PALI
MASCULINE: a NEUTER: a FEMININE: ā
Persons Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1. Nominative o ā aṃ ā, āni ā ā, āyo
2. Accusative aṃ e aṃ e, āni aṃ ā, āyo
3. Instrumental ena ebhi, ehi āya āhi, ābhi
4. Dative assa, āya ānaṃ āya ānaṃ
5. Ablative ā, asmā, amhā, ebhi, ehi āya āhi, ābhi
to
[Link]/ assa ānaṃ āya ānaṃ
Possessive
7. Locative e, asmiṃ, amhi esu āya, āyaṃ āsu
8. Vocative a ā a āni e ā, āyo
FEMININE: ī FEMININE: i
Persons Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1. Nominative ī i ī, iyo
2. Accusative iṃ ī, iyo
3. Instrumental iyā īhi, ībhi
4. Dative iyā īnaṃ
5. Ablative iyā īhi, ībhi
[Link]/ iyā īnaṃ
Possessive
7. Locative iyā, iyaṃ īsu
8. Vocative i ī, iyo
1. VERB: Paca
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
Persons Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st (Ahaṃ) coremi (Mayaṃ) Corema Paciṃ Pacimha kiṇissāmi kiṇissāma
2nd (Tvaṃ) coresi (Tumhe) coretha Paci Pacittha kiṇissasi kiṇissatha
3rd (So) Coreti (Te) Corenti Paci paciṃsu kiṇissati kiṇissanti
IMPERATIVE: Let him cook OPTATIVE: If Verb atthi (to be)
Persons Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st pacāmi pacāma paceyyāmi paceyyāma Asmi / amhi Asma /amha
nd
2 paca, pacāhi pacatha paceyyāsi paceyyātha Asi Attha
rd
3 pacatu pacantu paceyya paceyyuṃ Atthi Santi
2. GERUNDS
Tvā, ya (surfix to verb root/base)
Desetvā: Having saw
3. INFINITIVES: - desetuṃ: to see - ituṃ
4. PRESENT PARTICIPLE:
Verb base + anta OR māna (V-ing)
5. PAST PARTICIPLE: ita, na
a. Transitive verbs: passive meaning
Pacati, chindati, nimanteti
Pacito odano = the rice that is cooked / the cooked rice
Chinnaṃ paṇṇaṃ = the leaf that is cut / the cut leave
Nimantitā kaññā = the girl who is invited / the invited girl
b. Intransitive verbs: active meaning
Gacchati, patati, tiṭṭhati
Manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone
Pupphaṃ patitaṃ (hoti) = the flower has fallen
Kaññā ṭhitā (hoti) = the girl has stood
i/ Upāsakehi vihāraṃ paviṭṭho Buddho diṭṭho hoti
The Buddha who entered the monastery was seen by the lay devotees
• Upāsakehi (inst, pl)
• vihāraṃ (acc, sg)
• paviṭṭho (past p, active, nom sg) = entered
• Buddho (nom. Sg)
• diṭṭho (pp, passive nom) = was seen
• Hoti (past tense of verb atthi)
ii/ Te Buddhena desitaṃ dhammaṃ suṇiṃsu.
They listened to the dhamma preached by the Buddha
• Te (pro, nom, pl) = they
• Buddhena (inst, sg) = by the Buddha
• desitaṃ (pp, passive, acc, sg) = was preached
• dhammaṃ (acc, sg) = teaching
• Suṇiṃsu (past tense, 3rd, pl) = listened
6. FUTURE PARTICIPLE:
Base verb + I + tabba
Base verb + anīya
Pacati: pacitabba/ pacanīya
Gender, Case, No
Eg: Ammā pacitabbaṃ (/pacanīyaṃ) taṇḍulaṃ piṭake ṭhapesi.
The mother kept in the bakset the (raw) rice, which is going to be cooked.
Ammā (f, nom, sg) = mother
pacitabbaṃ / pacanīyaṃ ([Link].p, acc.) = is going to be cooked
Taṇḍulam (nt, acc, sg) = rice grain
piṭake (m, nom, loc, sg) = in the basket
Ṭhapesi (s.p, 2nd, sg) = kept
7. CAUSATIVE VERB
• Instruction:
Verb root/base + -e / -aya / -āpe / -āpaya + pres/past/inf Verb
• Pac + e/aya/āpe/āpaya + (mi, si,ti) (tum) (tvā) = Causative verb
Pacayatum = having make someone to cook
- pacāpeti (caus)
- bhojāpayasi
Eg: Ammā bhaginiṃ bhattaṃ pacāpeti. (ape)
Mother gets the sister to cook rice.
Ammā (f, nom, sg) = mother
bhaginiṃ (f, acc, sg) = sister
Bhattaṃ (n, acc, sg) = boiled rice/meal
pacāpeti (caus) = to cook
