Ethics

Ethics is derived from the Greek which means

Research Publication and Ethics or disposition (a person's inherent qualities of mind and character). research ethics?
Ethics refers to a branch of philosophy concerned with how people
should act, judgments about those actions (e.g., right versus wrong,
good versus bad), and developing rules for justifying actions person who is determined to do evil things.

Ethics evaluates behavior in terms of right or wrong according to or even

principles or guidelines (Koocher and Keith-Spiegel, 1998). mostly - about bad people doing bad things.
In the context of research, ethics focuses on providing guidelines for
researchers, reviewing and evaluating research, and establishing
enforcement mechanisms to ensure ethical research.

Professional Pressures Example: socially acceptable practice

things, for a variety of reasons: Publish or perish Example 18. Melanoma was transplanted from a daughter to her volunteering
and informed mother, the hope of gaining a little better understanding of
Socially acceptable practices we later deem wrong cancer immunity and in the hope that the production of tumor antibodies
might be helpful in the treatment of the cancer patient. Since the daughter
Accident died on the day after the transplantation of the tumor into her mother, the
-level wrongs that we try to justify (e.g., taking hope expressed seems to have been more theoretical than practical, and the
shortcuts) condition was described as at the time the mother
Missing something, especially with new methods or technology volunteered to be a recipient. The primary implant was widely excised on the
One can become involved in research ethics violations through twenty-fourth day after it had been placed in the mother. She died from
the wrongs of others All of these encourage shortcuts and metastatic melanoma on the four hundred and fifty-first day after
transplantation. The evidence that this patient died of diffuse melanoma that
metastasized from a small piece of transplanted tumor was considered
Self-deception and other psychological tendencies conclusive

Researcher discovers paper published by co-author in another journal

In February 2016, Albert Jambon received some puzzling news.
What are the moral foundations of
research?
Doing good for humans, animals, the planet, future generations
via the pursuit of truth and knowledge.
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor. Following complaints Our duty to respect individuals
raised, it appears to be a reworking of a former manuscript submitted by a group of Our possible duties to animals
five authors but not published. The present author has published here alone, without Our obligations to society
acknowledging the work of the four other co-authors of the initial submission. This
poses a problem of integrity as this new article contains material which was
submitted for publication initially by all five authors. By retracting this article, we
Various obligations derive from these foundations, and they can be
encourage all the authors of the initial manuscript to resubmit together a new version
which respects authorship and scientific integrity. in tension with one another

Ethical guidelines stemming from To whom do we owe the truth, and why? Six Domains of Research Ethics
research as the pursuit of truth (Pimple, 2002)

Research Misconduct 2. Collegiality Relationships among researchers Authorship

(Federal Register 65: 76260-76264) companionship and cooperation between (Elsevier Ethics in Research and Publication)
colleagues who share responsibility
Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or Four criteria must all be met to be credited as an author
plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in Authorship
reporting research results. Substantial contribution to the study conception and design, data
Data sharing and timely publishing
Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. acquisition, analysis, and interpretation.
Plagiarism
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or
processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research Peer review Drafting or revising the article for intellectual content.
is not accurately represented in the research record. Confidentiality
Plagiarism Approval of the final version.
Candor (open and honest)
results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
Mentorship Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work related to the
accuracy or integrity of any part of the work.

Plagiarism
Three types unacceptable authors
"Ghost" authors, who contribute substantially but are not
acknowledged

"Guest" authors, who make no discernible contributions, but Data

are listed to help increase the chances of publication; Words and Phrases
Ideas and Concepts
IThenticate
"Gift" authors, whose contribution is based solely on a If plagiarism is detected during the peer review process, the Unicheck
tenuous affiliation with a study. manuscript may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after publication, Turnitin
the journal may publish a Correction or retract the paper.
 3. Protection of human subjects Relationships
between researchers and human subjects

National Commission for the Protection of 4. Animal welfare Relationships between

Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Basic Ethical Principles of Belmont Report researchers and animal subjects
Research
Carrying out its charge, the Commission prepared the Belmont Report Respect for Persons
in 1979. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents
pain and suffering
The Belmont Report is a statement of basic ethical principles and
Individuals with diminished autonomy are entitled to protections
Enrichment
Animal enrichment, also known as environmental or behavioral
Beneficence enrichment, is the process of providing captive animals with some
Do not harm form of stimulation in order to encourage natural behaviors, which
Maximum possible benefits, and minimize potential harms helps to improve or maintain their physical and mental health.
The framework of the Belmont Report is presented in three discussion
topics: boundaries between practice and research; basic ethical Justice
principles, and applications. Fair distribution of burdens and benefits of research

5. Institutional integrity Relationships between Conflict of Interest

researchers, their sponsoring institutions,
funding agencies, and the government.
an investigator, author, editor, or reviewer has a
Conflict of interest financial/personal interest or belief that could affect his/her
Conflict of commitment objectivity, or inappropriately influence his/her actions, a potential
Regulatory compliance competing interest exists. Such relationships are also known as dual
Data retention commitments, competing interests, or competing loyalties
Institutional oversight
Institutional demands and support

Competing interests can also exist as a result of

The most obvious competing interests personal relationships, academic competition, Regulatory compliance
are financial relationships such as: and intellectual passion. An example might be a
researcher who has:
Direct: employment, stock ownership, This term expresses concern with following the rules
A relative who works at the company whose product the researcher (regulations and laws), including the rules of a lab,
grants, patents. is evaluating. research group, department, university, state, or country.
Indirect: honoraria, consultancies to A self-serving stake in the research results (e.g. potential
promotion/career advancement based on outcomes).
sponsoring organizations, mutual Personal beliefs that are in direct conflict with the topic he/she is
fund ownership, paid expert testimony. researching.

Institutional oversight
6. Social Responsibility
A well-designed systems approach to research oversight that
involves researchers, institutional review boards (IRBs), and The relationship between research and the society
funders best ensures that the ethics and science of human Research Priorities
participants research are of high quality.
Fiscal Responsibility
(e. g., ARAC, RAC, Governing Body)
Public Service
Public Education
Advocacy by Researchers
Environmental Impact
Forbidden Knowledge