Unit 6: Cities and Urban
Land-Use Patterns and
Processes
Study Guide
Essential Knowledge: Site and situation in uence the origin, function, and
TOPIC 1 growth of cities.
Identify three things that would be site factors:
Identify three things that would be situation factors:
Essential Knowledge: Changes in transportation and communication, population growth,
TOPIC 1 migration, economic development, and government policies in uence urbanization.
Explain two ways in which the advancements of technology have in uenced urbanization and
suburbanization.
Essential Knowledge: Megacities and megacities are distinct spatial outcomes of
TOPIC 2 urbanization increasingly located in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery.
De ne megacity:
Essential Knowledge: Processes of suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization have
TOPIC 2 created new land-use forms — including edge cities, exurbs, and boomburbs — and new
challenges
De ne sprawl:
List four (4) factors that aided the suburbanization movement in the U.S.:
Describe two (2) ways that the spatial organization of commercial land use is di erent between the
original central business district (CBD) and an edge city:
Describe one (1) negative impact of edge city development on the environment:
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Essential Knowledge: World cities function at the top of the world’s
TOPIC 3 urban hierarchy and drive globalization.
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List four (4) services located in world cities:
Essential Knowledge: Principles that are useful for explaining the distribution and size of
TOPIC 4 cities include rank-size rule, the primate city, gravity model, and Christaller’s central place
theory.
De ne Central Place Theory:
De ne threshold:
What factors did Christaller consider for central place theory?
De ne rank-size rule:
What would be the population of the fourth largest city in a country where rank-size rule applies if the largest city is one million in population?
Explain where rank-size rule typically occurs most often.
Identify a country that follows rank size rule and explain why it would fall under the rule.
De ne primate city rule:
Explain where primate city rule typically occurs most often.
Identify a country that follows primate city rule and explain why it would fall under the rule.
List three types of places that distort the predictions of the gravity model. Give an example of each.
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Essential Knowledge: Models and theories that are useful for explaining internal structures of cities
TOPIC 5 include the Burgess concentric-zone model, the Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model, the galactic
city model, bid-rent theory, and urban models drawn from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
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De ne Galactic City (Peripheral) Model:
De ne Concentric Zone Model:
De ne Sector Model:
Describe two (2) factors that led to the development of the galactic city as an urban landscape in North America.
Using the sector model, explain the rationale of the location of the industrial sector in relation to the other sectors.
Using the concentric zone model, explain in detail the rationale for the di erent speci c land uses location.
Describe two (2) similarities that North American models share in how they describe land use.
Using the multiple-nuclei model explain why some businesses relocate near the suburbs.
Identify three models that are used to explain the distribution of activities within urban cities in LDCs.
The outer most ring of the Burgess Model of Urban Development is known as what?
Which city model has large cities developing many nodes around which di erent types of people and activities cluster?
Where do the very poor tend to live in Latin American cities?
Where are the lower income neighborhoods located in the sector model?
As you travel from the center of the city to the outskirts of the city, how does the cost of land change?
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Essential Knowledge: Residential buildings and patterns of land use re ect and shape
TOPIC 6 the city’s culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development, and in lling.
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Describe one positive of zoning regulation related to urban planning:
Describe one negative of zoning regulations related to urban planning:
Essential Knowledge: The location and quality of a city’s infrastructure
TOPIC 7
directly a ects its spatial patterns of economic and social development.
How has the development of transportation impacted the location of businesses?
Explain why the suburbs would not be possible without the advancements of transportation.
Why do some cities not invest more in public transportation?
List three positives of public transportation infrastructure:
Essential Knowledge: Sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices include mixed land
TOPIC 8 use, walkability, transportation-oriented development, and smart-growth policies, including New
Urbanism, greenbelts, and slow-growth cities.
De ne greenbelt:
What are smart-growth approaches to urban planning?
Essential Knowledge: Praise for urban design initiatives includes the reduction of sprawl, improved walkability and transportation,
improved and diverse housing options, improved and diverse housing options, improved livability and promotion of sustainable
TOPIC 8 options. Criticisms include increased housing costs, possible de facto segregation, and the potential loss of historical or place
character.
Explain two ways sustainable design initiatives or smart-growth policies could address negative impacts of edge city development on the
environment.
Identify two negative ways in which urban planning can impact life in a city.
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Essential Knowledge: Quantitative data from census and survey data provide
TOPIC 9 information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas.
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Identify two ways in which quantitative data can be used to show life in a city:
Essential Knowledge: Qualitative data from eld studies and narratives provide
TOPIC 9 information about individual attitudes toward urban change.
Identify two ways in which qualitative data can be used to show life in a city:
Essential Knowledge: As urban populations move within a city, economic and social challenges result, including:
TOPIC 10 issues related to housing and housing discrimination such as redlining, blockbusting, and a ordability; access to
services; rising crime; environmental injustice; and the growth of disamenity zones or zones of abandonment.
De ne redlining:
Explain how redlining causes an economic divide between racial groups in the U.S.
De ne blockbusting:
What are the consequences of blockbusting in North American cities?
Identify and explain two urban challenges for residents of a lower socioeconomic class.
Explain a service lower income people lack access to in urban areas.
Essential Knowledge: Squatter settlements and con icts over land tenure
TOPIC 10
within large cities have increased.
De ne squatter settlements:
Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery.
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Identify two factors that contribute to squatter settlements forming:
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Explain three consequences of rapid growth of squatter settlements? (Can be social, economic, political, or environmental)
Essential Knowledge: Responses to economic and social challenges in urban
TOPIC 10
areas can include inclusionary zoning and local food movements.
What are the negatives of inclusionary zoning?
What are two bene ts of local food movements?
Essential Knowledge: Urban renewal and gentri cation have both positive and
TOPIC 10
negative consequences.
De ne gentri cation:
Identify two positive e ects of gentri cation:
Identify two negative e ects of gentri cation:
Essential Knowledge: Functional and geographic fragmentation of governments — the way
TOPIC 10 government agencies and institutions are dispersed between state, county, city, and
neighborhood levels — presents challenges in addressing urban issues.
How does the fragmentation of governments create challenges for cities?
Essential Knowledge: Challenges to urban sustainability include suburban sprawl, sanitation,
TOPIC 11 climate change, air and water quality, the large ecological footprint of cities, and energy use.
Why does urban sprawl negatively impact the sustainability of a city?
Identify two ways that cities can become sustainable cities:
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Urban Issue Explain How The Issue Causes Challenges For Urban Areas
Urban Canyons
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Urban Heat Island
Urban Wildlife
Pollution
Essential Knowledge: Responses to urban sustainability challenges can include regional
TOPIC 11 planning e orts, remediation and redevelopment of brown eld, establishment of urban
growth boundaries, and farmland protection policies.
How can cities use remediation to improve their sustainability?
De ne brown elds:
Explain urban growth boundaries:
Explain the importance of protecting farmland. Identify one way the government has created regulations/policies to help with this.
Questions I Still Have:
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