Glossary

Key keep in touch - to continue to write, phone or visit

someone although you do not see them often
abbr. = abbreviation kick boxing n. - a type of boxing in which the
adj. = adjective opponents are allowed to kick as well as punch
adv. = adverb each other
n. = noun leisure n. - time when you are not working and you
phrasal V. = phrasal verb can relax and do things you enjoy
phr. = phrase picnic n. - a meal you eat outside, usually in a field
V. = verb or forest, or at the beach
poker n. - a card game that people play, usually in
order to win money
possession n. - something that you own
Unit 1 puzzle n. - a picture on cardboard or wood that has
been cut up into odd shapes that have to be put
adult n. - a person who is no longer a child back together again
advice n. - If you give someone advice, you tell them quiz n. - a game in which you have to answer
what you think they should do. questions
barbecue n. - an outdoor party where people cook recent adj. - having appeared, happened or been
and eat food made not long ago
board game n. - an indoor game played on a board, research n. - work to collect information on a
usually with pieces that are moved around it, for subject
example chess rules n. - instructions, often in writing, telling you
camp site n. - a place where you can stay on holiday what you can and cannot do
in a caravan or a tent share V. - to give each person in a group a fair or
cards n. - a game played with cards that have equal part of something
pictures and numbers on them shopping centre n. - a large building that contains a
chat n. - an informal, friendly conversation lot of shops
close adj. - A close relationship or friendship is one social networking site n. - a website that allows
in which you know each other well and like each people to communicate with their friends or with
other a lot. people who have similar interests
deep adj. - A deep relationship is one in which you socialize (with) V. - If you socialize with people, you
have strong feelings for each other. meet them socially, for example at parties.
dissatisfaction n. - unhappiness spend time V. - to pass time in a specific way,
fight n. - a quarrel, dispute or contest activity, place, etc.
gadget n. - a small machine that does something stranger n. - any person you do not know
useful temporary adj. - for a limited time, not forever
guidelines n. - rules or advice about how to do value V. - If you value someone or something, you
something think that they are important and you appreciate
hang out V. - to spend time in a particular place or them.
with particular people, usually friends weightlifting n. - a sport in which people lift heavy
have something in common - to have the same weights
interests or opinions as another person or people woods n. - a large area of trees that are growing
hiking n. - the activity of going on long walks in the closely together
country, especially for pleasure

122 Get Ready for IELTS: Reading

 Units 1-2

Unit 2

carry out V. - If you carry out a task, you do it. poverty n. - the condition of being poor and without
concept n. - an idea adequate food, etc.
cope V. - If you cope with a situation or problem, you processed adj. - prepared in factories
deal with it successfully. promote V. - to encourage something
disability n. - the condition of being unable to use a range (of) n. - a series or number of different items
part of the body or brain because of a physical or risk n. - the possibility of something bad happening
mental injury shuttlecock n. - the object that you hit over the net
find V. - used to express your reaction to something in a game of badminton
you have experienced success n. - the achievement of something you have
genetic adv. - biologically given from parents to been trying to do (successful adj.)
children survey n. - a set of questions that you ask a large
height n. - the vertical distance from the bottom of number of people or organizations
something to the top symptom n. - something wrong with your body or
huge adj. - extremely large mind that is a sign of an illness
illness n. - a disease or sickness tend (to) V. - to usually do something
impact upon V. - to affect a situation, process or valuation n. - an opinion that someone has about
person how much the value of something is, what it is
implication n. - something that is likely to happen as worth
a result of something, a consequence vary V. - to be different for different people or
in terms of - If you talk about something In terms of situations
something, you are specifying from what point of wellbeing n. - the condition of being contented,
view you are considering it. healthy or successful
income n. - money you receive, usually from working
or from investments
issue n. - a situation or subject that people are
talking about
lead to V. - If something leads to a situation or
event, it causes it to happen.
likely adj. - used to say that something will probably
happen
limitation n. - If someone has limitations, they
can only do some things and not others, or they
cannot do something very well.
link (to) V. - If one thing is linked to another thing,
there is a relationship or connection between
them.
lose weight V. - to become thinner or less heavy
moreover conj. - in addition to what has already
been said
neighbourhood n. - one of the parts of a town where
people live
nevertheless conj. - in spite of something you have
just said; however
noticeable adj. - Something that is noticeable is
easy to see, hear or recognize.
obese adj. - extremely fat

Glossary 123
Unit 3

6th form college - an educational institution where proof n. - any evidence that shows that something
students aged 16 to 19 typically study for is true
advanced school-level qualifications rank V. - to put things in position according to
ambitious adj. - having a strong desire for success importance, size, etc.
or achievement; wanting power, money, etc. recall V. - to remember something
bachelor’s degree n. - a university degree awarded research n. - work done to discover facts about
for an undergraduate course something
benefit from V. - to get an advantage from secondary school n. - a school for young people,
something usually between the ages of 11 and 18
broaden V. - to make or become broader or wider submit V. - to refer something to someone who will
elaborate on V. - to add information or detail to make a decision about it
something that has been said support n. - help and kindness given to someone
engineering n. - the profession of designing and who is in a difficult situation
constructing engines and machinery or structures translation n. - something that is or has been
such as roads or bridges changed into a different language
enhance V. - to improve the quality or value of welcoming adj. - friendly, especially with visitors,
something guests, etc.
equivalent adj. - equal in value, quantity,
significance, etc.
fluent adj. - able to speak or write a foreign
language very well
foreign adj. - coming from another country
have (things) in common - to resemble one another
in specific ways
infant school n. - a school for children aged between
5 and 7
lasting adj. - permanent or enduring
law n. - a rule or set of rules, enforceable by the
courts
like-minded adj. - Like-minded people have similar
opinions, attitudes, interests, etc.
master’s degree n. - a university degree for further
studies after the first/bachelor’s degree
nursery school n. - a school for young children,
usually from three to five years old
on site adj. - done or located at the site of a
particular activity, etc.
ongoing adj. - happening now and likely to continue
overseas adv. - in or to foreign countries
PhD abbr. - Doctor of Philosophy, the highest
university degree
primary school n. - a school for children below the
age of 11. It is usually divided into an infant and a
junior section
procedure n. - a way of doing something, especially
an established method

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 Units 3-4

Unit 4

add V. - to put something with something else source n. - the place or thing that you get something
appliance n. - a machine or device, especially an from
electrical one used in the home surface n. - the top or outside part of something
atmosphere n. - the air surrounding the earth or any surround V. - to be all around something
other planet waste n. - the use of something in a way that is not
button n. - a small object you press to make a necessary
machine or device work whatsoever adv. - used to emphasize a negative
circuit board n. - a board with electronic connections statement
inside a computer, mobile phone, etc.
coat V. - to cover something with a layer of
something
connotations n. - The connotations of a word or
phrase are the ideas or qualities that it makes
you think of.
conservation n. - the protection or careful use of
something so that it lasts for a long time
corrode V. - If something corrodes, it is gradually
destroyed by a chemical action.
distillation n. - the process of evaporating or boiling
a liquid and condensing its vapour
fall V. - to move downwards
fermentation n. - a chemical change in which food or
a natural substance produces alcohol
fold V. - to bend or be bent double so that one part
covers another
guess V. - to give an answer or opinion that may
not be correct because you do not know enough
information
harmful adj. - causing or likely to cause damage
icing n. - a sweet substance made from powdered
sugar, used for decorating cakes, biscuits, etc.
keyboard n. - the set of keys that you press to make
a computer, mobile phone, etc. work
liquid crystal display n. - a flat-screen display used,
for example, in portable computers, mobile
phones, etc.
mixture n. - a combination of different things
operating system n. - the set of software that
controls the way a computer system works
refuse (to do something) V. - to say you will not do
something
replacement n. - something that you use instead of
something else
rise V. - to move upwards
sailor n. - a member of a ship’s crew

Glossary 125
Unit 5

bark n. - the hard substance on the trunk of a tree relieve V. - to reduce pain, distress, etc.
beneficial adj. - Something that is beneficial helps rot V. - to decay gradually
people or improves their lives. shallow adj. - measuring only a small distance from
breastfeed V. - to feed a baby with milk from the the top to the bottom of a liquid, not deep
breast sink V. - to move down under the surface of a liquid
coastal adj. - on the land that is next to the sea or soft substance
crab n. - a type of shellfish with ten legs that walks skeleton n. - the set of bones that forms a human
sideways or animal body
crystallize V. - to become a crystal (= a substance sting V. - If an insect, animal or plant stings you, it
that forms naturally into a regular symmetrical makes your skin hurt because a sharp part of it,
shape) often covered in poison, is pushed into your skin.
current n. - a strong movement of water in a stir-fry n. - a Chinese dish made by cooking small
particular direction pieces of meat and vegetables in very hot oil
deserve V. - If you deserve something, you should stomach complaint n. - a pain or medical problem of
have it because of your actions or qualities. the stomach
deter V. - to discourage or prevent something from surrounding adj. - near or all around a place
happening swollen adj. - If part of your body is swollen, it is
forehead n. - the part of the face above the eyes larger than normal, usually because of an illness
and below the hairline or injury.
frost n. - a thin layer of ice particles that form at thrive V. - If a plant thrives, it grows very well.
night on things outside when it is very cold tide n. - the cyclic rise and fall of sea level caused
garnish n. - something that is used to decorate by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon.
food, e.g. a herb There are usually two high tides and two low tides
gelatinous adj. - wet and sticky in each lunar day
ground adj. - broken up into very small pieces of treasure trove n. - a collection or source of valuable
powder objects
gum n. - a sticky substance that comes out of some wash up V. - If the sea washes something up, it
plants carries an object onto a beach and leaves it there.
jellyfish n. - a soft, translucent sea animal with an Welsh adj. - relating to Wales
umbrella-shaped body with trailing tentacles that
sting
layer n. - a thickness of a substance that covers a
surface
livestock n. - animals such as cattle, sheep and
hens that are kept on a farm
marine adj. - related to the sea, e.g. the animals
and plants that live there
outdoor pursuits n. - activities that you do outside
in countryside, such as hill walking, trekking,
canoeing, kayaking, rafting, climbing, caving
pickled adj. - Pickled food is kept in vinegar or sea
water to preserve it.
properties n. - the qualities or features that
something has
publish V. - to produce copies of a book or magazine
etc. for distribution and sale

oLpljjl (jLj
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126 Get Ready for IELTS: Reading
 Units 5-6

Unit 6

achieve V. - If you achieve a particular aim or effect, role n. - the part played by a person in a particular
you succeed in making it happen. situation
agenda n. - a list of subjects that will be discussed season n. - a period of time when something takes
at a meeting place or happens
argue V. - to give the reasons for your opinion, idea, small talk n. - light conversation for social occasions
etc. sneak V. - to move quietly and secretly
clue n. - something that helps to solve a problem or solve V. - to find the explanation for or solution to a
unravel a mystery mystery, problem, etc.
coach V. - to teach people a special skill summarize V. - to give the most important points from
cogently adv. - If you argue something cogently, you a speech, report, etc. in a short and clear way
give good and convincing reasons. supplier n. - an organization or person that provides
conflict n. - disagreement and argument goods or a service to others
convey V. - to communicate a message or surf the Web - to look at several websites on the
information Internet
decode V. - to convert a message, text, etc. from take for granted V. - If you say that someone takes
code into ordinary language you for granted, you are complaining that they
dispute n. - an argument or disagreement benefit from your help, efforts or presence without
drag on V. - You say that an event or process drags showing that they are grateful.
on when you disapprove of the fact that it lasts for title n. - a word (usually abbreviated) used before
longer than necessary. someone’s name, e.g. Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss
draw out V. - to pull out or extract to the point - If something you say or write is to
encourage V. - to give someone confidence and the point, it is relevant and does not include
make them want to do something unnecessary details.
engage in V. - to take part in a particular activity, trade union official n. - a person who works for an
especially one that involves competing or talking organization that represents workers and helps to
to other people improve working conditions and wages
facial adj. - of or relating to the face trade V. - to buy and sell things
formal adj. -following correct or established official turn into V. - to change into something different
methods or style volume n. - the intensity of sound; loudness
forum n. - a situation or place in which people
exchange ideas and discuss issues
gesture n. - a movement that you make with a part
of your body to express information
greet V. - If something greets you, it is the first thing
you notice.
handy adj. - conveniently or easily within reach
interpersonal adj. - involving personal relationships
between people
intonation n. - the sound pattern of your voice as
you speak
layout n. - the way in which something appears or is
arranged
podcast n. - an audio file similar to a radio
broadcast, which can be downloaded and
listened to on a computer, mp3 player, mobile
phone, etc.

Glossary 127
Unit 7

anxious adj. - slightly worried run (a business) V. - to be in charge of; manage

argue V. - to try to prove something by giving sales leads n. - the identity of people interested in
reasons buying a product or service, the first stage of a
carry out V. - If you carry out a task, you do it. sales process
commitment n. - determination or enthusiasm to do set up V. - to start a new business
something step back V. - to stop for a moment in order to
current legislation n. - the most recent laws consider something or look at something in a
delegate V. - to give duties, powers, etc. to another different way
person success n. - the achievement of something you have
determine V. - t'j settle or decide an argument, been trying to do
question, etc. conclusively successive adj. - happening or existing one after
draw on V. - to use something such as skills or another without a break
knowledge think ahead V. - to make plans about the future, so
encourage V. - to give someone confidence and that you will be prepared
make them want to do something thrive V. - to do well and be successful
ensure V. - or sure; guarantee time frame n. - the period of time in which
entrepreneur n. - a person who sets up businesses something is planned to happen
and business deals trading hours n. - the hours during which business
enterprise n. - a company or business, often a small is open
one trust V. - to believe that someone will do something
failure n. - the lack of success well and in the way you want
flexible adj. - able to change easily and adapt to undermine V. - to make something less strong or
different situations successful
foster V. - to promote the growth or development of undertake V. - to do something
something viable adj. - If a plan, suggestion, etc. is viable, it is
gap (in market) n. - a situation in which there is practical and could be successful.
something missing from a market, and a new
product or service could be sold
high-profile adj. - attracting a lot of attention or
publicity
innovative adj. - using or showing new methods,
ideas, etc.
lack V. - to not have any or not have enough of
something
let go ofv. - to stop holding something
long-term adj. - lasting, staying or extending over a
long time
meet someone’s needs V. - to provide what someone
needs
mentor n. - an experienced person who gives help
and advice to someone else over a period of time
mutually adv. - in a way that is experienced or felt by
both people or groups involved
originate V. - to start to exist
paperwork n. - work that involves writing reports,
dealing with letters, filling in forms, etc.
ClLjiljjl cjLj
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128 Get Ready for IELTS: Reading

 Units 7-8

Units

absence n. - the fact that someone is away or not settlement n. - the process of reaching an
present agreement
agenda n. - a list of subjects to be discussed at a take account of/ take into account - to consider
meeting something
aim n. - something you want to achieve take minutes - to write an official record of what is
ban n. - an official statement saying that something discussed at a meeting
is not allowed take responsibility for V. - to agree that you will do
bullying n. - hurting people (usually weaker or something as part of your job or duty
smaller), especially to make them do something take up a matter V. - to begin to deal with a situation
career n. - a profession or series of jobs that or problem
someone does for a long time thorough adj. - done completely and carefully
charity fundraising n. - the work of asking people to torture V. - to cause extreme physical pain to
give money to an organization that helps people someone, especially in order to get information,
cloning n. - the process of creating an exact genetic etc.
copy of an animal or plant underlying belief n. - the belief that something is
deal with V. - to take action on based on, which may not be obvious
do your best - to try as hard as you can update V. - to change something by adding new
draw up a list - to prepare and write a list information or more modern features
fair trial n. - a fair and public meeting in a law court, welfare n. - health, happiness, prosperity, and well-
in which a judge and jury decide whether someone being in general
is guilty of a crime
forum n. - a place for discussion
get involved in - to take part in an activity
hunger n. - the situation when people do not have
enough food to eat
i.e. abbr. - that is to say, in other words
improve V. - to make something better
keep records - to keep a written account of events
or facts
legal framework n. - a system of rules, laws,
agreements, etc. that establish the way that
something operates
let someone know V. - to tell someone something
mentor V. - to give help and advice over a period of
time to someone who has less experience than
you
obey rules n. - to do what rules say you must do
peer n. - a person who is the same age or has the
same social or professional position
raise an issue - to mention something that you want
people to discuss
resolve conflicts V. - to bring disagreements to an
end
safeguard n. - a rule or law that is intended to
protect someone from harm or danger
scheme n. - a plan for achieving something

Glossary 129
Unit 9

ably adv. - in a competent or skilful way strength in numbers - the fact that a group of people
beech n. - a type of tree has more power than one person
campaign V. - to try to achieve a social, political take place V. - to happen
or commercial goal by persuading people or a trigger images V. - to make you have particular
government to do something pictures in your mind
cast n. - all the actors in a play, film, etc. unpaid adj. - Unpaid work is work that you do not
come across V. - to meet or find someone or get paid for.
something by accident volunteer n. - a person who works without receiving
develop a relationship V. - to begin to feel a any payment
connection with someone
draw conclusions V. - to decide what is true after
considering the facts
enrol V. - to register your name on an official list to
become a member
estate agent n. - someone whose job is to value and
sell houses for people
finishing line n. - the line you have to cross to finish
a race
fundraising n. - activities to raise money for a good
purpose, charity, etc.
give some thought to V. - to think about
something
hard-boiled egg n. - an egg that is cooked in boiling
water until the yolk and white are solid
lap n. - one circuit of a racecourse or track
like-minded adj. - Like-minded people have similar
opinions, attitudes, interests, etc.
loyal adj. - willing to support someone even in
difficult times
meadow n. - a field with grass and flowers growing
in it
newsletter n. - a set of printed sheets of paper
containing information about an organization,
which is regularly sent to its members
oak n. - a type of large tree that can live for a very
long time and produces small hard fruits called
acorns
political party n. - an organization that has or wants
to have political power
prison n. - a building where criminals are kept as a
punishment
punishment n. - a penalty or sanction given for any
crime or offence
rely on V. - to trust someone to do something
sponsor V. - to give money for an event, etc., in
return for advertising your company

130 Get Ready for IELTS: Reading

 Units 9-10

Unit 10
back and forth adv. - moving first in one direction you roll a ball along the ground and try to hit an
and then in the opposite direction many times opponent’s ball
ban V. - to say officially that someone is not allowed mayor n. - an elected civic leader in a town or city
to do something medieval adj. - of, relating to, or in the style of the
blame V. - to say that you think someone is Middle Ages
responsible for something bad that has happened mound n. - a raised mass of earth, etc.
brew V. - If you brew tea or coffee, you make it overlap V. - If two styles, periods, etc. overlap, they
by pouring hot water over tea leaves or ground have some of the same features, times, etc. as
coffee. each other.
Bronze Age n. - a period of ancient history from peace treaty n. - an agreement marking the end of
around 3500 to 1500 BC a war
conservatory n. - a greenhouse, or room with glass rampart n. - the surrounding embankment of a
walls, especially one attached to a house castle or fort, including any walls, etc. that are
custom n. - an activity or way of behaving that is built to protect it
usual or traditional in a particular place or a reign n. - the time when a particular king or queen
particular period in history is the ruler of a country
dungeon n. - a closed prison cell, often revival n. - a time when something becomes popular
underground, that was common in old castles again
forbid V. - to order that something must not be done scone n. - a light cake made from flour and very
gatehouse n. - a building above or beside an little fat, cooked in an oven, usually cut open and
entrance gate to a city, university, etc. buttered
germ n. - a very small organism that can make you span V. - If something spans a long period of time, it
sick or ill relates to that whole period of time.
go back to V. - If something goes back to a split your lip V. - to injure your mouth and make your
particular time in history, it started to exist at that lip bleed
time. string n. - a thin length of cord or very thin rope,
host V. - to organize or arrange a special event for used for tying or hanging something
guests and be in charge of it sue V. - If you sue someone, you start a legal case
improvement n. - work done on something to make against them, usually in order to claim money
it better from them because they have harmed you in
injury n. - physical damage or hurt some way.
justification n. - reason swing V. - to make something move backwards and
knot V. - to tie a piece of string, rope, etc. forwards
lack o f n . - a situation in which there is not enough tackle n. - an attempt to take the ball away from
of something another player in a game such as rugby, football,
landscape artist n. - a painter of areas of natural hockey, etc.
beauty, especially in the countryside teapot n. - a container with a lid, spout and handle,
lawyer n. - someone whose job is to advise people used for making and serving tea
about the law and represent them in court visitor attraction n. - a place that tourists like to visit
leather n. - animal skin that has been made smooth wrap V. - to fold or wind something around
and flexible, often used for making shoes, clothes, something else
furniture, etc.
loose tea n. - dried cut leaves of a tea plant that are
not in little bags CjLpljjl ùỤj 2?JO
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Glossary 131
Unit 11
admissible adj. - If evidence or information is footage n. - film taken with a camera of a particular
admissible, it is allowed in a court of law. event
alter V. - to change something forensic adj. - relating to, used in, or connected with
assess V. - to consider and judge or evaluate a court of law
something fragile adj. - able to be broken easily
charge with a crime V. - to formally accuse someone frozen adj. - turned into or covered with ice
of committing a crime have access to V. - to have the right to use
assume V. - to think, sometimes wrongly, that something or go into a place
something is true helmet n. - a protective hat worn by soldiers,
cigarette butt n. - the part of a cigarette that is left policemen, firemen, divers, etc.
when you have finished smoking in place - working or able to be used
commit murder V. - to kill someone deliberately intended adj. - planned
conflicting adj. - Conflicting accounts, stories, etc. label V. - to fasten a piece of paper to something,
are different and cannot both be true. which gives information about the thing
convict V. - to prove that someone is guilty of an lighting n. - lights, street lamps, etc.
offence or crime naked eye n. - If you see something with your naked
crime scene n. - the place where a crime happened eye, you do not use a telescope or microscope, etc.
date back to phrasal V. - to be made or begun at a number plate n. - the sign on the front and back of
particular time in the past all vehicles, that has numbers and letters on it
debate n. - a discussion between people who have police force n. - the group of police officers in a
different opinions about something particular country or area
decade n. - a period of ten years prevention n. - trying to stop something from
decay V. - to become gradually destroyed because of happening
a natural process reveal V. - to show something
deteriorate V. - to become worse in quality scale n. - a sequence of marks at regular intervals,
displace V. - to make something move from its usual used as a reference in making measurements
place to another place seal V. - to close something up so that air cannot
distorted adj. - changed, reported or represented in get into it
an untrue way shoplifting n. - the act of stealing things from a shop
DNA database n. - a set of genetic information that by hiding them in a bag or in clothes
can be used to find out if someone has committed sketch n. - a drawing that you do quickly
a crime, etc. solve a crime V. - to find out who committed a crime
do the washing V. - to wash your clothes and what happened
equip to do something V. - to provide someone or sophisticated adj. - more advanced and using new
something with what they need for a particular and clever ideas
purpose suspect n. - a person who police think may have
evidence n. - facts or physical signs on which to committed a crime
base proof or to establish the truth systematic adj. - done using a fixed plan so that
eyewitness n. - a person present at an event who nothing is missed
can describe what happened targeted adj. - aimed or directed at a particular
false sense of security - the mistaken feeling that person or thing
you are safe terrorist n. - a person who uses violence, for
fibre n. - a long thin thread from a fabric example bombing a place, for political reasons
fingerprint n. - the distinctive mark you leave when thorough adj. - done completely and carefully
you touch something with your finger weight of evidence n. - the importance or influence
of the facts

132 Get Ready for IELTS: Reading

 Units 11-12

Unit 12
ambassador n. - an important official who traffic jam n. - a line of vehicles that cannot move
represents a country because there is so much traffic or because
at a standstill n. - If a place is at a standstill, cars something is blocking the road
cannot move because there is so much traffic. tram n. - a vehicle that runs on rails on a road, and
award-winning adj. - An award-winning product, is powered by electricity from an overhead wire
business or person has won a prize or prizes. undertake V. - to do something
be made redundant V. - If you are made redundant, well worth - If something is well worth doing, there
you lose your job because your employer does not are good reasons to do it.
need you anymore. worrying trend n. - a gradual change or development
break the speed limit V. - to drive faster than the law that causes concern or worry
says you can
exit V. - to leave a building or road
firearm n. - a gun
fortress n. - a strong well-protected building
freeway (Am.) n. - a major road that can be used
without paying a toll
gem n. - a precious or semiprecious stone used in
jewellery as a decoration
goodwill n. - a feeling of wanting to help someone
literally adv. - exactly
livestock n. - farm animals
millennia n. - plural form of ‘millennium’: a period of
one thousand years
pavement (British - Am. = sidewalk) n. - the path for
people to walk on next to a road
petrol (Br) n. - fuel for a car, etc. (Am. = gas)
promenade n. - a special place where people can
walk, especially at a seaside resort
raw materials n. - materials in their natural state,
used for a particular manufacturing process
reassured adj. - less worried and more confident
about something
region n. - an area considered as a unit for
geographical, functional, social or cultural reasons
rely on V. - to depend on something
roadworks n. - repairs that are being done to road,
especially when this delays traffic
runway n. - the long, hard surface at an airport, from
which a plane takes off and lands
scholar n. - someone who studies an academic
subject and knows a lot about it
silk n. - a smooth, fine cloth made from fibre
produced by a silkworm
slip road n. - a short road connecting a motorway,
etc. to another road

okp’ji 1 ùỤj Ị ? Glossary 133

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blur V. - to become less distinct, less clear
brisk adj. - lively and quick
clone V. - to produce something that is the same or
nearly the same as something else
congestion n. - the state when there is so much
traffic that vehicles cannot move
hub n. - the focal point, the centre
iconic adj. - well-known and representing a particular
belief, nation, etc.
mingle V. - to meet and mix with other people
obesity n. - the state of being extremely fat
resilient adj. - recovering easily and quickly from
problems, shock, hardship, etc.
soar V. - to increase very quickly
solitary adj. - experienced or done alone
supply chain n. - a channel of distribution from
the maker of materials or components, to the
manufacturer, distributor and retailer, and finally to
the consumer
tenant n. - someone who pays money to the owner
of a shop, house, etc. in order to run a business
from the shop or live in the house
vacant adj. - empty

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