.
• Introduced by: Governor-General Richard Colley 2. Council Functioning:
Wellesley. o Governor-General presided over meetings;
• Reason: Anticipation of a French invasion of India. majority decisions were binding.
• Provisions: o Governor-General had a casting vote in
o Wartime press restrictions. case of a tie.
o Pre-censorship of publications. o Quorum: Three members.
• Ratified by the Board of Directors of the East India 3. Appointment of Councilors:
Company. o Barwell was already in India; others arrived
Post-1799 in October 1774.
• Lord Hastings (1818): 4. Council Dynamics:
o Relaxed restrictions. o New Councilors (Clavering, Francis,
o Pre-censorship abolished. Monson) viewed Hastings and Bengal's
Q3. C administration as corrupt.
o Francis: Most ambitious, aimed to replace
Lord Dalhousie (Governor-General of India: 1848–
or succeed Hastings.
1856)
Significance
Contributions and Reforms
• Laid the foundation for British political control in
1. Educational Reforms:
India.
o Introduced mass education alongside elite
• Introduced a centralized administrative structure
higher education.
for Bengal.
o Thomsonian System (1853): Promoted
vernacular education in North-Western
Provinces, Bengal, Punjab, Bombay, and
Madras.

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Q5. A 2. Recommended higher salaries, increased strength,

Lord Auckland’s Forward Policy and the First Anglo- and training schools.
Afghan War 3. Suggested direct recruitment for higher ranks and
• Context: Lord Auckland became Governor-General creation of a provincial police service.
of India in 1836 amidst fears of Russian advances in 4. Proposed a Central Department of Criminal
Central Asia. Intelligence.
• Russian Influence: After the Russo-Persian wars Q9. A
(1811–13, 1826–28), Persia ceded territories near Factory Act (1881)
the Caspian Sea to Russia, losing influence to 1. Prohibited employment of children below 7 years.
Britain. 2. Limited work hours (9 hrs/day) for children under
• Forward Policy: 12 years.
o Tripartite Treaty (June 1838) between Shah 3. Applied to factories with 100+ workers; inspectors
Shuja, Ranjit Singh, and the British. were appointed.
o Shah Shuja was to regain Kabul's throne Q10. A
with Sikh military aid; he ceded territories Professional Education
and accepted British oversight of foreign 1. Roorkee Engineering College established in 1847
relations. (only for Europeans/Eurasians).
o British prepared for Afghanistan's invasion. 2. Medical training began in Calcutta (1835).
• Changing Situation: 3. Lord Curzon expanded professional courses
o Persian siege of Herat ended (September (medicine, engineering, agriculture).
1838) due to British intervention. 4. Agriculture College at Pusa became a model for
o Russia recalled its envoy from Kabul under other institutions.
British diplomatic pressure. Q11. C
• Auckland’s Decision: Proceeded with invasion to Oropouche Fever
secure northwest borders and maintain British 1. Disease: Emerging zoonotic arboviral disease
prestige. caused by the Oropouche Virus (OROV).
• Military Campaign: 2. Transmission: Spread by infected midges (e.g.,
o British forces under Sir John Keane Culicoides paraensis) or mosquitoes; no human-to-
marched through Bolan Pass, capturing human transmission.
Kandahar, Ghazni, and Kabul (1839). 3. Symptoms: Sudden fever, headaches, pain, chills,
o Dost Mohammad surrendered (1840) and joint stiffness, nausea, and vomiting (onset: 4-8
was exiled to Calcutta. days post-infection).
o Shah Shuja was installed as Amir of 4. Treatment: No vaccine or specific treatment;
Afghanistan. focuses on symptom management.
Q6. D Q12. C
Hunter Commission (1882) British Foreign Policies
1. Reviewed progress since Wood’s Despatch (1854). 1. Lytton's Proud Reserve: Emphasized scientific
2. Emphasized the State’s responsibility for primary frontiers and safeguarding spheres of influence.
education; suggested management by 2. Lawrence's Masterly Inactivity: Policy of self-
Municipal/District Boards. reliance and restraint after the First Afghan War.
3. Proposed two streams in secondary education: 3. Auckland's Forward Policy: Treaties/annexations to
literary (university preparation) and vocational. secure British India's borders.
4. Advocated grants-in-aid for secondary and higher 4. Ring Fence Policy: Buffer zones to defend frontiers
education. (1765-1813).
5. No recommendations on university education 5. Subsidiary Alliance: Extended ring-fence policy;
(outside its terms). states became dependent on British India.
6. Drew attention to inadequate female education Q13. B
facilities. Anglo-Burmese Wars
7. Recommended government withdrawal from 1. First War (1824-26): Burmese westward expansion;
secondary school management. ended with the Treaty of Yandabo.
Q7. D 2. Second War (1852-53): Driven by British
Macaulay’s Minute (1835) commercial interests; resulted in the annexation of
1. Favored Anglicists over Orientalists; prioritized Pegu.
modern studies through English. 3. Third War (1885): Hostility of King Thibaw and
2. English made the medium of instruction, neglecting French ties led to British annexation of Upper
mass education. Burma.
3. Aimed to create a Westernized elite using the Q14. D
"downward filtration theory." Raleigh Commission & Indian Universities Act (1904)
Q8. A 1. Focused on improving university research and
Police Commission (1902-03) study; excluded primary/secondary education.
1. Highlighted inefficiency, corruption, and poor 2. Reduced university fellows, with government
training in police administration. nominations.

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3. Stricter college affiliation rules; government control 3. Rejected Vedic culture and sought equality, unity,
over university regulations. and human welfare; dissolved in the 1930s.
4. Nationalists opposed it as imperialist and Q21. D
retrograde. Reformist Organizations
Q15. C 1. Theosophical Society (1875)
Charter Act of 1853 o Founded by Helena Blavatsky and Henry
1. Opened civil services to competitive exams. Olcott; aimed to promote universal
2. Reduced Court of Directors from 24 to 18, with 6 brotherhood and comparative religion.
nominated by the Crown. o Annie Besant became president (1907-
3. Separated legislative and executive functions of the 1933), advocating for education and
Governor-General's Council. oriental religions.
4. Introduced local representation in the Indian 2. Arya Mahila Samaj (1899)
Legislative Council. o Established by Pandita Ramabai for
Q16. A women’s upliftment and education.
Vernacular Press Act (1878) 3. Bharat Mahila Parishad (1904)
1. Publishers had to ensure their content did not o Founded by Ramabai Ranade under the
promote hatred or disaffection toward the National Social Conference for women's
government. empowerment and rights.
2. Violations led to forfeiture of security deposits and Q22. B
seizure of press equipment. Sarla Devi Chaudhurani
3. No re-appeals were allowed; magistrate's decision 1. Key figure in the Swadeshi movement and women’s
was final. rights advocate.
4. Known as the "Gagging Act," it discriminated 2. Founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal (1910), the first
against vernacular newspapers, deeply hurting national-level women’s organization, promoting
Indian sentiments. education and empowerment.
5. Amrita Bazar Patrika evaded prosecution by 3. Blended feminism with nationalism in her activism
becoming an English newspaper overnight. and writings.
Q17. A Q23. C
Solar Paraboloid Technology Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan)
1. Uses parabolic mirrors to focus sunlight, generating 1. Led by Birsa Munda (late 19th century) against
high temperatures (up to 1000°C). British exploitation and feudal systems.
2. Highly efficient for both electricity and industrial 2. Aimed to restore tribal rights and Munda autonomy.
heat generation; modular and scalable. 3. Resulted in the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908),
3. Offers higher efficiency than photovoltaic systems protecting tribal land and abolishing forced labor.
but faces challenges like high costs and complexity. Q24. A
Q18. D Pabna Revolt (1873-1876)
Emergence of Indian Capitalist Class 1. Peasants protested against zamindars' oppressive
1. Indian capitalists relied on local resources, not practices (evictions, rent hikes, illegal cesses).
foreign capital, to build businesses. 2. Organized Pabna Agrarian League for collective
2. Figures like Jamsetji Tata established industries like resistance; primarily non-violent.
Tata Steel (1907) independently of foreign 3. Led to Bengal Tenancy Act (1885), regulating tenant
investors. rights but not abolishing the zamindari system.
3. Operated outside the influence of pro-imperialist Q25. C
feudal interests, focusing on commerce and Deccan Riots (1875)
industry. 1. Peasant uprising in western India against
Q19. C moneylenders’ exploitation.
Ryotwari Settlement 2. British established the Deccan Riots Inquiry
1. Introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed; Commission (1877).
direct settlement between cultivators (ryots) and 3. Enacted Agriculturists Relief Act (1879) to curb
government. exploitative practices and protect farmers from
2. Recognized ryots as landowners; revenue collected debt imprisonment.
directly from them without intermediaries. Q26. B
3. Imposed high taxes, leading to poverty and Women’s Reform Movements
indebtedness; lacked land security and tenure. 1. Causes: Patriarchy, colonial critique, oppressive
Q20. C religious practices, and Western education
Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) exposure.
1. Founded by Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule to 2. Key Reforms:
promote education and rights for underprivileged o Abolition of Sati: Led by Raja Ram Mohan
groups. Roy, resulting in the Bengal Sati Regulation
2. Aimed to end Brahmin dominance, advocate belief Act (1829).
in one God, and provide education for Shudras and
Dalits.

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o Widow Remarriage: Advocated by Ishwar 3. Moderates' Approach: Focused on industrial

Chandra Vidyasagar; Hindu Widows' competitiveness, showing limited interest in labor
Remarriage Act (1856). reforms.
o Women's Education: Pioneered by Jyotiba 4. Key Efforts:
Phule and J.E.D. Bethune. o 1870: Sasipada Banerjea founded a
o Child Marriage Opposition: Behramji workingmen's club and Bharat Shramjeevi.
Malabari; Age of Consent Act (1891). o 1878: Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee
o Women’s Organizations: Arya Mahila proposed a labor welfare bill.
Samaj (Ramabai Ranade) and Bharat Stree o 1880: Narain Meghajee Lokhanday
Mahamandal (Sarala Devi). launched Deenbandhu and Bombay
3. Impact: Legal reforms, education, and social Millhands Association.
awareness laid the foundation for 20th-century o 1899: First major strike on Great Indian
women’s movements. Peninsular Railways, supported by Tilak
Q27. C through Kesari and Maharatta.
Anti-Caste Movements Q30. D
1. Key Reformers: Tribal Uprisings in 18th and 19th Century India
o Jyotiba Phule: Founded Satyashodhak 1. Chuar Uprising (1766–1816)
Samaj (1873) and promoted education for o Region: Jungle Mahals (Dhalbhum,
marginalized groups. Midnapore, Bankura, Manbhum).
o Sri Narayana Guru: Advocated "one caste, o Leaders: Durjan Singh, Jagannath Singh
one religion, one God" in Kerala. Patar, Subal Singh, Mangal Singh, Rani
o E.V. Ramasamy Periyar: Led the Self- Shiromani.
Respect Movement (1925) and opposed 2. Santhal Hul (1855–1856)
caste-based oppression. o Region: Present-day Jharkhand and West
o Behramji Malabari: Focused on widow Bengal.
remarriage and child marriage reforms. o Leaders: Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.
2. Themes: Social justice, caste equality, education, o Cause: Against British and Zamindari
and rights for marginalized groups. oppression.
Q28. A 3. Khond Uprisings (1837–1856)
Early Labor Movements in India o Region: Ghumsur, Odisha.
1. Industrialization Impact: Railways, coal, cotton, and o Leader: Chakra Bisoi.
jute industries led to a new working class facing o Cause: Resistance to British interference in
exploitation (low wages, long hours, child labor, cultural practices.
unsafe conditions). Q31. A
2. Challenges: Workers faced dual exploitation by Shifting Cultivation: Key Points
capitalists and British imperialism. • Definition: Clearing vegetation, cultivating for a few
3. Moderates' Indifference: Early nationalists years, then abandoning land for fertility restoration.
prioritized industries' competitiveness over labor • Global Impact: Practiced by 250+ million people
reforms. worldwide; harmful ecological consequences.
4. Key Efforts: • Regions: Predominantly in tropical areas.
o 1870: Sasipada Banerjea founded a Local Names in India:
workingmen's club and Bharat Shramjeevi. • Jhum: North-eastern India.
o 1878: Sorabjee Shapoorji Bengalee • Vevar/Dahiyaar: Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh.
attempted a labor welfare bill in Bombay • Deepa: Bastar, Madhya Pradesh.
Legislative Council. • Zara/Erka: Southern states.
o 1880: Narain Meghajee Lokhanday • Batra: South-eastern Rajasthan.
launched Deenbandhu and Bombay • Podu: Andhra Pradesh.
Millhands Association.
• Kumari: Western Ghats, Kerala.
o 1899: First major strike on Great Indian
• Kaman/Vinga/Dhavi: Odisha.
Peninsular Railways; supported by Tilak in
Q32. C
Kesari and Maharatta.
Q29. B
Role of Press in Indian National Congress
• Congress & Press: Congress relied on newspapers
Early Labor Movements in India
to propagate its resolutions and proceedings, as it
1. Industrialization Impact: Growth of railways, coal,
had no political organization.
cotton, and jute industries created a working class
• Journalists as Founding Members: One-third of
facing exploitation (low wages, long hours, child
Congress's founders in 1885 were journalists.
labor).
Key Newspapers and Editors:
2. Challenges: Workers dealt with economic
exploitation by both capitalists and British • Hindu & Swadesamitran: G. Subramaniya Iyer
imperialism. • Kesari & Mahratta: B.G. Tilak
• Bengalee: Surendranath Banerjea
• Amrita Bazar Patrika: Sisir Kumar Ghosh, Motilal
Ghosh

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• Sudharak: G.K. Gokhale • Local representation introduced in Indian

• Indian Mirror: N.N. Sen legislature with the Indian Legislative Council.
• Voice of India: Dadabhai Naoroji • Governor-General could veto any Bill.
• Hindustani & Advocate: G.P. Varma Q38. C
Q33. D Doctrine of Lapse:
District Collector: • Annexation policy by Lord Dalhousie, annexing
• Created in 1771 by Lord Warren Hastings. states if rulers were incompetent or died without a
• Lord William Bentinck: Restored the magisterial male heir.
powers of the District Collector, which were States annexed under the Doctrine:
removed by Lord Cornwallis. • Sambalpur: Annexed after the death of Narayan
• Fort William College: Founded by Lord Wellesley to Singh (1849).
train civil servants. • Udaipur (Chhattisgarh): Annexed in 1852 after
• 1806: Fort William College replaced by Haileybury ruler’s death without a male heir.
College in London for training civil servants. • Nagpur: Annexed in 1853 after Raghuji III's death
Q34. B without a male heir.
Charter Act of 1813: • Satara, Bhagat, Jhansi also annexed.
• Ended the East India Company's monopoly over Jaipur:
trade in India, but it retained trade with China and • Not annexed under Doctrine; had a Subsidiary
tea. Alliance with the British.
• 10.5% dividend to Company shareholders on Indian Q39. B
revenue. Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
• The Company retained possession of territories • Modernized the Sikh army by incorporating
and revenue for 20 more years without affecting European military practices.
Crown sovereignty. • Promoted secular governance, maintaining peace
• Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta Councils' and stability across religious communities.
regulations required to be laid before the British • Played a significant role in the Golden Temple's
Parliament. embellishment but did not construct it.
• Christian missionaries allowed to preach in India. • The Golden Temple was initially built by Guru Arjan
Q35. A Dev in the 16th century.
Charter Act of 1833: Q40. C
• Came during the Industrial Revolution in Britain. First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842):
• Laissez-faire policy adopted for industrial • British invasion failed with a humiliating defeat and
enterprise. retreat from Kabul in 1842.
• Prompted the Reform Act of 1832 in Britain. Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880):
• Urged reforms to improve slave conditions and • Resulted in the Treaty of Gandamak (1879),
work toward abolition. allowing British control over Afghanistan’s foreign
• Led to the outlawing of slavery in India by Act V of policy but not annexing it.
1843. Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919):
Q36. C • Led to full Afghan independence and sovereignty
Act of 1786: over foreign affairs after the Treaty of Rawalpindi.
• Granted Cornwallis powers of both Governor- Q41. A
General and Commander-in-Chief. Warren Hastings' Policy of Ring-Fence
• Allowed Cornwallis to override council decisions if 1. Background:
he took responsibility. o Implemented by Warren Hastings
• This provision was later extended to all future (Governor-General of Bengal, 1772-1785).
Governor-Generals. o Aimed to counter threats from Marathas,
Q37. C Mysore (Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan), and
Pitt’s India Act of 1784: Afghan invaders.
• Expanded British government control over the East 2. Objective:
o Establish defensive buffer zones (e.g.,
India Company’s affairs through a Board of Control.
Awadh) around British territories,
• Established a dual system of control over civil,
especially Bengal.
military, and revenue matters.
o Focused on securing British interests, not
Charter Act of 1793:
territorial expansion.
• Separated revenue administration from the
3. Implementation:
judiciary, leading to the dissolution of Maal Adalats.
o Military assistance to allied states like
Charter Act of 1833:
Awadh, funded by those states.
• Lifted restrictions on European immigration and
o Avoided direct annexation and reduced
property acquisition, paving the way for European
costs of British military engagements.
colonization.
4. Impact:
Charter Act of 1853:
o Strengthened British frontiers and
weakened threats.

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o Set the stage for Wellesley’s Subsidiary 4. Analysis:

Alliance, integrating states into the British o Statement I: Political fragmentation aided
system. British dominance.
o Statement II: Rise of regional powers
Q42. C destabilized the subcontinent but was not
British Expansion in India the primary cause of British dominance.
1. Anglo-Burmese Wars: Q45. C
o First War (1824-1826): Ended with the The Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
Treaty of Yandabo; British gained Assam, 1. Background:
Manipur, Arakan, and Tenasserim. o Fought between the Marathas and Ahmad
o Second War (1852): Annexed Pegu, Shah Abdali (Durrani Empire).
expanding control over Lower Burma. o Marathas sought dominance; Abdali
o Third War (1885): Complete annexation of aimed to reclaim influence in India.
Burma; King Thibaw exiled. 2. Strategic Alliances:
2. Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816): o Marathas failed to gain strong support
o Ended with the Treaty of Sugauli (1816). from Rajputs, Jats, and others, leading to
o Nepal ceded territories like Sikkim, isolation.
Kumaon, Garhwal, and parts of Terai. o Abdali allied with Rohilla Afghans and
o Established modern Nepal’s boundaries. Shuja-ud-Daula, bolstering his position.
Q43. A 3. Outcome:
Treaty of Amritsar (1809) o Marathas suffered a catastrophic defeat;
1. Background: heavy casualties and loss of political
o Signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and influence in the north.
the British (Charles Metcalfe under Lord 4. Consequences:
Minto). o Marked the decline of Maratha power and
o Aimed to define boundaries and maintain paved the way for British expansion.
peace between the Sikh Empire and British o Highlighted the need for strategic alliances
territories. Q46. B
2. Key Clauses: History of Awadh (Oudh)
o Recognition of Sovereignty: British Saadat Khan:
acknowledged Ranjit Singh’s rule over • Founder of the Nawab dynasty (1722); established
territories north of the Sutlej River. Awadh’s prominence.
o Boundary Demarcation: Sutlej River Shuja-ud-Daula:
marked as the boundary; Ranjit Singh • Nawab (1754-1775); allied with Shah Alam II and
agreed not to expand southward. Mir Qasim in the Battle of Buxar (1764).
o Non-Interference: Both parties agreed not • Defeat led to the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), ceding
to interfere in each other’s territories or territory to the British.
form alliances against each other. Safdar Jung:
3. Impact: • Nawab (1739-1754); allied with Marathas to
o Secured British interests in northern India. safeguard Awadh from incursions.
o Maintained the independence of the Sikh Asaf-ud-Daula:
Empire without British military presence in • Nawab (1775-1797); shifted capital from Faizabad
Ranjit Singh’s territories. to Lucknow, fostering cultural development.
Q44. B • Built the Bara Imambara, cementing Lucknow’s
Decline of the Mughal Empire status as a cultural hub.
1. Background: Wajid Ali Shah
o Decline began after Aurangzeb’s death Reign:
(1707); weak successors led to • Last Nawab of Awadh (1847–1856).
fragmentation. Cultural Contributions:
o Regional kingdoms like Bengal, Awadh, • Known for promoting arts and culture in Lucknow.
and Hyderabad emerged, distinct from Annexation by British:
Mughal provinces. • Deposed in 1856 under the pretext of
2. British Exploitation: misgovernance.
o Leveraged Mughal fragmentation for • Awadh annexed into the British Empire.
dominance through "divide and rule." Significance:
o Key victories: Battle of Plassey (1757) and • Annexation became a major cause of the Revolt of
Battle of Buxar (1764) solidified British 1857.
control. Q47. C
3. Rise of Regional Powers:
Maratha Taxation System
o Marathas, Sikhs, and Nizams gained
1. Background:
autonomy but frequently clashed,
o Founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in
destabilizing the subcontinent.
the 17th century.

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o Developed a taxation system featuring Q50. A

Chauth and Sardeshmukhi to fund military Ramsar Sites
campaigns and administration. 1. New Ramsar Sites:
2. Chauth: o Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu) –
o Derived from Sanskrit "Chaturth" (one- Large shallow wetland for birds;
fourth), a 25% tax on regional revenue. o Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu) –
o Purpose: Protection tax to ensure security Brackish lake; stopover for migratory birds.
and prevent Maratha raids. o Tawa Reservoir (Madhya Pradesh) – At the
o Imposed On: Territories outside direct confluence of Tawa and Denwa rivers;
Maratha control, including Mughal habitat for endangered species.
regions. 2. India's Total Ramsar Sites: Increased to 85.
o Strategic Use: Extended Maratha influence Q51. B
without direct annexation. Unified Lending Interface (ULI)
o Historical Context: Introduced by Shivaji 1. Context: RBI to launch ULI to transform the lending
and expanded under successors. sector like UPI did for payments.
3. Sardeshmukhi: 2. Features:
o An additional 10% tax over Chauth, o Standardized System: Plug-and-play
claimed as a hereditary right. system with minimal documentation.
o Purpose: Justified as Maratha rulers' o Digitized Access: Utilizes land records and
entitlement for being protectors and other data.
revenue collectors. 3. Objective:
o Imposed On: Both Maratha territories and o Provides lenders digital access to financial
external regions. and non-financial data.
o Revenue Use: Augmented financial o Focuses on farmers and MSMEs.
resources for administration and military. 4. Benefits:
4. Mughal Agreement: o Reduced credit appraisal time.
o Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath secured rights o Simplified integration via standardized
to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from APIs.
Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719. 5. Integration: Part of JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar,
o Expanded under Baji Rao I. Mobile) and UPI infrastructure.
Q48. B Q52. D
Princely States National Industrial Corridor Development Programme
1. Awadh: 1. Context: Approval of 12 new projects under NICDP
o Founder: Saadat Khan (Burhan-ul-Mulk) in by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
the early 18th century. 2. Aim: Develop industrial nodes and Smart Cities
o History: Initially a Mughal province; gained using next-gen technologies.
autonomy. 3. Vision:
o Legacy: Consolidated Lucknow as a o Promote local commerce, investment, and
cultural and political hub. employment.
2. Hyderabad: o Contribute to sustainable development.
o Founder: Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I in 1724. 4. Budget: ₹28,602 crore; spans 10 states.
o History: Declared independence from the 5. Implementation:
Mughals; became a cultural and trade o Apex Monitoring Authority chaired by
center in southern India. Finance Minister.
3. Bengal: o NICDC & NICDIT oversee development.
o Founder: Murshid Quli Khan in 1717. 6. Importance:
o History: Shifted capital from Dhaka to o Targets $2 trillion in exports by 2030.
Murshidabad; gained autonomy under o Aligns with PM Gati Shakti and Viksit
nominal Mughal allegiance. Bharat vision.
Q49. B (The image given in VISION Test is Not Clear – so, we have
GREAT Scheme used another image keeping the content same.)
1. Full Form: Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship
across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles.
2. Objective: Foster entrepreneurship and innovation
in the technical textiles sector.
3. Funding:
o Up to ₹50 lakh for 18 months.
o Additional 10% for incubators supporting
startups.
4. Eligibility: Startups, researchers, and entrepreneurs
in technical textiles.
5. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Textiles.

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Q56. B
Project NAMAN
1. Context: Indian Army launched Phase 1 of Project
NAMAN for Defence pensioners, veterans, and
families.
2. Aim: Provide dedicated support and services.
3. Ministry: Ministry of Defence.
4. Enabled by:
o Tripartite MoU between Indian Army, CSC
e-Governance India Limited, and HDFC
Bank.
5. SPARSH: Digital pension system to streamline
pension processes.
6. Beneficiaries: Entire population of military stations
and nearby localities.
Q57. B
Tarang Shakti
1. Context: Largest international air exercise by IAF
with 30 participating countries.
Q53. B 2. Aim:
Security Alert System (Piezo-electric Nanocomposites) o Enhance interoperability, share best
1. Context: Development by CeNS and CSIR-NCL using practices, and showcase indigenous
piezoelectric polymers. defense industry.
2. Piezoelectricity: Converts mechanical energy into o Practice combat missions in a realistic
electrical energy. environment.
3. Nanocomposite Features: 3. Focus: Showcasing indigenous defense capabilities
o Combines piezoelectric polymer with under Aatmanirbharta.
nanoparticles. 4. Location:
o Enhanced piezoelectric response via o Phase 1: Sulur, Tamil Nadu.
zirconia-based nanoparticles. o Phase 2: Jodhpur.
4. Application: Lab-scale security alert system using 5. Khaan Quest: Indian participation in multinational
Bluetooth communication activated by footsteps. peacekeeping exercise in Mongolia.
Q54. A 6. Exercise ‘Shakti’: 7th edition of joint military
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) exercise with France in Umroi, Meghalaya.
1. Context: IMD uses SPI for precipitation and drought Q58. B
trends. Nano-MIND Technology
2. Definition: Measures precipitation deviation from 1. Context: World’s first Nano Magnetogenetic
the long-term average. Interface for NeuroDynamics (Nano-MIND) tested
3. Calculation: Difference between observed on mice.
precipitation and average, divided by standard 2. Definition: Nano-MIND is a technology that uses
deviation. nanoscale magnetic materials for brain modulation.
4. Indicators: 3. Functionality:
o Positive SPI: Wet conditions. o Remote control of brain circuits using
o Negative SPI: Dry conditions. magnetic fields and nanoparticles.
5. Development: Created in 1993 by McKee, Doesken, o Modulates brain functions like cognition
and Kleist. and emotion wirelessly.
Q55. A 4. Experimental Findings:
INS Arighaat o Activated specific brain neurons to
1. Context: INS Arighaat commissioned into Indian influence behaviors (e.g., nurturing
Navy at Visakhapatnam. behaviors in non-maternal female mice).
2. Type: 2nd Arihant-Class SSBN submarine. o Regulated feeding behaviors by targeting
3. Specifications: motivation circuits in the brain.
o Length: ~112 meters. 5. Applications:
o Weight: ~6,000 tonnes. o Ultra-fast memory and storage systems.
o Speed: 12–15 knots (surface), 20–24 knots o Advanced computational devices and data
(submerged). transfer technologies.
4. Armament: Q59. C
o Carries 10–12 K-15 SLBMs (750 km range). Perpetual Bond
o Equipped with 4 vertical launch tubes. 1. Context: Canara Bank issued India’s first Additional
5. Significance: Enhances India’s nuclear triad and Tier I perpetual bonds with strong investor demand.
deterrence capability. 2. Definition: A perpetual bond is a debt security with
no fixed maturity date, paying interest indefinitely.

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3. Recent Changes: o Shiksha: Uttar Pradesh leads in education.

o SEBI allowed mutual funds to value these o Swasthya: Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala,
bonds based on the call option, increasing etc., excel in health certifications.
their attractiveness. o Samriddhi: Gujarat, Karnataka, and
Q60. C Rajasthan lead in economic prosperity.
Gumti River (Tripura) Q64. D
1. Context: MEA denied that floods in Bangladesh Yen Carry Trades
were caused by opening Dumbur Dam on Gumti 1. Context: The yen carry trade gained attention due
River. to the yen’s appreciation after the Bank of Japan’s
2. Origin: The Gumti River originates in the Longtharai interest rate hike and reduction in bond purchases.
and Atharamura ranges in Tripura. 2. Carry Trade: A trading strategy where investors
3. Course: It flows for 167 km to the Indo-Bangladesh borrow in a low-interest-rate country and invest in
border, joining the Meghna River near Daudkandi. higher-yielding foreign assets.
Q61. B 3. Yen Carry Trade: Investors borrow yen at low
Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary interest rates and invest in foreign assets like US
1. Context: Assam’s wildlife department recommends equities.
forest clearance for Vedanta’s oil and gas project in 4. Recent Shift: The yen appreciated by over 3% after
the eco-sensitive zone of Hollongapar Sanctuary. the BoJ’s interest rate hike, causing investors to
2. Habitat: The project involves diverting 4 hectares of unwind carry trades.
forest land, home to endangered Hoolock Gibbons 5. Impact:
and wild elephants. o Selloff in US tech stocks and impact on
3. Hoolock Gibbon Population: Around 12,000 global markets, including India.
individuals found in Northeast India, Bangladesh, o Japanese investors hold significant assets
Myanmar, and Southern China. in Indian equities.
4. Species: o A stronger yen could concern Indian
o Eastern Hoolock Gibbon companies with unhedged yen
o Western Hoolock Gibbon borrowings.
5. Recent Study: A genetic study shows only one Q65. D
species of gibbon in India, contradicting previous Kalasa-Banduri Project
beliefs of separate species. 1. Context: The Kalasa-Banduri Project in Karnataka is
6. Conservation Status: aimed at diverting water from the Mahadayi River
o Western Hoolock Gibbon: Endangered to the Malaprabha River.
o Eastern Hoolock Gibbon: Vulnerable 2. Objective: To improve drinking water supplies in
o Both species listed on Schedule 1 of the Belagavi, Bagalkote, Dharwad, and Gadag districts.
Indian (Wildlife) Protection Act 1972. 3. Project Details:
Q62. A o Includes building barrages to divert water
Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP) to the Malaprabha River.
1. Context: GTTP aims to replace diesel-powered o Dispute between Karnataka, Goa, and
harbor tugs with zero-emission alternatives in India. Maharashtra over water diversion.
2. Technology: Green tugs will be powered by battery- 4. Dispute:
electric, hybrid, methanol, and green hydrogen. o Goa claims the project reduces the flow of
3. Program Goals: water, harming its ecology and tiger
o Aligns with Maritime India Vision 2030 and conservation efforts.
Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047. o Concerns over ecological damage.
o Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and 5. Mahadayi River:
promote renewable energy. o Originates in the Bhimgad Wildlife
o Promote domestic manufacturing under Sanctuary in Karnataka.
the 'Make in India' initiative. o Flows through Karnataka, Goa, and
4. Target: All tugs in Indian Major Ports to transition to Maharashtra.
green technologies by 2040. o Known as the Mandovi River in Goa.
Q63. C o Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is located on the
QCI Surajya Recognition & Ranking Framework Mandovi River.
1. Context: The Quality Council of India launched the 6. Tributaries: Kalasa Nala, Surla Nala, Haltar Nala,
Surajya Recognition & Ranking Framework to Poti Nala, and others.
improve the quality of life in India. Q66. C
2. Pillars: The framework evaluates states based on Long-Range Glide Bomb (LRGB) Gaurav
four pillars: 1. Context: India successfully tested the long-range
o Shiksha (Education) glide bomb 'Gaurav' from Wheeler’s Island, Odisha.
o Swasthya (Health) 2. Design: Gaurav is a 1,000 kg class air-launched glide
o Samriddhi (Prosperity) bomb.
o Sushasan (Governance) 3. Navigation: Equipped with a hybrid navigation
3. Key Highlights: system using INS and GPS for precision.

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4. Precision: The glide bomb combines characteristics Q70. B

of bombs and missiles, with advanced guidance Deoband Movement
systems for accurate targeting. 1. Context: The Deoband Movement was a revivalist
5. Glide Capability: Released from high altitudes, it movement focused on propagating pure teachings
glides towards the target without needing of the Quran and Hadis and promoting jihad against
propulsion. foreign rulers.
6. Payload Options: Can carry high-explosive, 2. Founded: Established in 1866 at Darul Uloom,
penetrating, or cluster munitions. Deoband, by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and
7. Strategic Uses: Used for high-value target strikes Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.
like enemy command centers, radar installations, 3. Objective: Focused on moral and religious
and airfields. regeneration, contrasting with the Aligarh
Q67. B Movement, which emphasized Western education
Arya Samaj Movement and support for the British.
1. Founder: Dayananda Saraswati (Mulshankar) 4. Political Stance: Supported the Indian National
founded Arya Samaj in 1875 in Bombay. Congress but opposed Syed Ahmed Khan’s
2. Background: Born in Gujarat, he was an ascetic for organizations.
15 years before founding the Samaj. Q71. B
3. Post-Dayananda: After his death in 1883, efforts to Revolt of 1857
unite the Samaj were made through the Dayanand 1. Start of Revolt: The revolt began on May 10, 1857
Anglo Vedic Trust. at Meerut, spreading quickly to Punjab, Bihar,
4. Educational Conflict: Disagreement over Anglo- Narmada, Rajputana, and more.
Vedic education; some members opposed English 2. Mangal Pandey: Before the revolt, Mangal Pandey
learning and preferred Sanskrit and Vedic teachings. was hanged on March 29, 1857 for attacking British
5. Division (1893): The Arya Samaj split into two officers, symbolizing discontent among soldiers.
factions: the DAV group and the Gurukul group. 3. Trigger at Meerut: On April 24, 1857, 90 soldiers
6. Gurukul Group: Led by Munshi Ram (Swami refused to use greased cartridges, leading to their
Shraddhanand), focused on Vedic teachings and dismissal and imprisonment. On May 10, they
Sanskrit education. revolted, freeing their comrades and killing officers.
7. Important Institution: Munshi Ram founded the 4. Delhi's Role: The rebels marched to Delhi, where
Gurukul at Kangri in Haridwar in 1902. they killed European officers and declared Bahadur
Q68. D Shah Zafar as the Emperor of India, symbolizing
Keshab Chunder Sen's Split in Brahmo Samaj unity under the Mughal dynasty.
1. Context: Keshab Chunder Sen's 1878 marriage of Q72. A
his 13-year-old daughter to the minor Maharaja of Seva Sadan
Cooch-Behar caused a split in Brahmo Samaj. 1. Foundation: Founded in 1885 by Ramabai Ranade,
2. Authoritarianism: Keshab's increasing a leader of India's women's movement, to focus on
authoritarian style led to discontent among women's welfare and reform.
progressive followers. 2. Parsi Involvement: In 1908, Behramji Malabari and
3. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj: Formed by his followers Diwan Dayaram Gidumal founded another Seva
like Ananda Mohan Bose and Shibchandra Deb after Sadan in Bombay.
1878, rejecting Keshab's leadership. 3. Key Work: Focused on educating and providing a
4. Doctrines: The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj safe environment for marginalized women,
emphasized faith in one God, rationality, and truth. especially those exploited by society.
Q69. C 4. Social Reform: Though it contributed to women's
Rammohun Roy welfare, it did not focus on abolishing the caste
1. Context: Rammohun Roy was a scholar who system or socio-economic inequalities.
blended Eastern and Western thoughts and was Q73. C
instrumental in the reform movement in India. Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Parsi Reform Society)
2. Multilingual: He knew over a dozen languages, 1. Foundation: Founded in 1851 in Bombay to
including Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and English. modernize Zoroastrianism and improve the social
3. Atmiya Sabha (1814): Founded to propagate condition of Parsis.
monotheistic Vedanta and campaign against social 2. Founders: Key founders included Nauroji Fardunji,
ills like idolatry and caste rigidity. Dadabhai Naoroji, J.B. Wacha, and S.S. Bangali,
4. Influence: Advocated for rationalism, especially in inspired by the Indian Renaissance.
interpreting Vedanta and other religious texts. 3. Reform Goals: Focused on restoring the purity of
5. Precepts of Jesus (1820): Attempted to separate Zoroastrian practices, improving women's rights
Christ's moral teachings from miracle stories, which (removing purdah, raising marriage age, education),
angered missionaries. and modernization.
4. Publications: Propagated reform through the
newspaper Rast-Gofter (Truth-Teller).
5. Social Impact: The Parsis became the most
Westernized community in India.

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Q74. A Gurudwaras Act in 1922, granting control

Arya Samaj Movement to the Sikh masses.
1. Founder: Dayananda Saraswati (Mulshankar), Q78. D
founded Arya Samaj in 1875 at Bombay to protect Land Revenue Systems
Hindu society from Western influences. 1. Permanent Settlement:
2. Shuddhi Movement: Aimed to reconvert people to o Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in
Hinduism from Christianity and Islam, also including Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
untouchables into the caste system. o Created zamindars who paid a fixed
3. Social Reforms: Promoted equality, inter-caste revenue to the British.
marriages, widow remarriage, and condemned idol 2. Ryotwari System:
worship, polytheism, and black magic. o Implemented in Madras Presidency,
4. Philosophy: Rejected the belief in the illusionary Bombay Presidency, and parts of Assam.
nature of the physical world (Maya), stating that o Revenue was collected directly from
God, soul, and matter are distinct and eternal. individual cultivators (ryots).
Q75. A 3. Mahalwari System:
British Resistance in 1857 o Introduced in North-Western Provinces,
1. Delhi: Led by Lieutenant Willoughby, John Central India, and parts of Punjab.
Nicholson, and Lieutenant Hudson. o Revenue was assessed on a collective
2. Kanpur: Led by Sir Hugh Wheeler and Sir Colin basis, with villages (mahal) responsible for
Campbell. payments.
3. Lucknow: Led by Henry Lawrence, Brigadier Inglis, Q79. C
Henry Havelock, James Outram, and Sir Colin Ryotwari System: Background and Challenges
Campbell. 1. Background:
4. Jhansi: Led by Sir Hugh Rose. o Introduced in Madras to collect revenue
5. Benaras: Led by Colonel James Neil. directly from peasants, bypassing
Q76. B intermediaries.
Ahmadiyya Movement and Other Reform Movements o Led to individual land ownership but made
1. Ahmadiyya Movement: Founded by Mirza Ghulam peasants directly accountable to the
Ahmad in 1889 in India. British.
o Based on liberal principles, opposing jihad, 2. Implementation Flaws:
promoting universal religion. o Revenue assessments were often arbitrary
o Believes Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the and inflated, burdening peasants.
Messiah to end religious conflicts and o Local officials were corrupt, leading to
promote peace. coercion and abuse of peasants.
o Spread Western liberal education among 3. Madras Torture Commission Report (1855):
Muslims. o Exposed corruption and exploitation in the
2. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan & Aligarh Movement: Ryotwari system.
o Founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental 4. Reforms of 1864:
College in 1875 to modernize Muslims. o In response to the report, reforms included
o Advocated for education and jobs rather a scientific land survey and more equitable
than immediate political participation. revenue assessments.
o Opposed Muslim political activity to avoid o The reforms aimed to reduce the financial
government hostility. burden on peasants, but structural issues
3. Faraizi Movement: remained.
o Founded by Haji Shariatullah in 1819 in Q80. B
East Bengal, focusing on Islamic duties and India's Export Surplus and British Economic Strategy
eradicating un-Islamic practices. 1. Background:
o Became revolutionary under the o India's export surplus played a key role in
leadership of Dudu Mian after 1840. Britain’s global economic position,
Q77. B balancing trade deficits.
Akali Movement (Gurudwara Reform Movement) 2. Significance of Export Surplus:
1. Akali Movement: o Vital for offsetting Britain’s trade deficits,
o Originated from the Singh Sabha especially with protectionist countries.
Movement, aiming to reform Sikh o Allowed Britain to maintain its global
Gurudwaras. economic dominance by providing
o Aimed at removing corrupt Udasi mahants financial means for imports and empire
who had hereditary control over sustenance.
Gurudwaras. 3. Misconceptions:
2. Government Response: o Minimal Impact: India’s export surplus had
o British repressed the Akali non-violent a significant impact on Britain’s trade
satyagraha in 1921 but passed the Sikh position, disproving the minimal impact
argument.

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o Infrastructure Funding: The surplus was budgets, marking the start of financial
mainly used for balancing trade deficits, decentralization.
not for funding infrastructure. 2. Lord Ripon’s resolution (1882) is considered the
o Reliance on Indian Raw Materials: Britain foundation of local self-government in India,
relied more on Indian raw materials than emphasizing non-officials in local bodies and
manufactured goods. reducing official interference.
Q81. D 3. The Royal Commission on Decentralization (1907)
Aligarh Movement recommended empowering village panchayats and
1. The British initially viewed Muslims as the main municipalities with more financial autonomy and
conspirators in the 1857 Revolt but later saw them responsibilities, including education.
as allies against nationalism. 4. The Resolution of 1918 suggested making local
2. Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) emerged to uplift bodies as representative as possible with real
Muslims by focusing on: authority.
o Loyalty to the British Government. Q86. D
o Promoting modern Western education for Government of India Act 1858
Muslims. 1. The Revolt of 1857 led to the British Parliament
o Encouraging Muslims to stay away from passing the Act for Better Government of India in
politics. 1858.
Q82. C 2. The Act transferred power from the East India
Wahabi Movement Company to the British Crown.
1. The Wahabi Movement, also known as Walliullah 3. It introduced the position of the Secretary of State
Movement, was a revivalist movement initiated by for India, who was advised by a Council of India.
Shah Walliullah (1702-1762). 4. The Governor-General of India was renamed
2. Shah Walliullah sought harmony among Muslim Viceroy but became subordinate to the Secretary of
jurisprudence and emphasized individual State, not directly to the British Parliament.
conscience in religious matters. 5. The administrative structure remained largely
3. The movement originally targeted the Sikhs but unchanged, with the same civil service recruitment
later focused on resisting British colonialism, system.
playing a role in the 1857 Revolt. 6. The Council Act of 1861 integrated Indians into
4. Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Abdul Aziz further lawmaking by nominating non-official members to
popularized this movement, calling for a return to the Governor-General’s Council
pure Islam and political independence. Q87. A
Q83. C Indian National Congress and Muslim Concerns
Theosophical Society 1. The Indian National Congress aimed to unify India
1. The Theosophical Society, founded by Madame H.P. and eliminate regional differences, holding sessions
Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott in 1875, was in various regions with presidents from different
based on Indian philosophy like reincarnation, areas.
karma, and Vedanta. 2. The Congress sought to mobilize Muslims, but
2. The movement promoted universal brotherhood Muslim leaders, like Syed Ahmed Khan, were
and sought to investigate the hidden powers of apprehensive of Hindu majority rule.
nature. 3. The Congress passed a rule in 1888 to address
3. Annie Besant became president after Olcott's death Muslim concerns, but it didn’t fully alleviate their
in 1907 and contributed to the foundation of the fears, especially after the 1893 cow-killing riots.
Central Hindu College and Benaras Hindu 4. The Congress initially avoided social reforms to
University. maintain unity, focusing on political reforms.
4. The Society had a significant impact on the Hindu 5. M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao formed the Indian
Renaissance and women's education. Social Conference in 1887, which served as the
Q84. C social reform cell of the Congress.
Formation of Indian National Congress Q88. B
1. The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 East India Association
with the help of A.O. Hume, who aimed to create a 1. The East India Association was founded in 1866 by
platform for educated Indians. Dadabhai Naoroji in London.
2. The "Safety Valve Theory" suggested Congress was 2. It aimed to discuss Indian issues and influence
created to prevent a mass revolt against British rule. British public opinion for Indian welfare, influencing
3. Radical nationalists like Lala Lajpat Rai criticized the British government.
Congress for being a tool to maintain British control. 3. The Association published the Journal of East India
4. Marxist historians saw Congress as both Association, which was later superseded by the
collaborating with and fighting imperialism. Asiatic Quarterly Review.
Q85. A 4. The East India Association’s meetings were held at
Financial Decentralization and Local Self-Government Caxton Hall, where Michael O'Dwyer, the former
1. Mayo's Resolution of 1870 allowed provincial Governor of Punjab, was assassinated by Udham
governments to use local taxation for balancing Singh.

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5. In 1949, the East India Association incorporated the 5. Rajani Palme Dutt also supported the safety-valve
National Indian Association and eventually became theory, claiming it was formed through direct British
the Royal Society for India, Pakistan, and Ceylon in initiative.
1966. 6. M.S. Golwalkar and others criticized Congress for its
Q89. A secularism and anti-nationalism using the safety-
Surendranath Banerjee valve theory.
1. Surendranath Banerjee was a key figure in the 7. C.F. Andrews and Girija Mukherji accepted the
Indian National Congress, founding the Indian theory, believing it helped avoid bloodshed.
National Association in 1876 to demand political Q92. C
reforms. Indian Councils Act of 1861
2. He believed that India was not a nation in the past, 1. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 initiated the
but colonial policies helped shape it into a nation. representation of non-official Indians in legislative
3. Banerjee, along with others, led a campaign against bodies.
the Bengal Partition, advocating boycotts of British 2. The Act allowed the Viceroy to nominate Indians to
goods. the expanded Legislative Council, marking a shift
4. Banerjee supported the Montague-Chelmsford from exclusive British control.
reforms but later disagreed with the Congress and 3. The Act also returned legislative powers to
formed the Indian National Liberation Federation in provinces like Madras and Bombay, and created
1919. new provincial councils.
Q90. B 4. However, the councils had limited powers: they
Factors Contributing to Indian Nationalism couldn't discuss important matters or financial
1. Indian nationalism arose in response to colonial issues without prior approval from the government.
policies and the Western model of nationalism, as 5. The final passage of bills required the Viceroy's
well as pre-colonial traditions of patriotism (C.A. approval, and even then, the Secretary of State
Bayly's view). could disallow legislation
2. Key factors for the rise of nationalism included: Q93. A
o Industrialization, urbanization, and print Lex Loci Act of 1850 and Other Acts
capitalism. 1. The Lex Loci Act of 1850 allowed religious converts
o Reactions to colonial policies and (especially to Christianity) to retain inheritance and
economic unification, which connected legal rights, supporting religious freedom.
different regions. 2. The Limitation Act of 1859 aimed to prevent
o Modern transportation and exploitation of ryots by moneylenders by limiting
communication facilitated political the validity of loan agreements to three years.
mobilization. 3. The Inland Emigration Act of 1859 regulated the
o The introduction of modern education recruitment of laborers for plantations, ensuring
spread rational, secular, and nationalist clear contracts and preventing workers from leaving
ideas. without permission
o European historical research on India’s Q94. B
past provided psychological upliftment. Political Organizations in India
3. The impact of contemporary liberation movements 1. The Madras Native Association was established in
in Greece, Italy, and Ireland also influenced Indian 1852 by Gazulu Lakshmin Narsahu Chetty. It
nationalism. advocated for issues like unjust taxation and Indian
4. Discriminatory British policies, such as the Delhi participation in administration.
Darbar of 1877 and the Vernacular Press Act, fueled 2. The Bombay Presidency Association, founded in
nationalist sentiments. 1885 by Ferozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, and
Q91. C K.T. Telang, sought greater Indian political
Formation of Indian National Congress representation and economic reform.
1. The Indian National Congress was founded in 3. The Pune Sarvajanik Sabha, founded in 1867 by
December 1885 by 72 political workers, marking the M.G. Ranade, worked for political, economic, and
first organized expression of Indian nationalism on social reforms, including education and social
an all-India scale. justice.
2. A.O. Hume, a retired ICS officer, played a key role in 4. The Madras Mahajan Sabha, founded in 1884 by M.
its formation. Viraraghavachari, raised awareness on political and
3. The myth of the ‘safety valve’ theory suggests the social issues and mobilized public opinion.
Congress was created under British guidance to Q95. D
provide a peaceful outlet for growing Indian Civil Service Reforms
discontent, preventing revolution. 1. The civil service system in India, originally designed
4. Lala Lajpat Rai criticized the Congress as a creation for the East India Company's commercial affairs,
of Lord Dufferin to save the British Empire, rather was transformed to manage Indian territories under
than to fight for Indian political liberty. British rule.
2. Viceroy Lord Lytton reduced the maximum age for
civil service from 21 to 19 in 1878, but this was not

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based on the Aitchison Commission's differential attitude towards workers in European vs

recommendation. Indian enterprises.
3. The Indian Civil Services Act of 1861 reserved offices 3. Early nationalists did not want to divide the Indian
for covenanted civil servants, with exams held in population by emphasizing class struggles, focusing
England in English. instead on the common struggle against British rule.
4. Lord Lytton introduced a statutory Civil Service, 4. Dadabhai Naoroji argued that the Indian National
which included covenanted posts for Indians, but it Congress should focus on national issues and leave
was ultimately abolished. class issues to class-specific Congresses.
5. The Aitchison Commission recommended dropping 5. As the national movement grew, nationalist leaders
the terms ‘Covenanted’ and ‘Uncovenanted’ and became more pro-labor, organizing efforts to
classifying the Civil Service into Imperial, Provincial, improve workers' conditions.
and Subordinate categories. Q99. A
Q96. D Doctrine of Lapse and Princely States
Indian Councils Act of 1892 1. Before 1857, the British aggressively annexed
1. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, Princely states, notably using the Doctrine of Lapse.
initially focused on reforms to the Legislative 2. The events of the 1857 Revolt led the British to
Council. They feared their activities being labeled revise their policy towards Princely states,
seditious by the British. rewarding their loyalty.
2. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 brought changes to 3. Most Princely states supported the British during
the Legislative Councils due to nationalist pressure. the Revolt, and as a reward, the Doctrine of Lapse
3. The number of non-official members was increased was abolished by the Government of India Act of
in both Central and Provincial Legislative Councils, 1858.
but the official majority remained. 4. The right of Princely states to adopt heirs was
4. Indirect elections were introduced for Provincial recognized, and their territories' integrity was
Councils through bodies like Universities, District guaranteed, but they had to accept British
Boards, and Chambers of Commerce. paramountcy.
5. Members were allowed to discuss the annual Q100. B
budget but couldn’t vote on it or propose Congress Politics and Moderate Views
amendments. 1. The first 20 years of Congress politics were
6. Members could ask questions but could not ask moderate, focusing on constitutional agitation and
supplementary questions or discuss answers. gradual political progress.
7. Nationalists were dissatisfied with the Act, calling it 2. The Providential Mission Theory held that the
a mockery of their demands. They wanted non- British had a divine mandate to rule India.
official elected members with voting rights on the Moderates believed India would eventually gain
budget. They raised the slogan "no taxation without self-governing rights like other British colonies.
representation." 3. The Indian National Congress criticized British
Q97. A military expenditure on frontier policies and wars in
Charter Act of 1833 & Other Legislative Acts Afghanistan, arguing the funds should be used for
1. The Charter Act of 1833 reduced the legislative India's development.
powers of Madras and Bombay, limiting them to 4. The British Indian Army's involvement in imperial
proposing laws to the Governor-General. wars put a heavy burden on Indian finances, and
2. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 returned legislative moderates demanded that military expenditures be
powers to Madras and Bombay and created councils shared more equally. The British government
for other provinces like Punjab and NWFP. agreed to contribute only a small fraction.
3. The administration in provinces like Madras, 5. The British Indian Association of Landowners
Bombay, and Calcutta had more powers compared supported Congress in the early years, but Congress
to other provinces under the Act. couldn't take a firm stand on peasant issues due to
4. Lord Mayo initiated central revenue allocation for its ties with the landed aristocracy. They supported
provincial services in 1870, which was expanded by the extension of the Permanent Settlement and
Lord Ripon in 1882, dividing revenues into general, opposed the cadastral survey of 1893-94.
provincial, and shared categories.
5. Lord Ripon is considered the father of local self-
government due to the implementation of the Local
Self-Government Act in 1882.
Q98. A
Attitude of Early Nationalists Towards Workers
1. The modern worker emerged in India in the second
half of the 19th century, with the rise of industries
like railways, post, and telegraph.
2. Early nationalists showed little concern for workers
due to the poor conditions they faced. They had a

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