SKELETAL CLASSIFIACTIONS OF OSSEUS
TISSUE (OSSEUS BONES)
SYSTEM ➢ Compact Bone- dense and looks
smooth and homogeneous.
➢ skeleton comes from greek word ➢ Spongy Bone- has spiky, open
meaning “dried up body” appears like sponge.
➢ it consist of the skeleton, joints,
cartilage and ligament (fibrous
cords that bind the bones
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCORDING TO
together at joints).
SHAPES
➢ Flat Bone
DIVISION OF SKELETON o are thin, flattened and usually
curved.
➢ AXIAL SKELETON o They have two think layers of
➢ APPENDICULAR SKELETON compact bone sandwiching a
layer spongy bone between them.
o Skull, Ribs, Sternum
o There are flat bones in the
skull (occipital, parietal,
FUNCTIONS:
frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and
✓ Support vomer), the thoracic cage
✓ Protection (sternum and ribs), and the
✓ Allow movement pelvis (ilium, ischium, and
✓ Storage pubis). The function of flat
✓ Blood cells formation bones is to protect internal
organs such as the brain,
heart, and pelvic organs.
Flat bones are somewhat
flattened, and can provide
protection, like a shield;
flat bones can also provide
large areas of attachment
for muscles.
➢ LONG BONE ➢ SHORT BONE
o they have shaft with o cube-shaped and contain mostly
enlarged ends. spongy bone with an outer layer
o Mostly compact bone but of compact bone.
also contain spongy bone o Short and Bone
at the end.
o All bones in the limb
except the patella, wrist
and ankle bones.
➢ SESAMOID BONES
o which form within the tendons,
are special type of short bone.
Patella.
o The long bones, longer than they
are wide, include the femur (the
longest bone in the body) as well
as relatively small bones in the
fingers. Long bones function to
support the weight of the body
and facilitate movement. Long
bones are mostly located in the
appendicular skeleton and
include bones in the lower limbs
(the tibia, fibula, femur, o Sesamoid bones are bones
metatarsals, and phalanges) and embedded in tendons. These
bones in the upper limbs (the small, round bones are
humerus, radius, ulna, commonly found in the tendons
metacarpals, and phalanges). of the hands, knees, and feet.
Sesamoid bones function to
protect tendons from stress and
wear. The patella, commonly
referred to as the kneecap, is an
example of a sesamoid bone.
➢ In long bone, Diaphysis, or
Shaft makes up the most of the
➢ IRREGULAR BONES
bones length and is composed of
o bones that do not fit one of the
compact bone.
preceding categories.
➢ Periosteum fibrous tissue
o Mainly spongy with an outer
membrane covering the
layer of compact bone.
diaphysis.
o Vertebra
➢ Perforating fibers/ sharpey’s
fibers secure periosteum to the
underlying bone.
➢ Epiphyses ends of long bones.
➢ Articular cartilage covers the
external surface. It provides a
smooth surface that decreases
friction at joint.
➢ Epiphyseal line remnant of
epiphyseal plate ( flat plate of
hyaline cartilage) seen in a
young, growing bone.
➢ Endosteum delicate connective
o Irregular bones vary in shape and tissue that cover the inner body
structure and therefore do not fit surface.
into any other category (flat,
➢ Medullary Cavity the cavity of
short, long, or sesamoid). They
the shaft in infant which the
often have a fairly complex storage area of red bone marrow.
shape, which helps protect ( Children’s bones contain red
internal organs.
marrow until the age of 6-7,
when it is gradually replaced by
yellow marrow (which stores
STRUCTURE OF THE BONE adipose tissue.) ( In adult bones,
red marrow is confined to
cavities in the spongy bone of
the axial skeleton, the hip bones,
and epiphyses of long bones
such as the humerus and femur).
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
➢ under a microscope, you can see
that spongy bone is composed of
small needle like pieces of phone
called trabeculae and lots “
open” space filled by marrow,
blood vessels and nerves.
➢ in compact bone, the mature
bone, osteocytes, are found
within the bone matrix in tiny
cavities called lacunae.
BONE GROWTH
➢ the lacunae are arranged in
concentric circles called lamellae o OSSIFICATION- ( process of
around the central canals ( also bone formation) involves 2
called haversian canals). major phases.
➢ each complex consisting of 1. Hyaline cartilage model is
central cranial and magic rings is covered with bone matrix ( a
called osteon, or haversian bone “collar”) by
system, and is the structural and ▪ Osteoblast: bone building cell
functional component bone.
➢ central canals run lengthwise 2. In the fetus, the enclosed hyaline
through the bony matrix, cartilage model is replaced by
carrying blood vessels and bone, the center is digested away,
nerves to all areas of bone. opening up a medullary cavity
➢ tiny canals, canaliculi, radiate within the newly formed bone.
outward from the central canals
to all lacunae.
➢ the canaliculi form a
transportation system that
connects all the bone cells to the
nutrient supply and waste
removal services through the
hard bone matrix.
➢ the communication pathway
from the outside of the bone to
its interior is completed by
perforating canals (also called
Volkmann’s canals), which run in
the compact bone at right angles
to the shaft (diaphysis) and
central canals.
➢ Appositional growth process by
which bones increase in
diameter.
BONE REMODELING
➢ are remodeled continually in
response to changes in two
factors
1. The calcium ion level in the blood.
2. The pull of gravity and muscles on the
skeleton.
• Osteoclast- giant bone-destroying cells
in bones, to break down bone matrix and
4 MAJOR EVENTS
release calcium ions in the blood.
➢ when the blood calcium ion level 1. A hematoma (blood filled swelling or
is too high calcium is deposited bruise) forms.
in bone matrix as hard as 2.A fibrocartilage callus (connective
calcium salts by osteoblast tissue cells of various types form external
and internal masses of repair
tissue)forms
BONE FRACTURE
3.The bony callus forms
➢ break down in the continuity of
4.Bone remodeling occurs
the bone.
•Closed fracture- bone breaks cleanly
but doesn’t penetrate the skin
• Open fracture- when the broken bones
ends penetrate through the skin.
AXIAL SKELETON
➢ the skull, the vertebral column,
and the thoracic cage.
➢ Reduction- realignment of the
broken bone ends, followed by
immobilization.
• Open reduction- bones is secured with
pins or wires.
• Closed reduction- the bone end is
coaxed back into their normal position.
➢ The healing time for simple
fracture is 6-8 weeks but is much
longer for larger bones of older
people.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
➢ Is composed of 126 bones of the
limbs, the pectoral and pelvic
girdles.
➢ Freely movable joints
predominante in the limbs where
mobility is important.
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION;
➢ Fibrous joints the bones are
united with fibrous tissue.
➢ Gomphoses- are peg-in-sockets
fibrous parts that are found
where teeth meet the facial bones
➢ Syndesmoses, the connecting
fibers are longer than sutures
➢ Cartilaginous joints come in two
varieties which differ in the type
of cartilage involved
➢ Synchondroses- are immovable
joints linked by hyaline cartilage
➢ Sympheses- are amphiarthrotic
linked by disc of fibrocartilage.
JOINTS
➢ also called articulation, are the
sites where two or more bones
meet
➢ two functions:
▪ hold the bones together
▪ give rigid skeleton mobility
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
➢ Synarthroses: immovable joints ➢ synovial joints
➢ Amphiarthroses: slightly o are joints in which the
movable joints articulating bone ends are
➢ Diarthroses: or freely movable separated by a joint cavity
joints containing synovial fluid. All
➢ Immovable and slightly movable joints in the limbs
joints are restricted to the axial o four distinguishing features;
skeleton where firm attachments ❖ Articular cartilage:
and protection of internal organs covers the end of bones
are priorities. forming joints.
❖ Articular capsule: the
joint surface are
enclosed by a sleeve, or
layer, of fibrous
connective tissue, which
is lined with a smooth
synovial membrane.
❖ Joint cavity: encloses
the articular capsule
encloses a cavity which
contains lubricating
synovial fluid.
❖ Reinforcing ligaments:
reinforced the fibrous TYPES OF SINOVIAL JOINTS
layer of capsule.
❖ Bursae are flattened ➢ Plane joint the articular surface
fibrous sacs lined with are essentially flat and the only
synovial membrane and short slipping or gliding
containing a thin film of movements are allowed.
synovial fluid
•Nonaxial: gliding back and forth does
❖ Tend sheath: an
not involved rotation around the axis.
elongated bursa that
wraps completely around • Intercarplas
a tendons subjected to
friction like a bun
around a hot dog. ➢ Hinge joint- angular movement
is allowed in just one plane.
•Elbow point and joints between
phalanges
• Uniaxial: they allow movement around
one axis
➢ Pivot joint- the rotating bone
can turn only around its long axis
• Uniaxial joints
• Joints between atlas
➢ Condylar: allow the moving
bone to travel from side to side,
back to forth but bone cannot
rotate around its long axis
•Biaxial
•Knuckles
➢ Saddle joints: allow same
movement with condylar
•Carpometacarpal joints in the thumb
•Ball and socket joint: multiaxial allow
movement in all axis, including rotation
and are freely moving joints.
•Shoulder and hips
