Fertility Rates
Fertility rates measure the
rates of births.
a. Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
Number of live births reported in certain locality during a given
time interval
X1000
Estimated mid interval population
b. General Fertility Rate (GFR):
Number of live births reported during a given time interval
X1000
Estimated number of women age 15 - 49 years at mid interval
• Like the birth rate, it is generally high in developing countries due to the
following causes:
1-The Socio-economic pattern of the society.
2-Low level of education and work of female, social prestige of mothers.
3-High I.M.R and high death rate of children.
4-Psychological apathy of poverty.
5-Ignorance and religious believes.
6-Polygamy.
Disadvantages of the general fertility rate:
-Fertility differences in the age distribution of females aged 15-49 years.
-All females in childbearing period are included, and not the married only.
c. Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
Live births to women in a certain age group
X1000
Women in the same age group
d. Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
Sum of the age-specific fertility rates of the included 7 (5-year) age groups × 5
e. Growth Reproductive Rate (GRR):
TFR × The percent of female live births
Total live births
f. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR):
GRR × probability of surviving to cover age of childbearing.
g. Fecundity Rate:
Number of live births in a certain locality and year
Number of married women in childbearing age, X 1000
in the same locality and year
. Use the information in the following table to calculate the:
•Total fertility rate
•General fertility rate.
Population Total Females. Live birth.
group
15-19 900 450 45
20-24 1000 470 130
25-29 900 450 150
30-34 600 300 90
35-39 680 310 48
40-44 470 200 10
45-49 450 190 2
The following is the fertility data of country 2000.
The Total population of this county in mid 2000 was 12,500.000 Calculate:
•Crude birth rate.
•General fertility rate.
•Age specific fertility rate
•Total fertility rates.
•Gross reproductive rate.
Age group LB. Females births Population of females
15-19 10,200 4,000 250,400
20-24 35,600 16,200 290,400
25-29 40,300 20,500 330,200
30-34 20,200 2,500 260,500
35-39 5,200 2,500 220,100
40-44 1,000 4,45 225,050
45-49 100 50 240,400
The Total fertility rates of two communities are:
• Community A = 3.5, communityB=1.5 and the female ratio in both
communities = ½
• What’s the projection for population growth for both communities and
why?
Morbidity Rates
Morbidity rates measure the rate of
illness.
Incidence rate:
Number of new cases of a specific disease during a given time interval
X 1000
Estimated mid-interval population at risk
Prevalence rate:
Number of current cases (old i.e., people who contracted disease before
time period began and who still have the disease and new) of a specified
X 1000
disease during a specified time period
Total population
Point prevalence
The number of cases with a particular disease on a particular date
Period prevalence
The number of cases who had a particular disease (old and new cases) at any time
of a particular interval.
N.B Prevalence = incidence X average duration of disease.
Attack rate
Number of new cases of a specific disease during
a specific time interval of exposure
X 100
Total population at risk during the same time interval
Secondary attack rate:
Number of new cases in a group - index case or cases
during a specified time period
X 100
Number of susceptible individuals in the group - index
case or cases
- In a classroom of 25 students (15 males and 10 females), 5 males develop hepatitis A over a 2-week period. During the next 6 weeks,
an additional 3 males and 2 females develop the infection.
- The attack rate of hepatitis A in this classroom is
(A) 25% (B) 30% (C) 35% (D) 40% (E) 45%
- The secondary attack rate is
(A) 25% (B) 30% (C) 35% (D) 40% (E) 45%
- The source of this outbreak is most likely
(A) common-source outbreak
(B) Continuing common-source outbreak
(C) Person-to-person transmission
(D) common-source outbreak with secondary person-to-person transmission
(E)Continuing common-source outbreak with person-to-person transmission
Mortality Rates
1- Crude Death Rate (CDR):
Total no of deaths in certain year in certain place
X1000
Mid year population in the same year and place
2-Age specific death rate (ASDR):
Total no of deaths of a certain age group in
certain year and certain place
X1000
Mid year population of the same age group in
the same year and place
1 -Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
No. of infants die in the 1st year of life in certain year and place
X1000
Total no. of live births in the same year and plac e
a) Neonatal Mortality Rate
No. of deaths of infant in the 1st 4 wks. of the 1 st year of life
in certain year &locality
X1000
Total no. of live births in the same year & place
b) Post-neonatal M.R.
No. of deaths of infants after 4th week till the end of the first year
X1000
Total no. of live births in the same year & place
2 - Children 1- 4 years mortality Rate:
No. of deaths of children aged 1-4 years in
a given locality and year X1000
No. of children of the same age group, locality and year
Stillbirth Rate (SBR):
No. of stillbirths in a certain locality and year
X1000
Total births (live births + stillbirths)
Perinatal Mortality Rate (PNMR):
No. of fetal deaths after 28 weeks of gestation
+ neonatal deaths during first week of life X1000
Total births (live births + stillbirths)
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):
Number of maternal deaths in one year
X100, 000
Number of females aged (15-49 years) in one year.
Maternal mortality Ratio
Number of maternal deaths in one year
X100,000
Number of live births in one year
Case Fatality Rate (CFR):
All deaths assigned to a specific disease
X 100
All cases of that disease in the same period and area
Cause Specific Mortality Rate (CSMR):
Number of deaths assigned to certain cause during
a given time interval X100,000
Estimated mid-interval population of the same
locality
Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR):
Number of deaths from a given cause or disease in a
specified time period X 100
Total deaths from all causes in the same time period
In a certain village with a population of 50,000 people there are 5000
deaths during the year ending in December 30.2000. These include 1500
deaths due to malaria in 10,000 people who had developed the disease
in the village this year.
What was the annual mortality rate?
What was the annual incidence rate for malaria?
What was the annual case fatality rate for malaria?
The following data came from the annual report of certain locality in Sohag
governorate 2003.
Define & compute the following rates:
•Rate of natural increase.
•Maternal mortality rate.
•Neonatal mortality rate
•General fertility rate.
Total deaths 1000
Infant deaths 200
Maternal deaths 20
Post neonatal deaths 120
No. of L.B 3000
Total population 50,000
Female population of age group (15-49 years) 10.000
. The following data from annual report, for a city heath department.
Calculate: All Ages Under 5-14 15-24 25-44 45+
•Crude death rate. 5y.
•Infant mortality rate.
•Neonatal mortality rate.
Population 800,000 65,000 45,000 35,000 200,000 250,000
Births 14,000
• Maternal mortality rate. . Deaths 9,000 400 40 60 550 4,500
•Age specific death rate 25-44 years. Deaths from
•Prevalence of TB.
accident. 500
Deaths from TB 70
•Death rate from TB. Maternal deaths 5
•Post-neonatal mortality. Infant deaths 350
•Proportionate mortality from accident.
Neonatal deaths 250
Cases of TB 500
