FLUID MECHANICS

JASPAL SINGH SIR

 FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Mechanics is a branch of engineering that deals
with the properties of the fluid at rest as well as
in motion
It is further analysed in following forms
L v s
Fluid
Fluid
Fluid
Statics Kinematics Dynamics

statics
Fluid mum It deals with fluid in nest condition
kinematics 8
Fluid mmmm It deals with fluid in motion without
considering the force responsible for
motion

FluidDynami It deals with fluid in motion

by considering the forces oresponsib
for motion
In general matter exist in following States
A SOLID
B FLUID 7 LIQUID
GASES

A fluid is a substance which exists in Liquid and

GASEOUS phase
Fluid is capable of deforming continuously under
the action of shear force shear sirens or
tangential stress However small the magnitude of
stress be
may
Hence in solids where stress is propotional to
strain in fluid siren is propotional to
rate of deformation or crate of Shain
NOTE Mere continuous deformation of the fluid
means that when a constant shear siren is
applied over the fluid it will continue to
deform as long as sirers is present
But in case of SOLID deformation eventually stops
 FLUID SOLID

ti tr tasty te t tats tuts

A A AA A B BBB B A A B B
F S
F
const const
0 0

111111141111111111111 colic 11111111111111

Tidd
dt
0 shear strain
t a 0
Hence in fluid we are more concerned with
Rate of deformation and in solids we are
more concerned with its magnitude
Fluid can also be stated to be in CONTINUUM for
its analysis
In macro system when the intermolecular distances
are very small as compared to dimensions of
the medium system we can assume that the
adjacent to one molecule there is another
molecule without any space in between
Hence the entire fluid man can be considered
as continuous distribution of man which
is termed as continuum

D
e

continuous distribution
I of Mars CONTINUUM

GLASS BOTTLE de

Fluid may also be defined as the substance that

is capable of flowing and it has no
definite shape of its own and conforms to
the shape of container
 Fluid can be classified as
a Liquid 8 It is a fluid which has a definite
volume and it changes slightly with
temp and pressure
For practical
purposes it is considered to be
in compressible i.e donot show change in
volume
b
had 8 It is a fluid which is compressible
posseses no definite volume always
expands up til its volume is equal to
the volume of container it is placed in
NOTE A vapour is a gas temp and pressure of
which is very near to liquid
Eg steam
c IDEAL FLUID 8 This are the fluids which
have no VISCOSITY SURFACE TENSION
and are INCOMPRESSIBLE

They donot offer against flow

resistance
It is an imaginary or hypothetical fluid
considered only for simplicity in
mathematical calculation
Eg Those fluids having very low viscosity may
be considered as ideal fluid Eg water
air
d REAL 1 PRACTICAL 8 All fluid that exist in nature
are Real fluids

They offer resistance against frow

posses viscosity surface tension and compressibility
 PROPERTIES OF FLUID Oo

A MASS DENSITY SPECIFIC MASS 8

mummmmmm
It is defined as ratio of man of fluid and its volume
OR
Itis the mass of the fluid which possesses per unit
volume
UNIT
p MV kg1m3 91cm
MKS Cas
June 2

Mars density of the fluid depends upon its Temperature

and pressure
with increase in Temperature molecular activity
orRandom nets increases thus spacing b w
molecules increases hence lesser number of
molecules would pack in same volume that
results in oreouced man tensity
P

with increase in posers cure large number of

molecules can be forced into given volume
that desults in higher man density
PLT

At STP f water 999.9 Kg I m3 1000191M

To 0 C
F Atm Pain 1.292 191in's
B SPECIFIC WEIGHTIWEILHT DENSITY T

St is the weight of the fluid per unit volume

r
f units Nlm kgf m3
dyne1cm3
10 Nlm 3
dyne1cm
1kg f 1m3 9.81 Nlm 3
It signified the force exerted by gravity over the
unit volume of fluid
 gt varies from location to location as g varies
with location
r Pg
Thus r also depend upon Temperature and
poreisure as P varies
rap r YT
At STP Twater 9807 N m3 9810 Nlm

rain 12 670 Nlm

c SPECIFIC VOLUME Su o

St is the volume of the fluid per unit wt or man

Su I
Norw
sue
for f
For problems involving gas use Su NM
n
n n
liquid use sus e
w

All the above properties P T Su for fluid depends on

temperature and Pressure but its impact on
gases is considerably more than in liquids
d SPECIFIC GRAVITY h

It is the ratio of fluid of given volume to the

weight of standard fluid of same volume

h Wflue'd Vf Usf
Wstrfluid

a w 4
Wfff
he WI 1
Vt
Cst Ff
Gare
b't
 hence U candefined as
also beratio of
specific weight or specific density of fluid to
the specific weight or specific density of
the standard fluid
Four LIQUID standard Fluid is taken as
PURE WATER at 4 C

Foor GASES Std fluid is considered as

HYDROGEN or AIR at Sta temp f posers
since weight density and man density varies with
temp must also be reported when G
is reported
Tra
e VAPOUR PRESSURE CAVITATION 8 Pabsolute
f tr
PmindPvP Bubbles
go.gg cavity L t
f I I f Air
a
Zman i EIi l Liquid

v
I 2 3 4 56 7

June25 At liquid air interface continuous exchange

of molecules takes place as liquid molecule
escape from the surface in to gaseous form termed
as vapour one to the energy posses by them
This vapour molecules exert partial pressure over
the liquid surface in general space termed as
vapour poreisure
On increase in temperature as molecular activity
increases vapour porerscore also increases

If absolute pressure impose over the liquid

becomes less than vapour posers are of
liquid boiling of the liquid will start

Hence it can be stated that the boiling of

liquid can start at any given temperature
if the posers were above the liquid surface
becomes less than vapour pressure
high
Liquid with a vapour pneisure evaporates readily
and are termed as volatile liquid Eg Benzene
 Hg has very low UP Hence it doesn't vapourises
even at very low pressure thereby it is used
in equipments for pressure measurements
v p of water at different temp is as follows
T.CC VP Kra

10 l Z
20 23
100 101 3 I atm Boiling start
cavitation gf in any flow system pressure at any
point in the liquid becomes Iers than
VP vapourisation starts resulting in
pockets of dissolved gases and vapours
This bubbles move with flow of liquid into
the high porcisure region where they
burst collapse
or
giving rise to high
impact pressure
Due to which VIBRATION NOISE EROSION SURFACE
PITTING and FATIGUE FAILURE Of the material
takes place
This phenomenon is termed as cavitation
with increase in temp up increases tendency
of rap increases hence tendency of
cavitation also increases
f COMPRESSIBILITY AND ELASTICITY

I
8,1
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc

iiii it
connective 1111111
c s
lov
C 7
u
All fluids compressed by application of the
can be
pressure and when this pressure is removed
fluid expand to their original volume
similar to that of elastic solid
 This property of fluid to undergo volume change
on application of porenure is termed as
COMPRESSIBILITY
which is quantitatively related with Bulk modules
of elasticity K

BMOECK is defined as change in porersure per

unit change in volume to the original
volume

Volumetric steers
volumetric strain ETI
unit Nimmi kgf m2 gmfkm2
2
At NTP Kwater 2 00 109 Nlm

Rain I 03 105 N1m2

Aim is 20000 or 2 104 more compressible than water
K is not const for fluids it increases with increase
in pressure as when a fluid man is
compressed its molecule becomes close together
and the resistance to further compression
increases
For eg Kwater almost doubles when pressure is
raised from talm to 3500ohm

K also varies with Temperature

For LIQUID with increase in temperature inter
molecular bond b w the particles decreases
hence resistance against voi change decreases
thus more volume change occurs Hence
K decreases
For GASES with increase in temperature
random motion of particles increases that
further increases resistance to rot change
thereby lers volume change is observed
Mence K increases
 Now compressibility is quantitatively
related to bulk modulus as follows
D 1 units nd
K N
compressibility
on general
m const
m Pv
dm Pdu Vdp
Pdu Vdp
dpt

k DP DP

K Pdf
dP

i 13 DP
PTP
Of DI o 13 0 fluid is incompressible
DP
if d to 13 to Fluid is compressible
p
For liquids water at 20 C

P 1 Atm Pwater 998 191ms

D 100 Atm pwares 1003191ms
1003 998 100
change in P 0.49
998 negligible
Hence liquids are considered to be incompressible
Jun 26 For Gases
a ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES
PV m RT T const
D PRT
DP RT
Jp
we know K P DI P RT p
dP
Kisothermal P

compressibility B pt
so

b ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY 9

Heat const

Pur const
F adiabatic const
r specific heat at const Preis
specific heat at const Vol
Note Here sp heat is quantity ofa heat req to
raise the temp of 1g of substance by
1C Jlgmloc
Now r
p my const

p c P
dp er
Tp
paid
prdP P
K P date P Pry pr

Kadia Pr D I L
Kadia Tp
g compute at what head of water vapourisation
at 20 C
will
start if vapour pressure of water
is 2.5 kpa
latin 100 KPa and Im head of water to kPa

S4 vapourisation starts when Pabsolute Prapoun

Atm pressure 1 Pgauge C Prapour

100 T ION L 2 5
Pargo PgaiyetPref
n C g 75M a
d Pgauge nX10
Thus accum pr
Ref pr calm

9 Bulk mod Of water is 210 10 Kulm what porers

is req to reduce the vol of water in a
closed container by 204 also find the
increase in mars density
Sol K 2 104

K DI
du
H
210 X104 1 0 02 dp
dp 42000 Kulm
du dos
p
f increase in man density 2

9 The density of sea surface

water where at free
posers areis 98 kpa is approx 1030 191ms
Take K of sea water as 2.34 109 Nlm and
dip Pg D2 Determine the density
T
and pressure
at the depth of 2500 m const

Sol Po 1030 191M K 2.34 109 NIM

T po 98 kpa Po Po
D
K dP_ dpd
P
fduty
 K Pgdz
DI 7 at 2 2500
Pz z P

FI tttToo si ixxYo0go
9 81 2500
Z 2 soo 2 34 109
Jp
P2 5km2 1041 3 191ms
To 8
pz
b dP P gd z SE
JdP J2Pgd2
Pz 2
Jdp J 9dZ 92
Po
1 0 fo K
on solving
Mto info y
I p k
int u eoq
P 25495.2 kPa
9 An empirical poreisure density relationship for water
P
pa
3001
Jt 3000

Pa _alm pressure
Pa atm density
Determine the bulk mod of elasticity compreisibili
of water at 5 atm posers are
Sol K top p DI
dug daff de
 p 3001 ba 7
ja 3000Pa

dp 3001Pa 7 Pbdp
a 7

3001 Pa x 7 Pb
Pa 7
K 3001 7 Pa Ppa

Pa t
Now 3001
Ipa P 13000

K 7 Pt 3000Pa
K 77Pa Pga 13000
5 3000 2 13 106 Krym2
7 101 3
Barm 4 69 10 7 my w
June 28 19 VISCOSITY

It is the property of the fluid by virtue of which

it offers resistance to the movement of
one layer over the adjacent layer of fluid
Jt is
due to cohesion b w the molecules in case
of liquid and momentum transfer b w fluid
layers incase of gases
g pyohesion p g g
c s c a n f
I I I L of a Random
c s motion
I I
a
p FA As
cm maemnYf

liquid cases

9
y Ot dit n Ueda
n
dy c due to lower layer
T Z due toupperlay
v dy s
v U
y
suppose one layer of fluid is moving Wrt
distance
other
b w
layer by a viscosity of du and
them is dy
Since upper layer is moving slowwith higher velocity
would force the lower moving layer
along itself leading to development of resistance
shear on it and lower layer would try to shear
retard the upper layer by applying same
on it on opposite direction
In time dt
Distance travelled by upper layer cutdbdt
n n n lower Vdt

C da g
to t _t
Udt dudt

Vdt
DI
t o t E

Here shear strain 0

If 0 is small tan 0 I since 20

tan O dady
shear strain DO died
dady
dy
dozy de Ci
dy
hence rate of change of shear stain or
dO velocity
Rate of angular deformation Tf
gradient
Newton's law of viscosity E F
According to newton's law of viscosity shear Strees
acting on the layer of fluid at a distance of
y from the surface is proportional to
rate of change of shear strain 1 Rate of Angular
 Tx de
dt

T µ DI
dt
M dynamic viscosity
Absolute
weft Of
T ME viscosity
dy
unit N Simi 191ms Pa 5 9m1cm
Oise
KI 10009M 109m1cm S
MS 100cm s
i
10 poise I KslmS or N

poise 51m21
O l 191M S or N S Im

Fluid which Obeys newtons law of viscosity are

termed as Newtonian fluid
Cy Air mercury petrol gasoline ete

At NTP Mwater I 002 centipoise

Main I 83 10 2 cents

From here it can be referred that water is about

55 time more viscous than air

If now is taking place bw the two bodies

eg parallel plates the variation of the
velocity bw the plates is not linear
in general but if thickness of the fluid is
considered to small then be this variation
may be arsumed to be linear termed as
linearisation of Newtons
law of viscosity
4111111111111 T
u
uid ride
dy
141111111114
o v
stationary
 indu 0
dy
re
y a
e n r i
d r
i
dy r
i i i 7 C laid
di ri
H i
dy s i
n c du i
I
i
y dy

f O
At y o daily max hence I man

At y H dir O Hence I Emin D

dy daily i e veto gradient decreases from
stationary to the moving plate
get His small then variation of velocity is
arsumed to be linear
v
n s
here de const
dy
H on this case ud gradient const
v Este de
dy
y o de I
dy M
e s i T ME
H
Fluid
Element
a T

NOTE when a meal fluid flows over a solid body

the fluid particles at the surface of the
body flow with
same velocity as that
the
of surface of the solid so as to satisfy
no slip condition Hence relative velocity
of the fluid particle at the surface of
solid body is zero
NO SLIP CONDITION
June

In problems of Flow viscosity is also sometimes

represented in terms of KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
in which only flow of fluid is under
consideration but the Force causing the
flow is not considered

V M v kinematic viscosity
P M dynamic viscosity
m 4s
knits km.es g3 only length time
is involved
cm Is Stokes
I Stokes co 4m21s

At NTP Vwater 10 2 stores curls 7

1 Pw
Vain i 5 Stokes
10 Vw 551
more than Pw
Vaimatisofapprtwlastentimes
ssvaPap
Vw 55Va ha
VARIATION Of viscosity
i WITH TEMPERATURE
mmmm
9

LIQUIDS GASES
lis Dynamic viscosity
with incr of temp molecules In gas with incr in temp
gets energized bonds randomness increases
get weaker hence dynamic molecular collision per unit
viscosity decreases vol per unit time also
increases hence dynamic
Mix viscosity increases
Here Meiquid a lot c
Mg 4T
Exact variation
Mgas aft
a b l are constant
ICb
T
a b core constants
 kinematic viscosity LV

with incr in temp with inc in temp dynamic

dynamic viscosity and viscosity of gas increases
density both decreases and at const pressure
But in
decreaseu D comes its density decreases
out to be more than decrease D PRT Pink hence
in density Hence kinematic
viscosity also decreases kinematic viscosity of gases
with incr in temps increases with incr in
Hmp Even at faster rate
y Itt than dynamic viscosity
p te v
IT an
Vk x L P I
T
Vgas LT
ii PRESSURE 8

LIGUIDS GASES
Dynamic viscosity
96 liquid is considered dynamic visa is generally
to be incompressible independent with pressure
them with change of particularly at low to
poreisure there is moderate poreisure 3 4 asm
no change in intermole But if pv is increased
cohesion btw particles exceptionally high in that
hence dynamic vise remains d viscosity increases
un changed
ligases const
µL const pressure 9
pp valid upto 3 4ohm

ligases 2 Pressure
For high preisuse

kinematic viscosity
with incr of pressure there with incr in pressure
is no change in Mand dynamic viscosity of
P of liquid if it is gases remains const for
considered to be low to medium pressure
incompressible Hence K.u but its density increases
remains const significantly A Prt f D
 Hence Kinematic viscosity
D
I const decreases

v Upp Mpt
const u
pressure
8
June30
at
9 consider a fluid of viscosity M btw two circular
parallel plates of radius R separated by a
distance h upper plate is rotated at an
cingula velocity of w where as bottom
plate is
b w
held stationary The velocity profile
plate is linear
two compute the Torque
experienced by bottom plate

Sol
Gw radls

i
i
C
1

Shear siren
1 1

I
1
sttionary

M duty
g
3
As variation is linear const
defy WE
shear siren on t It M
elemental ring WI strip
TX A
1111111111114dm
force on ring
Zar
MWIXA
M xzardr
Torque on elemental ring T F r
dT 2AM dr
yr
 dT v3 dr
ZAYN
total torque t
I 29yd r dr

T
ZAY
W
RI
TMW R TMW DU
T 2h 32h

This is the total torque transferred by upper plate

to the lower plate
A rotating viscometer has two cylinders the radius of
inner fixed
cylinder is R and the radius of
outer rotating cylinder is R2 The viscometer is
used for the measurement of viscosity of the
Hui d find the expression for the viscosity
in terms of torque acting on inner cylinder of
L
height bottom
gap btw the of the two
cylinders is a and angular speed is W

Plan 7 Take the element very

Sol
side carefully er'D R

R2

Issam
Total torque I Tside bottom
an
Tside f
shear stress on TIM
g
elemental ship

Assuming velocity is uniformly varying

I M WRz
Re RI
force F m
ftp.xcriao.is
Torque T MWR2 X Rida L R
 F
I T MW Rel Ri do
Ra R

Ts MW RzR LIZARD
Rz R

T bottom
Ri
shear siren EM War
Force F Zar do on Er
May
Torque dt zar do
Mwf r

dT dr
Zayn or
J
2T
Thot Maw n da

Thot ZALM RI A WMR

za
Total torque T MWRR2 LaRDL AWM Ri
Ra Ri za

wring

i
wa
9 A 50cmX 30cm x 20am block weighing 150N is to be
moved up an inclined blame at constant velocity
of 0.8 mis Coff of friction f 0.27
a Determine
in
the force frequired
horizontal direction
to be
required
b It a o umm thick oil film with dynamic
viscosity Ms 0.012 Pa sec is applied btw the
block and inclined surface determine the m's
reduction in required force 70 0
p pom pom
a

F
y
1200
on

E II
EFy 0
Nagy w Ff Sino 0

Ncoso w Ensino o

n cost fsino W

177N
To fsince cost oatsinzo
0
f n sing fr cost to

F 1775in 20 0.27 1770520

FI 105.4 N
b
here Ff T F
y
TIM
G
É
4 0 hmm

My
0.012 X
9.41a3 g m W
 I 24 NIM
Ft 24 x 50 20 10 4

Ff 2.4 N

i Naso W Ff sing 0

N Cos20 150 2 4 Sin 20 0

N 160 5 N
i f n sing fr cost o

F 160.5 sin20 2 4 003200

F 57 15N

change 105 4 57 15 11100 45 83 reduction

logy in force
July
9 For the truncated cone as showncompute the
torque required if the cone is rotated at
200 9pm viscosity of the oil in 2mm gap
btw the cone and housing is 2poise
Find the torque transmitted
9W
1111
i
i 111111 n

m
OT y

16W

dre u
M shear siren on the sloping surface of the
Ob strip
M
no
e
may Mtn oh
 shear force on the strip df t da cards
My
df Ida
Map 2 Ar
tf
Torque on strip dt df'm
My
n
larging
Total Torque T fat ftp.nar3 dr

7
Might't rt ru

T
gtfo rt ra

putting the values

2.35 N m

9 The clutch system as given is used to transmit torque

through a 2mm thin oil film of M 0.3 NS m2
between two identical 30cm dia the disc when
driving shaft rotates at speed 1450 rpm the driven
shaft to rotate 1398 9pm Assuming the velocity profile
to be linear find the torque applied on
slower disc
oil film

E c disc

Bigg Ii Driven
shaft
I

501 W 1450 rpm

son

shear stress over the dor element

My Mx E
v relative velocity
e Mx
Ear Wi wz r
 Shear force dF T da É l
Zar
da car dm
dF M Wigwam Zar dr

Torque dye df m

won do i
JdT AMINI w

Mcw wa Ry ar zgy
4h
T TM Wi Wa R
2h
TX 0.3 0.3
T NG 1450 1398
2 2 10 3 m

TI 0.64 N m

a A thin square plate Imxim is placed horizontally in

a horizontal gap of ht 2m pined with the oil
of vissocity 10 poise and pulled at a constant
velocity of o.im sec find the force acting on the
plate
of the oil of viscosity m Ma are placed on the
either side of the plate then compute the
position of the plate for shear force on both
side of the plate to be same and for pull
required to drag the plate to be

a ice it till i ill lice

Sol Melo poise g em s
I N Simh
0 I mise e

corner
T At Ta A
so m si iiihoim
y

Alert TL
A
Luddy ME AMIE t Ee
 I mix 1
Ex 015 Is 87s
O I X 457014 45 714 N

b let Me be placed above and Me below

suppose the plate is kept at an distance n from

bottom plate
force one to top fluid

j
q
A Te A
Midday a
1 c c ie i 111 cc it
Fz 22 A
Maddy A

Mi A Mz A
Eng y

AM 2h2 Man
U Mt Ma 5242 A
Man
Ifm x
Mitha objective

1 Pull req is mi
pull req to drag fit fr
p
T En that XA
i
for p to be minimum

If ua
ftp.t 3 0

EE re
C E tie
h
for this distance of man
ayeme N
I
will be
9 A flat plate is pulled at 2msec horizontally
40cm x 40cm
through a 3.6mm thick oil layer sand witched btw
two plates onestationary and other moving at
a constant speed of 0.3ms as shown

The dynamic vision of oil 0.027 Pa see

Assume velocity in each layer to vary linearly
ca plot velocity profile and find the location where
oil velocity is zero
b Determine the force req to maintain this motion
1111111 all pa s

i iii
mom's
42 2 6mm
3m's v
ago
Sol ca velocity profile o

distance x from bottom

plate
I u Iv Lm is

ten am
Vin V2ha Van e
0 3m15
x Vit V2 khz

YET 0.34mm from bottom

is Force req to maintain tain this

F F top t Foton
Ii At Taa A
Mdg Mdg
am E't Et
 Von Y O V

Vonn U 02 2 3m15

F 1600 10 m2 x 0.027
Its g mm
s t
1113
F 0016 0.027 288461
Ny t
F 12.46 N
RHEOLOGY OF FLUID 8
Rheologyis the study of different types of fluid in flow
Fluids may be classified as follows
a NEWTONIAN FLUID fluid which Obeys newtons
The
lay of viscosity is termed as
Newtonian fluid i e for which shear siren on the
layer of the fluid is propotional to Rate of
strain velocity
change of shear gradient
e
Mdf M
dat
y t n m M
dug
a
Eg water air
mercury E
IM

July6 b Non Newtonian fluid 8 day

These are the type of fluids which donot follows newtons
law of viscosity i in this case shear siren b w the
e
layer of the fluid is not directly proportional to
rate of change of shear strain Rate of Angular
deformation velocity gradient
In general for any fluid shear strew varies as follows
B A consistency index
y
Shear siren
velocitygradient
I
Ayyy D yield stress
index
 For Newtonian fluid yield siren B 0
consistency index A M
4 1

Here An day Mapparent

Iggy
Rateof change of
shear siren with change For Newtonian fluid a m n
in velocity gradient CA
It signifies slope of t Mapp M
shear siren and
I curve dig apparent viscosity is constant i e
also termed as
APPARENT viscosity Ivelocity gradient
independent of change in

non newtonian fluid are further classified as follows

a Time independent b Time dependent
a TIME INDEPENDENT MNF
It is the type of non newtonian fluid apparent
viscosity of which does not depend on time
For them yield siren B o i e curve will start from
origin
ACE
These are further classified as

i DILATANT FLUID II PSEUDO PLASTIC FLUID

i DILATANTFLuiDm 8
These are also termed as shear thickening fluid
These are the type of fluids for which
apparent increases with velocity gradient
t
Mapp An
day
Here n i for dilatant timid
Eg solution of suspended starch sand sugar in water
 I n
Dilatant
YearptEnnny
Mapp
M 19
Bso
MMP

gg Yy
Ii PSEUDO PLASTIC FLUID 8
These are thining fluid
also termed as shear
These are the type of fluids apparent viscosity of
which decreases with velocity gradient i e ne
Eg blood paper pulp
syrup milk gelatine paint
polymer solution
For them Mapp Cady

n
e Pseudplastic
JOEMaz
gondii on
Ma Maz
4
0

y
0 ggg
NOTE BINGHAM PLASTIC FLUID
Doesnot fall in any of the
category above
It is also termed as 9 deal blastic fluid
It is a typeof fluid which requires a certain min
shear siren termed as yield stress To before they
start flowing
Fon these fluids B To A M n 1
i e
Mcg to
G ma c
 Mapp An day
Iggy
M constant
Mapp
Egs sewage sludge drilling mud tooth paste
n Binghamplastic
I
const
10 Mapp
a
q
V
day
b TIME DEPENDENT FLUID 8

These arethe type of fluids apparent viscosity of

which depends on time
For this fluids yield siren is not zero

A
Ey t B

These are further classified as

i Thixotropic fluid ii Rheo topic Fluid

Rheo petic fluid
6 THIXOTROPIC FLUID 8

These arethe type of fluid apparent viscosity of

which decreases with time
will
For them flow behaviour Index n I slope decrease
Eg some paints enamel ketchup printer ink

Lii RHEOPETIC FLUID8

These are the type of fluid app viscosity of which

increases with time
For them n i t slope will increase
Eg Lubricants gypsum paste
 Am'd
pixotropic plastic Time dependent
Bingham
I pheopatictim'd
pyo
n d
pseudoplastic Time Independent
Bito newtonianfluid
q
Dilatant

Bro

in
Bo

July 7
y
C IDEAL FLUID 8

It is an imaginary fluid which donot posses surface

tension viscosity Invicta and is incompressible

g clarify the fluids for which velocity gradient and

shear stras variation is as follows
lil ayy madsee 2 3 y

T KPa 2 3 4 5 6

2 2 and I
sot day so
Iggy const

I
Here to 2 KPa and const
Iggy
ie Bingham plastic
 ii radio o o 5 101 1.8
day
0 2 4 6
E KPa

I
Ii
decreasing
of 3 33 a
gag
To 0

A
2
dg B
Hence ne i e pseudoplastic fin'd

iii day rad 1s 3 5

20 30 0
TC kpa 15

5 5 40 0 5
dF 20,1 3021

To 15 kpa Mapp is const n 1

BINGHAM PLASTIC
h SURFACE TENSION 8
AIR T
net force on molecule A 0

ii ÉE
IFB to v

upper layer will get pulled

me
f j
i ii vi
si p
water

Attire interface of liquid and gas or between any two

immiscible fluid special layer a is formed due
to attraction of fluid molecules on the surface
from below the surface
 As a result downward force is observed which
a net
pulls the surface down causing a
curvature to the surface which in turn develops
a tension in the surface termed as surface
tension r

It is force per unit length I force Mmm

length
since surface tension is primary ly one to cohesion
all the factors affecting cohesion affects surface
tension also

Eg with increase in temp of liquid cohesive

forces between the molecules reduces hence
surface tension also reduces
Due this
to surface tension an object can be
supported over the surface of the liquid
Eg Insect pin coin
and formation of droplet over the leaves after
rainfall
The St also depends on the type of Interface
te type of liquid and air

Twain in contact with air at 20 C 0.0736 Nlm

S T can also be defined as work done per unit

increase in the surface area of liquid surface
which is stored in the form of surface
energy
AIR ed
a
y
Obc
soap
AIR movable
c swine
n From force Eq
F 2T b
work done in moving the wine by distance du
dw Fx da 20bar T 2b du t da
Area in both
f
dfa side
9 spherical droplets of radius R is split into n number
of smaller droplet of equal size Find the work
required to be done

Mars Man of n droplet

of big droplet of radius r
of Radius R

since P const
s Vol of bigdroplet v01 of a small droplet
an
JAR n
3 3
r E
Increase in SA of water droplets Ya r n YAR

har x
P Ga R
da Ua RZ E 1
r
dig
work done dw r da
Tx UAR I I

W J Ya R n 3 1

The effect of the St can be understood in case of droplet

and liquid jet
when the droplet separates from main body of liquid
it is subjected to inward force or pressure all
over the surface due to surface tension which
causes liquid droplet or jet to compress or
contract resulting in increase of internalinward
pressure
upto an extent it balances external
force at which liquid droplet assumes spherical
geometry
Geometry having min surface area
 Fir
I
r 7 C
Pext
pint a
L s
7 y r

Is
This concept can be used to find the pressure
intensity in excess of outside pressure in droplets
Tag'Prenure insidelil
droplet of liquid in air or
ii Air in water
bubble
Air Bubble

water y

text Internal
St T s'M AP change in pseisure

way
From Force Cq TAD AP A
ar

DP
IFI
4,1
AP Pint Pext
YI
DP
NOTE Since
I smaller is the bubble droplet
higher is the pressure difference
 The above analysis can also be found using
work concept
work done dw f da T d UAR T 8a Rdr i
by St
Aso dW dp UTR de Cii
Ogjffryang
i Lii
T 8A R AR DP YAR DR
AP
8114 22 4,5
I DP
YI
case Lii pressure inside soap bubble in Air

AR
IR y
e
i s.mx
i

Thickness is negligible
From force cg TAD x2 DP
TF
AP
8,1
From work done concept two
asking
dW o da ryyanzyest
T 16 AR AR
Also WD by pressure force
dW AP GA R2 Xdr

r 16A R d R AP YAR dR

AP DP
URI 8,1
case ciii Pressure inside liquid jet

T
Liquid Jet
inn
AIR
only one interface TLE
IL DP L D Interface
DP tap A
2J
from WD concept
WD by ST dW J da TXd ZAR L
J ZA L

WD by preserve fore dW DP And Apx ZAR L dr

T ZAL AP ZARI
DP
I
i AP V
ZI
E.g compute Pint or pressure req to form the air
bubble

Sol one inter face It h

5 TD DP
TE I
Dp
If
Pint Pext
4,1
DP A
faim bubble

Pint own
4,5
Pint 4ft why
9 A container of width 29 is filled with liquid
d
gently placed over the liquid surface in the midd
of surface As a result the liquid surface
deporers by a distance y ly aca find the
surface tension of liquid
q E
Eri
r

at Vw
ya
tan D ya a
tano a Ox rind
2 TL Sino d L

t
Eino kyat af
NOTE Pressure on concave side of interface btw two
immiscible liquid is always more

Tr Pl r

pr
Pi needs to resist both Pr and r hence
P P2

Bubble Droplet liquid jet

I I
4 2 I
i CAPILLARITY 8

It is defined as rise or fall of a liquid in a

small diameter tube inserted into it
The rise is called CAPILLARY RISE and fall is
called CAPILLARY FALL

fadhesion
g g g
cohesion p

vw
Adhesion of liquid to the walls of the vend tube
can cause and upward force on liquid at
edges and results in meniscus turning upward
since s t to hold the surface in tact
acts so
instead of just the edge moving upward the
whole liquid surface is dragged up to an
extent it is balanced by weight pressure of
liquid
Jul 9

CAPILLARY RISE CAPILLARY FALL

D It occurs when adhesion is It occurs when cohesion is

more than cohesion more than adhesion

Here contact angle O is mere contact angle 0 790

leis than go

Org no
t

Intent if n ng
20,67907

I
 c it tl face
Here liquid wets the here liquid donot wet the
solid surface solid surface
here top surface is here top surface is
concave upwards convex upward
t c D
Troi 20
Ya

É
i
i
t

naan cap we
me
L s
u v

VW horizontal comp will be cancelled

out
Horizontal component cancel slap cos 180 0 Pax A
each other
TAD COSO Pax A
From force equil
TAD lost Ww D
TD Wso hr x
II
TAD WSO VwVw
h
441
rap cost Ah TW
JADU D AI h TW
0 90 Maid is wetting pm'd
h
Eggo cohesive cadhesiv it

of o 90 s non wetting fluid

gap cost AXRp rwh cohesive adhesive in
a
TJ Foor
NOTE capillary rise or inversely depends on size
fall
of tube hence capillary effect of water is
usually negligible in tubes whose size is
than 10mm
greater
Due to this only pressure measuring devices
are made with large tubes of size greater
than 10mm to minimize capillary effect
Here the contact angle b w the surface of the
tube and liquid depends on material of the
tube and gases present above the liquid
it atte ca water glans air interface O o
is present
b mercury glam aim u 05130
O will c kerosene aim 0
increase glass n 26
d water paraffin air n O E 1070
e
Mercury sodalime glam O 1400

SPECIAL CASES
a
capillary rise btw parallel plate

2T cool PX A
arcosoi ÉÉ
h ny.ge
2T coso

b
capillary rise in Annular space
room
Ri Inner dia
By force equilibrium
T ZARI COO T ZARO COO PXA
zarcoso Retro rh A

At EDO Ia Di
 A TWO Di Do th Eu Dot Di

h 40 cost
8 Do Di

9 compute the capillary depression for the following

case
n

SI ar sp gravity of upper liq

are u v u lower liq

T LTD OSO PAT Twa I i

nth O
I I
P rwa Mt rWGzH

I Tca D coso IrwGintrwazh Twa ath

af o

OCAD Wso
II Irwazh Twain 0

4 TWO D rwaz ht D Twa h D

h 4560
Dow 92 4

July 10 9 A is made up of two capillaries of diameter

U tube
de and dz respectively da di The u tube is
kept vertically and partially filled with water
of St r and zero contact angle compute the
difference in the level of meniscus caused by
capillarity da
51 ST at pta gad Ed n

ay
g
ST at pt FA dz

rad rada
TI nrw
up I
old da
Ihra Jada
h 4T di da
di Tw
 Fluid pressure and its measurement

pressure is defined normal force exerted by a fluid per

unit area

units Nim Mmm

Pa Mpa 7 5 Nim

G N
IN m2 10 mm2
F Wa
1 Atm 101325KPa 1 01325 bar

Kalam is not a unit of pressure

Bf em is unit of pressure
Kgflan or 9 81 10 9.81 104Pa
I g 81 Tmz
psi pound force per square inch
note
psi 0.453
Effy 04531 5 1g m2

I psi 6888.1 Nima

101325 1407
Aptn 6888 1
I Atm 14 7 Psi
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 8 AIR
It is the pressure exerted by atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure at mean seal level
is termed as standard atmospheric I
pressure
But atmospheric pressure at any other location is
termed as local atmospheric pressure

Its value at MSL

Msl
I am or 1 013 bar

It is measured with the help of Barometer

NOTE

pressure head in terms of water Plow

u in
mercury
Ig
n u

hence at MSL

pressure head in terms of water hw

Ew 1913851
hw 10.3 m

At MSL pressure head in terms of mercury hug Eng

hug 101325 0 76M 76cm
13.6 9810

ABSOLUTE PRESSURI
ios
Pressure measured coat absolute
zero or complete vaceum pressure
is called as absolute ÉItoon Msl
pressure
It is also termed as actual pressure at a given
location
For eg at MSL absolute pressure
is I atm 1 013 Bar n
p
It is measured with the help
of AN EROID BAROMETER c c ie i i ca c c ie i 1
Absolute
zero
GAUGE PRESSURE

It is pressure measured wot local atmospheric presume

It may be tue or ve

ve
gauge pressure is also termed as vaccum
pressure
hence
gauge pressure is the pressure above athospher
pressure and vaccum pressure may be termed as
posers are below atmospheric pressure
 presume

n a
gauge
Absolute Pressure
pressure local atm pressure
u ypabs
I Absolute zero

I P Pays Palm
gauge
Pvaccum Palm Pabsolute

It is measured with the help of manometer or

with BOURDON GAUGE

PRESSURE AT A POINT and ITS VARIATION With DEPTH 8

pressure at a point in static fluid is same in all
directions
It will always act normal to the surface in
contact
It is a scalar quantity i e magnitude but no
direction
V
I e
Points
7 r
n

Fluid Element
B
Depgth

plandy
v e du
n
v
p dzdy a yd ftp.dnjldy.dz
7
n c dy
dvsdu.dy.dz
Vdw
Pt
fz.dzCdn dy
 From static equilibrium
0
ZFz
du dy D
P du dy dw P
Of.dz
dw da da dy
Of 0

Ofa da da dy g dadydj
8
81
Pressure gradientr wrt depthis is constant provided
unit weight of fluid constant

Integrating both side

Jop Fda
O
P 822 C

2 0 Pgauge 0

rouser
C D
i Patin C

rz
Palos Palm Pgange

Iggy
Hence Pressure increases with increase in depth from
top and decreases in depth from bottom

Also
If
p dydz Pt Ofa an dy d3 0

Jadady dz D

Since du 0
da dy dz
i
Of 0

ie Pressure doesnot vary in horizontal plane

July 11 Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest in independ
of the shape section of
and cross the container
in which it is kept and it changes with
vertical distance only and remains constant in
another direction

PazPB Pc Pp PE doesn't depend on shape

Also it doesnot depend upon cross section

I
Fig ÉÉ
Ek point se dune point mai agar ja sake no same
I
fluid
K through then pressure will be same else it
will vary same Hue'd same
Pa PB Pc Pp PE different fluid
Pe t p Pt PH Diff fluid crop
Karna padega
Diff gang
If the points are located horizontal level and
at same
we can move one point to another point
while moving through same liquid pressure at all
NOTE For small to moderate change inis elevation in
gases the variation in pressure negligible as
their densities are comparitively very low

PASCAL'S LAW 8

of pressure is applied to a combined fluid it increases

the pressure throughout by the same amount

Ram
BEIII
Plunger
A

It force F is applied over the plunger increase in

pressure force applied
pp
fat
Now Pa PB
DPA APB
DPB Ea
Force developed at B FB EX A Ia 71

Fapplied h Fdeveloped

9ioo
Yokoi
alms
100 n
Fa Ram
v plunger
work done concept
y
Fan A t
WD by applied force ta n

Vol displaced hot dish t

in plunges in Ram
an Ay B

WD by developed for a Fa g
Far
FI Ay Fog a a

WD by developedforce wa by applied force

 gy p p

Of the plunger and Ram are located at different

levels then

hi
h

Apa Faa Pc tht DPA Ht DPC Tht

E
Pe Po tht FE
Fd PB AB
hence Fa tht fay A

a
91115
10 t Imatinib
tt 1 g

compute Pm Por
II ng a 136
Is
KEXIE KEE tm
m

SI
start from M and proceed to n
ddd
xoxo.it
0
Pm 6 100 on 1211102 13.6 103 1 o

0.15 13 6 103 o 6 103 0 153g PN

Pm PN 34 077 KPa
 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICE 8

measurement of the
pressure can be done by any of
the following devices
a BAROMETER
h ANEROID BAROMETER
C MANOMETERS
d MECHANICAL GAUGES
54
3 BAROMETER

It is used to measure atmospheric pressure

ngvapour
PA PB Palm
pygrapongligible
PA ring th t

Pa Tigh
Pam Tigh
É
On this mercury billed tube is Torricelli Apparatus
inverted mercury
container intonate open to the atmosphere
Here ng is used because of its low vapour pressure
and high density
If point D a small hole is made in the tube the
pressure at point C would go down
Palm Tng h Palm

rug h 0
h

b Aneroid Barometer
scale
It is used to measure
Absolute pressure
As tonicellian barometer
consists of mercury
which is poisonous it is
not safe to use it in Ipring Aneroid Barometer
 In this barometer as the pressure rise or fall the
box either composers or expand and this motion
of the box is calibrated with pressure
C MANOMETER

These are based on principle of balancing a column

of fluid by the same or other column of fluid
These are further classified as

i simple
ii Margomftanimeter
Different
i SIMPLE MANOMETER8

These are used to measure the pressure at a

given point these are further clarified as
1 PIEZO METER n

poreisure
I
This piezometeringMegative
cannot be used A

an
BV

sp aravity n
This device cannot be used for of pipe
large pureisure measurement as long tube cannot
be used

It cannot be used to measure pressure of gas as

no tree surface will be formed
2 u tube manometer

For large pressure measurement for measuring

gas pressure at a point U tube manometers are
used

normally u tube manometers contains the liq of

sp gravity more than that for liquid whose
pressure is to be measured
The liquid used should be immisicble with other
liquid and should have low thermal sensitivity
and vapour pressure
casey measurement of large pressure

En now Pet Pgaye 0

liquid
h Pa Gewh G run
A B
i Du
PA TW Gah Gin
1
c
Manometric
g liquid
case ii measurement of oras pressure

E n

Pa rw aah Gim
A B u negligible
M c D
Pa Gah ru
d
manometric
liquid
y
case ciii measurement of ve pressure

Pat Gzrw n t 4 Twh 0

GYM
A B PA TW Gza t G h

i c az negligible aan

D V EE
pa h Twh

at
It small pressure is to be measured and
note manometric liquid is heavier then differential
height in u tube manometer will be small
and difficult to read hence in such case
a Lighter manometric liquid can be used
b one leg of manometer is made inclined such
the become
 sting
e n
c
g v

July 13
3 SINGLE COLUMN Manometer
on this case only reading
one is required to be
taken as against two reading on two limbs in
case of
a
a tube manometer

1h area a

B hz
q
position of manometric
liquid when not connected to
n
gg
jIffonitial pipe a
pg From initial condition
pet PF
G TW Y Gzrwh CD

From mais conservation

Ay A ha a Gi ay 4

front of 926W ha that by h rw Yi PA

Ot Gzrw hat Gzrwh t 428W by G rway a rwY PA
From ega Li and putting value of by
Garwha the Vw h2 h rw hag PA
PA a
2 It E a
Jharw
Gatun
Pa harm That
 since is very so az ai Caz
I small too I
thus can be neglected

PA 428W 42

Here only one reading he is required for measurem

of the pressure at a point
d DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER8
It is used to measure pressure difference b w two
points in a pipe or btw two different pipes

I
Pat G tw hta azrwh
Unrwa PB E E
Pa Pp azrwh a rw h h
PA PB Twh 42 41 C DV

Foor measurement of small

difference inverted differential
prasure at
manometer can be used

PA G tw hea tazrwhthirwa ha
PB
Pa PB 4,8Wh Gzrwh Th
G
Pa Pa 41 he rwh

obviously he 74
note If Chi ha is large value
small
of h is obtained which increases its
sensitivity
Sensitivity can also be increased by inclining one limb
of the manometer thus reading is increased
by Ysino
 i h s
4
1 Sind
I yh

note sometimes more precise reading are to be measured

hence micromanometers are used

I
A C B
g
43 area a
a
Are A
Manea
M
By I D Jay
Yu
a m
I J
aid q
Areas a
From mars or vol conservation
left limb A Ay a V2
Now Pat 43TWC toy t azrw yo Oy ta h run
422W Ya E Dy 432W Y Dy PB

PA PB Az rw by 428W by 422W 422W Z 42W DY

93 Vw Ay
PA PB 2937WDy 2 428W Ay 922W K
a neglected

Pa Pa Nrw Chi 42 42 93

PA PB Gi a own
July e MECHANICAL GAUGES 8
For pressure measurement following types of
mechanical gauges are available
I BOURBON GAUGE
be
when the tube is open to me
atmosphere the tube is
undetected and needle on dial
is calibrated to read zero
when fluid in the tube is
pressurized the tube stretches a fluid
and moves the needle in
pro potion to the appled
pressure
Lii strain gauge transducer
A strain gauge is calibrated to give the measure
of poreisure
iii Pierometeric transducer
principle of piezo electricity is used
piecometric material are those which produces current
when posers are is applied
The current is further calibrated by the
pressure
Is quart Roschelle salt Topaz
9 name atra
in terms of head of
tying
Ij
water
T.gg
Gael

501 PA T Ga Twx 0.56 hBrwx0 45 Ucrw Xo 50 0

13 6 45 0.88 50 1 56
Pq
hw Ew 600cm 6m
9 A cylindrical containerwaterwhose wt is Determine
65N is inverted
the
and premed into as shown
differential height h of the manometer and the
force F hold
needed to in the container
i

ii
Pat 2018Wh PD Pc
q.it
Pet 2016Wh
NOW PHI PI Pc Am

rwX2O 2 18Wh
Is Xh
h 952M 9.8152
If TO
ft 65N Twx Lox A
Kntigy
1000 X 9 81 My X 0.20M X xo.gl
F 65 K
9810NI
F 96.30 65
F 31
701
9 when a pressure P is applied at 5mm diameter
limb water rises in it by 100mm from initial
level The other limb is open to atmosphere Pa
find P Pa
Comm 5mm Comm 5mm
so
I Toomm

By vol conservation
An ax 100 Pt rw 125 Pa
102n 52 100 pi Pa 1252W

N 25mm P Pa 9810 X O 1125

1226.25N me
I 2216062
9 If I 500 diff btw two limbs
Pressure can be
measured by taking measurement on are limb only
then find the error induced in measurement

Ay
A
s
Ia 500
sit I c
B
DHX A hxa

EH 500

PA trw ht DM Pc
Pc Pas ru ht DH

now if pressure at one end is recorded then

Re Pas rw h

of error rw ht AM rwb x too

rw h

AI x 100 0.2

July 15
9 Find the rise in the meniscus in vertical tube
if additional 7 5 am of water is added to the
inclined limb

Area o5cm'S

no
axis

so
Area o5cm'D

s
 Height of 7.5cm 15cm
water to3
warn

t
a a
p
1300 p From presume balance
L

From initial pressure balance a Ktx rw 428W155in300

airw B a sin
awa a missin o
n UCM
B 22

NOTE
Area Area a T

an ay an ay
nay nay

OI GOLDEN CONCEPT

converting water into the same fluid hi

Now posers are exerted by water and the other timid

at any pt must be same
G rw h 928W Y
1025 4 1 y
hence when y 15cm h 12cm
 given
I My30 atan
mm
12cm

L
B
V

HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE CURVED SURFACES

pressure is the normal force applied by the

surface per unit area
This pressure leads to the development of the force
over the surface that can be computed as
follows

let consider
us a plain surface inclined at an
angle O with the horizontal
0
a n n n
ol R
th h
hirwhi 7
y

Éi
5

Pressure on element
Éi
at any
pint on the plate is
P th
now h y Sino
i parysino
Hydrostatic bora df Crysingda
Total force F
fry Sind da r const Consume
F rsinofyda
 Now Lyda AT

i F rsind AT
5 distance of c or of plate from point O
F th A
where D 25
F PA
Thus the magnitude of the
hydrostatic force resultant
acting on a plane asurface of a completely
submerged plate in const density fluid homogeneous
fun'd is equals
to PRESSURE at product of centroid
the SURFACE F and the AREA of the surface
of
OR PRESSURE PRISM CONCEPT

of the width B of the plate is constant then the

magnitude of pressure force on it is equal to
volume of pressure prism

run

run
i

Hydrostatic force vol of pressure porism

Ar of pressure de'st diagram x width
inside plat
F what rwhi
xJx b
July16

ha

IÉÉ
F resultant u

Éj.iq
force g

cP centre
of pressure
hp distance of CP from
free surface
To find the location of
the point of application of
resultant hydrostatic force i e centre of pores are
Take the moment of all the small forces or
infinitesimal forces about o

FXYp f P da y
Now D Ty sing
F Yp
fry Sino y da
F Yp 2 sinof ya da
now Jy'dA MOI of the surface about
the plane parring from
O screen inside
F Yp Tsing to
X
O
x
B

5
Isometric wig
I xx Ixxt A 52
0 Fyp rsino AT
Ixxt

yp Tsin O TIxxt Ay
 Yp Tsin O Ixxt Ay
rsino 5 A
YP 5 along the plane of the
Eye surface

now
Yp
tf D Eno
sino
shito silo
hp sin20 t I along the vertical
If plane

Thus cp will always be below CG

NOTE If we go deeper difference between Ca and Cp

will go on reducing as I or I will go
on increasing hence the additional term
with 5 and 5 will decrease
The pressure force panes through c or of the
pressure prism and its projection of
ch of the pressure porism on the surface of
the plate is called centre of pressure

F
J

iii
v
un
itgo
NOTE Cor and not of some significant geometries
a h A tbh
q 1h13 I b

Oc b
so Io b

b
h
I
by
so
c
p
Ch
AI
AI
v
Itt
d A D
I
0 0 Ifa I
ga
Pargbola
Io Ttf
e h ch v
5 A tbh
Oc so 1 I bh

Io
If bh
ca s
f h A
Ca atf th

5 2
one b
055 5
3
I b't hab h
36 atb
9 Find the magnitude of force acting on AB and its
point of application water is tank is up to
the depth 2.25m and of below that there
is mercury width of plate is 3m
awater I n R
ang 136 an

I his
Sol 7

IP
0
II teeing am
Pi cratemy 5 1.5m
a yp
P 2.2548W 13.6 X TW X 0.75
122013 In m2

P2 2.25 X OWI 22.07 Kulm

Pz 2 9.81 19 62 Kulm

Total force FAB t FBC

P2 x 1.5 3 X Pat P XO 5 3
Iz Pit
324 45 t 31 26
355 71Cw
am
P 5
It x x

Ixx 3 3 2 M
c
3ms
37 O

y
FI I É 19062
V zz.gr P
12213 Fx yp Fix y t FaXyz
Yep Fix Yi Fax Y
Yp
F 324 45 KN fo 31 26 IN
 YI to 5 1.5 2 22 07 122.13
30 22 07 12213

4 67 m

otc Is p
wism

Yp 324045X Y 67 t 31 26 4 25
324 45 3126

Yp 4 63 m won point o

July17
9 A sluice gate um wide and am deep is hinged at the
top Liquid of sp gravity 105 stands to a height of
2m above the top of the gate on upstream side
On the downstream side water stands to a height
of im above the top of the gate compute
a
b
Resultant force acting
which
on the gate
point at resultant force act
I
4111
n l a

4 15 n s
um
up m
v F 2m
y
v V

SE
y
F Pressure at c or X Area
PT x A
Fi T T A
P ra
L 52W 2 1 2 4
368W 36 10 360 1W

hi
up
If Sino Ixx 423
3 3 11m
414 2 3
 Fz PI A V25 A Ix TW 1 1 8 rW 10 Kulm3
162W 1601W Assume

hpz 52 t Sino

2 2.16
14
m
2 4

Thus Ez is o 16m below con and A is o 11 m below

con
hence the force direction and position is
correct
FRI FI 0
Resultant
FI 36
0 6
point of application of fr
about base

Frxh Fi 4 Up Fr 3 hPa
Fl
he 360 0.89 160 0.84
200 FR C Fa
y
YR Yz
h 0.93m
Now y 0.89m
fr is above
a 0.93m G Hence
Yz 0.84m
9 Find the hydrostatic force um
on any face um

retustinator
ABCD
D
F Ip naff u
A
c um
9
A J
ch
B 2 IF tangs 2
Cp
D 55
in
 5 2
351 7 45
It
I 819 a x

F th A
g 81 6.70
8
F 58 4240 A Ex Lutz X F
6.70m
9 Find depth of water L for the flat board as
the
given when the board is about to tip also
compute the compressive force on the board
when it is about to tip Assume the width of
Board as im
board will be In M B
SI concept The
about to tip when
Hydrostatic pressure will ygpgyjgggg.gg
totally pass thru hinge
ie around Rxa D

n'z th disino centre of

pressure
Also n It
Eysinto
rn's In
rwh
RH
Ezo X
Ru
Eino sin
Ixx Ix
Eng a of
T2
It nhsisnox2 si sin o

É
It

now
It to It
h esino 25
h 3esino
 comp force R F P A
TWI A
rwX EX sing
Ight Ah ru lo Kum

sesino
Iffsino u

July20
9 hate shown is
xy 3m wide It is hinged at its
bottom and is held in position against water
posers me with the help of nod Ac Rope and
concrete sphere find the diameter of the sphere
it the specific gravity of concrete is
2 4
C 1
EBDof the gate 5m concrete
Sol
Tew n Rod My sphere

x
dm
42 are um

y
Fgh hinges
v

7 w rxv 2
11 na Dk
T 6 2 8M
F PA
TWI A A 3 4 12m2
yay
Twx 8 12 my
F 962W kN
It Sino
h2 15M
hp
II
n 10 8 100m hp 84
3,4 3 4 8
1 834 m
get 116
E My 0 FX hi TX 42 8.166m
g6rwx 1.834
JAI xis D 1195
7 12
D 814mm 2 im
9 A vertical gate smx 2 5m in size
weighing 0.5 tonnes
slides along guides coff of friction is 0.25 fitted on
the side wall of willan overflow spillway and itsthe
crest what force have to be exerted at
hoisting mechanism to lift the gate when the
head of water over the crest is 2m

up
2.5m
2m ily

F Effemi

EFy 0 P wt Ff Ifn O NIF Cii

P Wt MN Ci

NOW
F P A TWI A

AI 2 5 1.0
I 22 1m

F 10X IX 10 100 G
P I 0.5 103 10 10 3 0 25 10 U
PI 30160

HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVED SURFACE

Let ABCDE be the

container with

I
Bed as wined
surface
Pressure force on
area da ra
p da paan É i
Twh da

projection of area
vertical plane
da
da sind
in
casino da iii
afioso
i
c
Projection of area da in horizontal planes dacoso
Horizontal force on corned surface baa sino
b da sing
bx vertical projection of curvedsurface
Horizontal Force on vertical projection of curved surface
force on Cs

vertical force on curved da cost run dacoso

surface
weightof liquid contained in the
zone bound by two verticals
drawn mom two ends of the
cos the Cos and the free
surface which is applying
the pressure on curved surface

This vertical force acts through the ca of the volume

of the liquid contained above the curved surface
Resultant force on Ff
cos f FR t Fi

If there are more than one liquid present then

we have to take the weight of all such
liquids to obtain the vertical components of
the force on the c surface

b Iirwtangrwth R
Fu P da cost
i warn

I hirwtangrwHz da cost ng
he
L da cos9 Vw t hedacosotwang

is
July21
Eg compute the resultant hydrostatic force on the
given cylinder of unit length

B
h

Do o
p B

Sql considering curved surface ADC and ABC

Franc tx rwhtrwCht2R xzR R a

FHApc Frame twh A uh rwh

x2rw htR x2R c

FHAp
D
awk B
Fa FA
ADC
I ABC

F A
F
RN
avertical sweater
Tw ht R
pygmy
Horizontal
projection
22W R ht R
force

horizontal Fm 0 Both will cancel each

Net force
other
Four vertical force
I
i i A

Da B t D B D B

E
 FuDAB R ZR
In ARI Txt x Tw
Fu DCB CTR 2Rt XI XTW upward
ALI
Fug FUDLB T FUPAB
Intr 2R
Intr art It rw ARE rw
AR TW
A L
Of Fu Area x length trio
TAX IX rw s e
arrow
r
ne

This is why in DCB

pressure was upward

9 A cylinder of radius 0.3m is located in water as

shown The cylinder and the wall are smooth for
i 5m length of cylinder
compute
ca wt of cylinder
b Resultant force exerted by wall on cylinder
Cc The resultant moment around the centre
of the cylinder due to the water force on
cylinder
I
Sel ca wt of the cylinder
vertical force acting
on the cylinder
A
Rigg
Fu cy Fu abet fried 1111111111
p D
Foon FU ABL
A

IIan is Bisig
c c c

14 431g 0.127 M
FU ABC
IT X L Xrw

10
CxqIx 15 x 2 12K

For Fu CD

now water is above Pt'D

Acc to pascals Law pressure
B
Y
i I
at same level for same fluid
is same
i e PB PD
TWR RWR
so At Pt R height of water R
now Fu CD R2 ARI x Length Xrw
32 x 1.5 9.81
20032
If
2 41 160

Fu cy Fu Abet fu CD
2 12 2 41
4 53
FI
Cry n
n

Finding 5 1
plz
5 in Fz
Fu y XD Fix Rat Fax
2 41 5 1135 0 1 06 4 3 443

y 0114 m
b net horizontal force Pse P

Ex rwrxrxL É IB x rwr
0.5 10 0.32 1 J
In
9 OW2RR C rw2R
0 675

D 231 0.2

Resultant force extorted by wall on the cylinder

Fr Fu't FW

4.532 0.6752 4.58 kn

7 For
FH y
10 a tan
III
D 81520

Fu
nee some weight or the

if.in
w Fv cy

Hence force exerted by wall on cylinder

For Fray as Frey and w will
c
no FH 0 3 02
Fuz o 14 Fu xo 127pm
Mo 0.675 01 2 41 0.14 2.12 0 127 Fy o f
Mo O A
s
g Enttofum
Be a
DC
7
r
7 og e
9 The figure shows a in equilibrium
cylinder of 2m dia
calculate the vertical component of force exerted by
the fluid per m length of the cylinder
and also compute horizontal pressure force
SI vertical pressure force
Im qic.ca o8

Frey 0 8 1011
Exit Tif
10
TI
8 X fit My t 5A 30 kn

horizontal pressure
Fie y EXGirWRXR XI
Exo 8 10 1 GrwR GirWR

If
Y IW e
Fh
rW2R
g A cylindrical gate as shown in to be kept closed
against water pressure Determine the force
p por m width of the gate to keep it
closed

vertical force the hinges

SI on

iÉ
Fu 5M

Fvicy lox 2 5 545 5452

153 65 ku
xx Fv 7 542.5 10
EFX 4557 10
It 2.98
 horizontal force on the gate
Fm taxFox 2 10473 5 1 AT

Tt
225 ku
p
i 5m

70
Th
hp Ifta
2
4 st x I
4096m 14,1
5 1x y
from bree surface
I 5 4.96 2 2.96m

in 0 É
P R
Px5
Fn J
225 2 96
Fv CA D

153 65 2 98
RI Fn

PI 41062 Cw
July 23
9 A stream is spanned by a bridge which is a
single masonry arch in the form of a
parabola the crow of which is 2.5m above
the springings which are 10m above
measured in the direction of stream the
width of bridge is 6.5m During the flood
the stream rises to a level of 2 Im above
sporingings calculate the force tending to
lift the bridge from its foundation if
remain
arch water tight
Crown
B
s Force tending to
lift the bridge F
2.5m at
D
E
Fu of the hydrostatic
force
ta Yon je
Fue Twx volume
springing
Area AAUFC A ADEC

AABC A DBE
AADEC
equation of parabola y Kat origin is B
 n 5m y 2 5m
2 5 Kx 52
K a 0.1

ie y o I set
2 m
y onym a
Y m
DE
AADEC 10 2.5 3X Y X o 4
3
AADEC I 15 6 m2
Mow A 21 15 6
I 5 Y m total water area
CAD at ECF
Fu 5 UX 6.5 10

351 k
 LIQUIDS IN RELATIVE MOTION

E du dy

da
adds
f
az

vw
a C Iz dz andy

when a liquid is present in a container and the

container moves the liquid also moves
along with the container as a rigid
body
hence there is no relative motion between
different layers of the liquid and it
may be considered as liquid in rest

of the container starts accelerating the liquid

will take different shape and geometry
and for this pressure can be calculated as
in previous case i e static condition
now since liquid is moving like rigid body
from new tons second law

whit wt
F ma
density
dy Pt f r da dy de P da dy da
C did f an da dy
az
r da dy dz P da dy de ag
ftp.fdz.dn dy
P 93 0
Yz 8

812 rt Paz Pg Paz P graz

 P az
Yz at

note Here ve sign signifies that with increase in

depth 3 from bottom pressure decreases
of acceleration is in downward direction then
P g az
Ofa
Here gaz may be termed as effective gravity
P goof i
i
42
similarly for x and y direction weight will be eliminated

i e g o and 93 an array
P Otan
Iz
ii
Of Pan
y
ewers equation
and pay Ciii
y
SPECIAL CASE
case ti Fluid container at rest

94 pressure remains
0
off o
const in horizontal
Pg y pressure plane
Of varies linearly with depth
case ii Fluid container with constant acceleration
an and az

dp
Fa da t
fly 0 dy t de

since ay 0 9 0 p
dP Panda to P g taz dz

At bree surface pressure at each and

every point is 3h0 hence dP o
 O Par da P g az dz

an an G 92 dz
an
dig g az yep
3 surface
n Yep original

tano optima
Fgm is 9
slope negative
no
I R
Here C ve indicates
NOTE sign
i with increase in se in direction of
acceleration Z decreases
wi or it indication water surface will slope
down in direction of se

pressure at O h race
L
r P Goff tugging'ssurface
from new

caseciii fluid container accelerating up the slope

naz
an ax cosh
az an Sind
AZ
Étfrizonta
n
wit
o

Id

gal a ax cost tano

8 9 sing
ay cosy
dig grassing Ffjep
gtaasing
Po 8h 8 9 Jeff
Also pressure at O
 caseciv Fluid container accelerating down the slope

data an ax Cosa tano

g az g a sing 99g
Jeff g ax Sind finalsurface
A
Initial

at
In

July 24
NII For free surface new to be parallel to incline
plane i e 0 4
tano an cosa tana
g ax sing
an costa sins
g an Sind
an costa gsina ax sink
an g sind
ie liquid is moving under the effect
of its
own weight
conclusion of the container containing liquid
rolls down an inclined plane due to
its own weight the liquid surface
will become parallel to the inclined plane
NOTE HOSED FILLED CONTAINER 8 Imaginary free
surface
tano h
gaff 42 0
I
Pressure at O 8h Pgeffh an
 CLOSED FILLED and pressurized fluid 8
Imaginary
pressure Po

timid
I g
surface

navigator mm
to the pressure
no sa

tano Yep az 0

pressure at any point A th Pgeffh

Partially filled closed container

tano gang ang

pressure ato rx corresponding n n

height I
Pgeffh a

9 A Goan high and yo an dia cylinder containing

water is translated on a level road the
highest acceleration is um 152 Determine the
allowable initial water height in tank if
no water is to spill out during acceleration
SI an 4m s
t
Let height be h
Goan h
an
For no spill out

tan D 60 h I
20
Also youn
tano
Yep
tan D or y
or y 4 52 cm
601g
9 For the given system find the slope of liquid
surface and pressure at point B
4 008 C 3m
22
set tano an ya
in an
Jeff B
an a cost 50530 4033 mis A
jojo
Jeff g taz gta sing
Jeff 10 t 5 Sin30 12 5m15

tan 0 433
12 5
06
O
II 2m
now
pressure at
E BE
PB PFeffth g
tano
2,7
2 h 0.519
h 1.48m

I PB 0.8 100013 12.572 x1.48M

PB 14800 N m2
1408 Kulm
and 3.5m long
9 A closed tank 2m deep 1.8m wider has been filled
with sp gravity o 8 up to a depth
oil of
of 1 6m calculate the acceleration which
may be imparted to the Tik the
direction of its length so that bottom
wont end of the tank is just exposed
Also compute the net
horizontal force acting on the tank sides
and show that this is equal to force
necessary to accelerate the liquid mais
sol tomo
gang ang
Also T
mo 1.6 A D
15 OL
42.430 in an

4
O

4 B
3.5m
X
C

an g 14 m 15
A 12 8 Ku m2
porcisure at B
O 8 1000 10 3.2 NI m
em c F
25 6 KN m2
Preis we at A
B 25.6 kn m
008 10004 10X 106
12 8 Kut m2
F 25 6 12 8 X 2X 1 8 69012 1W

Now Force neg to accelerate the oil container

F m x a

F Tx vol x a

F 44
not coming
Ind approach

v01 of air before acela Vol of air after acela

35 108 0 4 242 N
4 108 C s
1.4m

I
n

Also tan D an
Jeff Try B
XC
 an 14028 M sect
Imai
NOW Force on wall g h 3m
5M
I T A
Th A 2m
C F
0.8 10 12 1 8 x U
T B
115 2 a y
force necessary to accelerate
F MX a FI FAB
TX Vol X a
0.8 1000X 1.6 3 5 1 8 X 14028
115 153 Ku
Chance proved
FABI 115 153
force is in opps direct to acela

ROTATION IN CYLINDRICAL CONTAINER

On

EI
w
Ada
Pt Pada
a
Pt d da p da my ftp.drjdamrfz

ar da P dandr f c
Of P
ans
ftp dp
ftp.drt zf
99
dz.dP
PIdr c pgq
3.990
 here Goff g t 92

dP
PI ar p Graz dz

This equation is general equation of vortex

motion i e when fluid is moving in
circular motion
July25 vortex motion are of two types
a Free vortex motion b forced vortex motion
a FREE VORTEX MOTION

of the fluid is rotating without the application of

external torque the motion is called bree vortex
motion Eg water draining from wash basin
For free vortex motion angular momentum
remains conserved as external torque is zero
mum const

since me const un const

at for free vortex motion

b FORCED VORTEX MOTION

If the fluid is rotated with constant angular

velocity w by applicationvortex
of external
motion
torque
it is termed as forced
Eg motion of water in washing machine
here v Wor
ie van for forced vortex motion

In our case the cylinder is being rotated by

application of external torque hence it is forced
vortex motion
dP
PI da P g taz dz

since v won
 I dp
Pandan P g az dz

dP Put on da PG taz dz

D Jap J P win dor P graz de

P Pwr P graz etc

of NZ
At pta m o 3 3 i e at wee surface
D 0
n
Pwr P g taz z te 0
I In a 20
C P Gt 92 Zo
Plat ga at P 9 92 20 a
D Pwt 111

p PWI Pgep 2 20

now at free surface P O

O
Pint e a 92 2 20

2 20 what
2cg aa Life
z 20 w or 2 measured from bottom
29eff Taz is taken to be up war
water surface
e 2 20 elevation from lowest
yi point of the free
surface level CA
a
x

y
NOTE If distances are measured 20 Z
from the lowest level A I
the
ofthen water
0
surface
20
i e whorl
z
29cg ftp z
 Also Po 8h P Jeff h

az Jeff g I

The above expression is valid for all shapes of

container
Eg compute the difference in level in the two limbs
a
aisne lowest point
n
z We
29eff
V
ng
Igt
z
0
porasure at o 2h
L
Pgep h Just find h
b
2 2 will cow
Egg 2g
22
WIT a Y at

2 221 2 Wg Li y zit V
B a 52
pores we at O 8h
I x
Pgeffh L

NOTE VOLUME OF PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION8

Wr
caw
3 of
vol
2g paraboloid f

on
ÉÉ
 I volume due 272 2 dol

Wtf doe
2A r

UF fav graft doe

Ignite
Y Tgs
Now M Wyd I ve
tht
Vol of paraboloid of revolution V AR H V

AR H
V
age
TRIM
i e vav ARM
2

volume of paraboloid of revolution Vol of enclosing cylinder

2

NOTE In case of
the
cylindrical
level
container rise above
will be equal to the
foul
original
below the original level If the liquid
is free to rise and fall
asunder
cow
242
faggot
41 92
v01

EY
y Yz

R
TY A cylinder is filled initially up to top and
notated such that half of the water spills
out then pressure at axis of rotation is
U
Po 0 Calm pressure a p
originalwater
WV surface H

I
d woo

Fon w w and wz rise wi u

o
and fall will be
equal thereafter two A
points will be fixed
at top and its height w
will keep on increase in
angular speed Imaginary
PA th
P Jeph
Ch from free surface i fi
closed
fontaines
partially filled w
original was
Wo 0
Pa 8h h from free surface we
W
PA PJeff h
A
Ws
aggdaner
Closed Fully billed
Filled under pressure closed

ow

noses

Tai
Pas th
PDeff h
Pat PGeff X h
 In case of free ball pressure will
not vary in vertical direction cow
and will only vary in
radial direction
dP
Of drtfz.dz
dz
PI dor PL az da zag
DI da
For the given case find the volume of water spilled
out
UW
von spined n
turn p

V2 TRUE EXARM
in
ARNO
V2
Ig as in
i Vi V2
spilled out

9 a

H He
WIG no F
Wigley
water spilled out is t
V V2
R X
v
Miff
Y Arth
V2
V2 Total v01 of whole
v01Paraboloid t rot of
small paraboloid
V2 AREHc Ex ARM LATCH Hc
TRU
loss of
water AR Ma
TBI Igo
ca ne
9 A closed cylinder o um in diameter and o um in
height is filledis with oil of sp gravity 0.8
If the cylinder rotated about its vertical
axis at a speed of 2009pm calculate the
thrust of oil on top and bottom of the
cylinder
cow
Éi
501 N 2009pm

h why
Yep wig in
P Poi h
Jeff
c s
f P da Poi g o um

total force
Ig Lar do
r s

F ff Po a w
ftp.dr on
d

top Po Twh RY
element If
WI 20 94 mad s
L
É
29T 254,201

Ft 008 1000 X T X 0 947 1,24

Ft 440081 N

Now at the bottom

The radial pores are distribution will remain
constant for both top and bottom only an
additional thrust due to weight will come
FT t Pog H X Area
Fb
440 81 0 8 1000 9.81 0 4 X TX 0.23
FBI 835 29 N W
 Jul 27
9 For the given system find the height of paraboloid
in the tank N 400 rpm
W

n
s he we
wifey raffle
h 41.882 102 41 88 mad É I 120cm
2 981amish 80an

hi 89 4 am
C
space avialable 2X 120 805 zoon
80 an

hence it will keep on increasing down ward

Total von of air Total v01 of air

before rotation
ii after rotation
Tx R X 40 Ex AXA x2
z

Li
As
2
891
z
wig 41 x

Z o 899 ii
From Li Ui
0 89 M
891
9 9173 an

Z 84.50 an
9 A cylindrical vend and 30cm deep is filled
i2andia
with water up to top Find the quantity of
water N 600 rpm
left
n B
SI 2
ER we 2kg800 Z

mom
Z Lot t 6 72 43 an
2 98
C S
which is more than height 12am
of the cylinder Regan IM
now von of water present
axRxH xa
RZJEAA.CZ H
Also z H who
2g
981 17243 30
f
MI
296211 42 0912
D 459 un

Vol 61 30 3
Lynx 4 62
TX
TEY 72 433

707.4 an

9 A closed cylindrical tank im in diameter and 2m

high contains water up to 15m when at rest
It is notated about its longitudinal axis
Find
a
Angular speed when water just touches the top
b Depth of water at the centre if the tank is
rotated at 127 rpm
c angular speed when axial depth is zero
d Area of base exposed is
when the tank
 R 005M
caw
SI HI 2m
I
n

a when water will 2 m

just touch the top 2m

2 2 2 15
Im
s
z m
Wight
w2 2 9.81 1
0.52
We 8.85 madis

b 2 13.32 0.52 2125m

If 13.3 mad s
2 9081

Space avialable Im

Hence top surface will come downward

n
h I
WE
he got ai
433kg h
now As the container is u
closed Hence
Vol of air before rotation volof air
after rotation
ARLO 5 EAT h

h 2 0 5 0.52
82
h Iii
05g
putting value in ega Cii
4 13 32 0 yoga
got
Off
f
2 9 87
MY 0.31 1.5 M
r 0.408m
Hence water depth at centre
 e Angular speed when axial depth to
h
Eg i s
n
2
WF
win ti 2m
ng
Vol air before
ofrotation Vol of air after u
rotation
TRX OJ EXAM X2
M RtXO 5
n 0.53
r 0 353 ii
Why 01.35372 4 9 81

w 17 the mad Is
N 1707 60
169.45 RPM
d Area of base exposed N 190 rpm
ay
h
wig
w
tax a
19 grad s
h
199in
In h
h 20018 M Ci
v
va before Va after
µ
AR H Ex Toth Ari Ch H
Lui
Also
hH what
2g
201807 H Mi 0.495 2001805 2
2g Mp or
we
putting this value in eat hi
052 2 0.511 TX TX 20 18012 T 0.49512018072212018072
TX
1057 36.793 310389 t 3.11 20.1802 2
 1 57 36 713 633.24MY 62 76 62.7592
6 22
6332494 360793 125 5 M2 7 79 0

on solving 7 1103am

Area exposed 3 14 11.32

401 an
 BUOYANCY
R n
P
a tilt i
t t
n Pg c Ph
P Tp

Titi
Pr
P run P2 Tw ath
Fi P A Fa TW nth X A
Net Force in upward direction fret Fa f
Vw ht a A Ko NA
Fnet Tw ha
here A h volume of body Vol of liquid
displaced
i Fnet wt of liquid Displaced Archimedes
principle
Buoyant force Net upward force wt of liquid
displaced
July 29
For a submerged floating body the
or resultant
force exerted on the body by static fluid
is called buyoant force
Buyoant forceand always act in vertically upward
direction has no horizontal component
As per Archimedes principle this Buyant force is
equal weight of liquid displaced
to the

point of application of this force at the ca of

the displaced liquid and is termed as
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
 FLOATATION

A body floats in a liquid when weight is

its
equal to the weight of liquid
the
displaced by
the submerged portion of body termed
as
buyoant force
From static equilibrium cond
W FB 0 it
FB
WI FB
Urs u xrw u v

VI Vol of body
vol of liquid displaced vol of submerged portion
AH rs Ah ru
n
IE
NOTE The above expression is only valid when A const
along the height H

a A metallic body floats at the interface of mercury

4 13 6 and water such that 30 of its volume
is submerged in mercury and 70 water find
the density of the metal

SI FBwatent FB
W
ng
rgXV 8W o 7 GTW 0.30

Ps Pw X0.7 1364Pw Xo 3
ng
Ps 1000 0.7 17 6 100 0.3
Ps I 4780 191m

9 A metallic cube of weight 4506 is

loan side and
lowered into a tank containing two fluid layers of
water and mercury Top edge of the cube is at
watts surface Determine the position of block at
water mercury intervale when it has reached
equilibrium
sot

Iiiisin
let n
of block be at water
so 1100 n in the ng
t
2.6487 N

Fong Gtw x 409TH V 13 6 98104 1198 V

36.022 100 N

450 2 648 N t 36 022 100 N

450 2 6482 3602 2 36 022N

331374N 3152.2
x 94.45
i e 94 45 of vol is in water
As Area is const 03 0 3

so 94 45 height will be in water

height in hw 28 33 an
water
1.06am
height in ng thing
STABILITY OF SUBMERGED FLOATING BODY
stability of the body is classified as follows
a stable equilibrium body is displaced
when
from its original position
and it tends to come back to its
original position it is said to be in STABLE
EQUILIBRIUM
 b Neutral Equilibrium when body is displaced
from its original position
and if it remains to stay in its original
position then it is called neutral Equilibrium

e unstable Equilibrium when body is displaced

from its original position
and it continues to move away it is sade
to be in unstable equilibrium

NOTE of the body can also be

ftp.t.tt as

i i
A B
When small linear displacement sets
up restoring force the body

C D
c D
b Rotational stability
u is below B this is nFB w B
w
possible when most of IFB
the
below
weight is concentrated
1 7
G
when small angular displacement steel
sets up restoring couple
the stability is called
rotational stability
uw
 ROTATIONAL STABILITY OF completely submerged body
a Stable Equilibrium
Rdisplacement
for stable anti m
NFB given
a should be below B
to get the restoring
couple
of I

i
as unstable Equilibrium couple

For unstable equilibrium

or must be above B
G a FB
g
que
B
w
u
Distorting
e Neutral Equilibrium couple
For neutral equilibrium
or must coincide IFacementffBw
with B
B G
No restoring couple will
generate hence body
will continue to stay w
in its new position

NOTE B and B will not be on same line if rotation is

given a rotation

1B
g
TM
ROTATIONAL STABILITY OF FLOATING BODY 8

A floating body will be in stable equilibrium against

rotation if centre of gravity a is below the
centre of Buoyancy B M Displacement

AFB
In
B B
B B
G g
w

Yo Restoring
y couple
A floating body can remain in stable equilibrium
against rotation even if B is below or
unlike submerged body which becomes rotationally
unstable in following situation
case ca

M lies above on
If
restoring couple
IgM
develops and stable G of
equilibrium exists B
UM BM BA t
Y
condition BM Bh
for stable
Restoring couple
W GM sino
7 FB Before
FB a rotation
casecb

or destabilising
couple generates
of É
and UNSTABLE
Equilibrium
exists
condition BMCBG
am BM Bat Destabilising
moment lw.ms
Casca Before
Ifp rotation
If Mand U coincide no
moment will generate FB
and develops NEUTRAL
Equilibrium B pl
BM Bh
condition um O

V
IE W
Here m is termed as meta centre which is the
point intersection of line of action of
of
buyoant force before and after rotation
height am is called meta centric height
UM BM BG

If is
bodywhich rotated displacement of liquid
in it is floating on one side
increases in the direction of rotation
and on the other side decreases in the direction
opposite to rotation which centre of
due to
buoyancy is displaced in the direction of
notation
Position of M changes with angular notation 02
however for HULL SHAPES THE OF
Ships position
of M is considered to be fixed for
small rotation of angle up to 200
M HULLSHAPE

B B

As restoring couple is w.am sino larger is the

meta centric height more will be the
stability
 CALCULATION OF META CENTRIC HEIGHT

GM BM Ba

Ba can be computed once location of centre of

gravity and centre of buoyancy is known

BM depends on axis of rotation of floating

body and is given by
BM
I m
of
height of elementary area
B.tt BFB
n tano o small
tano no w
dh no

volume of element considered y

due da xd h

III
da no

Buoyancy force on this element

df da no r plan
NO da 8 y

moment of this force about axis of rotation date

Total Moment M Jr d f
Me
Sr Korda M
M ro Jada
MI 60 Iyy
For rotational stability B
B
TO Iyy Fax BB
rOIyy J V BMO
vs von of liq displaced
I MOI about pm Eyy
notation axe's
surface
July 31
NOTE Different movements or degree of freedom of ship

Z
surging
Cayawing y
sup xp Ironing
r b

t Hitching
y
surgity É
2
swaying
nearing
NOW
BM
E
For pitching BM b
II
For Rolling BM
If
Also For Rotational stability GM 70
am BM Ba 70

Also higher the value of am higher is rotational

stability
For higher am BM should be higher
since L b Ixx 7 Igy
BMpitching 7 BM rolling

AM pitching 7 AM Rolling

Hence Rolling governs the rotational stability of the

ship floating body
 If ship is safe in rolling it will be automatically safe in
pitching also

9 A homogenous circular cylinder of length h

radius n and G s floats in water It is
noted that on under what condition
24
will the floatation be unstable
T o
SI M 23h
y
n

For floating y G
B y
wt FB
o V
Srw x Arth OW AND
Sh y Ci

For unstable equilibrium rotational

AMC o
BM Ba so critical condition
i e Bmd
on
E OBI 42 BAI 04 OB
hit
BM
E Idan Titty
BM

i
Ey E EY
nfhs f z's
4h2
E
nys g lung IES
S IS
É E
s s
II and
95 95422 o
 i s should be between to 3
For rotational instability
Hence for stability s 73 or s 243
TIME PERIOD OF OSCILLATION
A ship can be considered as a pendulum with
centre of rotation as meta centre
For

Ig
11111 111
wig
oimsino
TI
ZI I
a angular acceleration at Vw
Restoring couple moment w GM sing
ILL up
a angular ace

a
YE
Ia W GM sinO
Onegin o stand
I W GM O
did acclockwise
Restoring moment is in opposite
direction of angular disp o Aew
o
If Wtam
also wt o
If
I we
IIamo
T
ZA
or Vatan o
WINO
 conclusion I
comfort of the ship is more when time period
is more

Hence for greater comfort for given I um should be

less
But smaller GM would decrease rotational stability
of ship
Hence without composing rotational stability if
time period is to be increased I must be
increased by making large ship
Hence for passenger ship am is less and balance
between stability and comfort is achieved
And for cargo ships aim is more as stability
is prime criteria
9 A cone floating in the water with is apex
down has diameter D and vertical height
H if the bits then for stable equilibrium
show that
H C D 543
4 1 513
C D
Sol For Floating a c d s
FBI weight R 9
µ a
ow a a arw B
ACEH U v
ao
dth S DLM
Also D
I In D F
h SMH
DE
43 s m3
h s's m
For rotational stability AM 710

BM BA 70
at the liquid surface
BM
ET
I
tf tf
BM Ad
idk
64 Bff f nth
BM
31 Bf 13 I S M

BM D2 s
3
For
Bh Oh OB
3M t h
3 H h

Bh H 543
3 H

BG 1 543
341
I BM Ba 710

1 543
to 15,543 34 70

1 513
DIMI H

H2 E D2543 A
4 1 543 PrEed
D A rectangular pontoon tom long 8m broad
3m deep weights 980 in It carries on its
upper deck a boiler om in diameter weighing
5881W longitudinal axis of the boiler is
parallel to tom side The con of pontoon
and boiler are at con of respective geometries
and is same vertical line Find meta centric
height rw 10 Kulm
For a
Sol Floating
Gi GM
FBI W

Ow 8 4 10 980 588 n
G
n B biz 3m
y I 1196m y B
o
v c
For rotational stability gm
GM 70
BM Ba 710
Ba 04 OB

on Wix oh Wax092 588 6 980 1.5

Wit wz 980T 588
Oh 34875m
OBI 412 0 98 m

B4 3 1875 0098 2.2075 m

BM Iyy V yx 10 8
IT 104283

BMI 10 83
207.2m
12 1.96 10 8

I UM 2072 202075 005125m

I Metacritic height 0
5125,2
MS
FLOATING BODY CONTAINING LIQUID WITH FREE SURFACE

If a floating body contains liquid with free surface

its meta centric height reduces hence it reduces
its rotational stability n

VW
wanna
to the floating body having
liquid with free surface
the centre of gravity of
the bodya also ship to at
that results in decrease of
meta centric height mm Cmn
Thus it reduces its
stability
rotational
s
mm am
If
ri unit cot of liquid in ship floating body
In MOI of free surface of liquid in
floating body about longitudinal axis
r unit wt of liquid displaced by floating
body
rot of liquid displaced by floating body
For lesser reduction in meta centric height liquid
is placed in separate different compartment
In such case
mm UM E Yi Ii
ru

ri unit wt of liq in ith container

Ii MOI of free surface about longitudinal
axis of ith compartment
 FLUID KINEMATICS

It deals with describing the motion of the fluid

without considering the forces and moments that
cause the motion
It deals with study of velocity acceleration and
angular velocity of how
The fluid motion is described in general by two methods
a LAURA GIAN MTD
b EULERIAN MTD
a In lagrangian mtd he considered a coordinate
system attached to a single Maid particle and
its flow properties velocity acceleration were
described
In this approach during the flood flow
It is difficult to keep track of sing fluid
particle
It is difficult to describe the interaction b w the
particles
As the particle continues to deform and change
its identity it is difficult to recognize
the particle
b In Eulerian mtd a definite volume called as
CONTROL VOLUME through which fluid flows is
considered and instead of tracking the individual
fluid particle fluid properties are described wrt
space and time within control volume

Critz t
d
control
my
In fluid mechanics we deal with EULER's mta
 TYPES OF FLOW
a STEADY UNSTEADY FLOW 8

If fluid properties at given location

anytermed doesnot change
worttime flow is as STEADY flow
or else if it changes with time it is termed as
unsteady now

84 etc steady flow

Eg Off 20 0
91 0

b UNIFORM NON UNIFORM FLOW 8

fluid properties at any given instant

It of time
doesnot varies with location over a space
now it is termed as uniform now

of the properties change then it is non uniform

now
Est 9,1 0
87 0
9,1 0 uniform now
e ONE TWO or THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW 8

If the flow properties varies in one dimension two

dim or three dim cort space only the flow
is termed as one dimer two dim and 3 D how
respectively
Eg v Vin t T E D C T it T 2D
V Kc 9,3 t 3

NOTE The dimensionality of the flow depends upon choice

of coordinate system and its orientation i e
a flow may be 2D in one coordinate system
and same flow may be in ID in another
coord system
NZ
pen9,2 p r 0,8
P
Z
a
g
n X
y o
yc n
cartesian t
 j
Foor
eg
n n z

f
I Agf
7.733 x

L X X X
2 D flow
in Cartesian
coordinate system
whereas in polar coordinate system it depends only
on its radius on Hence it is one dimensional
now in cylindrical coordinate system
Aug
d LAMINARAND TURBULENT FLOW 8
when fluid motion is such that one layer slide pars the
other layer it is termed as laminar grow

this flow occurs at

g low
Generally velocity
Fluid particle of one layer doesnot go into another
layer i e there is no momentum transfer
How near solid boundary is laminar
now in highly viscous liquid is laminar
when fluid particle rows in highly random manner
such that particle of one layer enters or
penetrates into another layer it is called turbulent
flow

here momentum transfer is continuous btw

different layers
 This flow occurs where velocity is comparitively
hers
This occurs away from solid boundary
Flow in leis viscous fluid is turbulent flow
At any point in turbulent hoco vel varies with
time ie unsteady flow but if vet is averaged
over a period of time ie temporal mean velocity
it can can be taken as steady

t mn
e ROTATIONAL IRROTATIONAL FLOW 8

when fluid particle rotate about their con centre of man

during irrotational
How it is termed as rotational flow
else frow
Rotation of the fluid particles in a flow field is
caused in
by viscosity hence and viscous region
flow will be rotational where effect of
viscosity is negligible how can be considered
as inotational

F
F E IRROTATIONAL
a FORCE

f ROTATIONAL
P I
i i aint cincarcaccoccacccaccarcaccicaooooooo
solid
Boundary
NOTE Fluid moving along a straight line and fluid moving
along a circle may not be rotational
III
f compressible Im componentble flow
A compressible how is that in which density of
fluid changes from point to point where as
in incompressible now the density of the
fluid remains constant throughout the now
TYPES OF FLOW LINE 8
For the visualization of the flow certain lines are
defined in flow space termed as slow line
a STREAMLINE8 v
V 7
da dy U 41 stream
eine
ar u

If di dy

In generalform ga of stream
du 2
line is given by

A stream line is a curve such that tangent at

any point on this curve gives the direction of
instantaneous velocity
In 2D any En I
Integral of above eqa will give the equi of stream
line at any instant of time
Hence if flow is UNSTEADY then streamline will
time to time
vary

Ft
teh
VA
t ta
 as
9 The velocity components of flow are given
us N K zy we 5 3 find the eqa of steam
line parsing through point 41,1
so
dy df day

f Es Es E
Inn tiny TC tiny en 5 3 4
e
c en Ln 4 the
110
i
en z 9 In 4
in ne ly
II
en y'h
enat in Yin
in
f tiny

a2 Ya y Iz
y
note stream lines are set of

off
concentric circle with
origin at centres

There is no component of
velocity I to the streamline
i e there will be no flow
across the stream line
A stream line can niether intersect itself nor any
other streamline

The spacing btw streamlines oh

inversely with the vet of
flow u by
u my
9 const
my
q ay Azur
bi XI VF Daxi V2 sink be by uz cu
and Qz
Vi g g
AUG
b STREAM TUBE STREAMTUBE

IN
It is a group bundle of stream
lines
now within the stream tube
must remain more and
cannot cross the boundary of f
stream tube
At any instant of time the man how rate parsing
through the section must be constance
i e const
if
count P g const

C PATH LINE

actual path travelled by

any
particle
period of
individual fluid
over
time
some
is
jÉÉÉ
called PAT M LINE M ts

concept É
It is not an instantaneous
concept and it involves finite
time period
Cd STREAK LINE

that they have poised

sequentially through a g
given point in flow to

line
E
it
It is formed by continuous
introduction of dye
T on steady flow streak line stream line and path line
are same

For unsteady flow streak line at any instant of

How is the locus of end point of path line
CONTINUITY EQUATION8

It is based on principle of conservation of mars

According tomars this man inflow in a fixed

region I outflow from that region in a
particular time
w it can also be stated as difference of
man in blow and man out now in fixed region
is equal to change in storage in that
region
continuity eqa in cartesian coordinate system
ny
mi Montt Mstorage
In x direction Ly
min Mont at min inout Mn my Tt de

min Mont Msterage i t

s
dz
ini mo n min Int off du y

Off idk

Mars how rate in Pg pave e velocity

velocity v nitwit wi
i dydz U die
off
du
fan
Pu du
similarly min moat
g PW du
min Mont z
g
 change in storage Pudu

From eqa ii
Pu du Pw du
Off du
fy ftp.du
AM
toff glow so

most generalized form of continuity ega

valid for all types of flow steady unsteady uniform
non uniform compressible non compressible

For steady flow

Of 0

In 3d
In f 94 0

In 2d
of 811 0

on id min mo s Mstorate
s can be anything
as CPA as
GAO u b c

At General equi for It

9,1 Of a
since flow is steady f o

Ad D
If
Integrating
PAU cost
ie P At Pa Azt
For steady flow and incompressible flow
and i e D const of o
Oft so
in 3d 0 d Avis Aziz
85
h
In of p
in 2d of
 CONTINUITY EON IN CYLINDRICAL POLAR COORDINATE
SYSTEM E
In 3D GAA Oz
Prum
off I Ego 1
51 0
V
In 217 Vz 0 steady 81 0
Yo
Incompressible flow 85 0 flow Mo Ids
ios Ido Kan
n
9,41 9
0 0

off 9 0
Ang6
9 If velocity components as any Ny Va ny
y ye
then value of d bet possible flow field
involving steady in compressible now would be
sot continuity cars in apt

9ft 91 87
0

For steady flow

81 0

and incomprevive hence P const

i
fat 87 0

n'y t
any
fy ny 344 0

dy any any 343 0

3
9 For the flow of on incompressible the velocity
component in a dime tian is us art by and
the vet comp in 2 direction 0 find the
velocity comp u in y direction such that
u o at yeo
sot vet component in 2 direction o Hence for 2 D
continuity eye will be
87 87 95 0

Incompressible D const
P 4 85 0
Pylant by t 94 0

Zant
8 0 a

Integrating
U 2aYNtC
y o.v o.i 2 0

zany

9 water flows steadily through a pump the velocity

distribution in the inlet pipe being parabolic
and that the outlet pipe being uniform The
dia of the inlet pipe is coom and that of
the outlet pipe is 8cm The velocity distribution
in the inlet pipe is given by
3 or radial distance
1
of from the axis
Re Radius of inlet pipe

compute the magnitude of velocity in the outlet pipe

Sol

Gump

Inlet outlet
 since the velocity is variable in inlet Pipe
Gimlet
f dq fda.ve
gins fear do 311 Ir It it
n

bat
fill f do I Ed
a
E E
3A R
Got
RI RI 2

For steady flow condition

A V AV2

8 102 X V2
32N 4
6R 64 10 4 Nz

02 20343 Mls

NOTE continuity Ega for steady incompressibleo flow

is given by divergence of velocity
Tchange
82k nitwit wi
I fait ft I

prof f 5 0 steady incompressible flow

F D ait ait wi
fait g je z k o

we need to prove the's

In tf 083 0

If on general continuity eye is given by

0
8 95 0
f tuff t
Rft t
8ft Pdf wot to z
 I tuff tuff w
It PEE 1 7.7 0

off of 7 of of 878,1
agg agg
cort time
P D E o
If
For steady incompressible flow
91 0

I
P P o

9 Density at a point varies at a rate of 5 191m21sec

and density at that point at that instant
is 1000kg m3 Find the divergence of velocity
sod we know
p 8 T 0
of
F 5
Ip Of
5
boong see

FD too m see

NOTE For any flow to be possible continuity ega must

be satisfied
ACCELERATION OF FLUID PARTICLE 8
D ulna z t it U nay 2,45 win y z t I

If a ant ay j t ask
an dat tf dat t
of date off dat
 ane u
In v84 wot 87
similarly
ay u
get v8 t
wot tf
also
az u
off v
off t
waft off
contectiveladrective total temporal
acceleration Acceleration
acceleration varying with acceleration varying
time with time
For Ex FG
a
a ti Etz
with respect to time also
vet is not changing
as const head is
satme
vee.li maintained rence
Local acela 0
Hence it is not varying
with space as A const STEADY uniform now
convective acct o

b TO It to t t
y
with time ve const
as const head is maintain
Hence local to
12 3
vet is decreasing A incre STEADY NON Uniform to
hence cont accent 0

gutty fi
t tz
lt ti

localaccta 0
I 23 unsteady non uniform flow
conv accla to

unsteady and uniform now practically do not exist

conclusion

umsiamw
Total ace convective accla

b For uniform now convec accha 0 if

us for steady uniform now

total accla D
unmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

NORMAL TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION

a TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION Itis the ace th due to
change in magnitude of
velocity

How line
Us snit
i
normally gr Gnit
ctdgeni.ae

tangential 8 of 8 dat
acceleration If 85s
Us On
as
8 8 9ft general
Ega
If now line is stream line un o
No now occurs accrors the line

Us
as
8ft 8
convectivetangential local tangential acceleration
acceleration
Therefore if spacing btw streamline changes tangential
aecia exist as vet will change its magnitude
but direction will be same
Aug10 b NORMAL ACCELERATION 8 It is due to change in
the direction of fluid
along the curved path
Normal an
accia 9 8 9 47 8 dat
Us in
an
8 off off saeneral
EEL

Now if flow is taking place along stream line un o

c
t 8th
d local normal
convective normal acceleration
acceleration
Note u
4
98 y 10 A
Dun
n
s
n just 00 ustaus
I g
Ust tangential acela
The vector Naingle is drawn with Dv as the
change of velocity which consist of both
change in direction t change in magnitude
wuss change in tag velocity ie ones man
Low changes
that of Us
hence direction is same as
But change in
Dun normal aced
s ie
change in direction Now un is It
to the us Hence at so oun is drawn
with bus which meets the lines ust ou
at point Z

Now in Right L triangle 9 2

tano
If 85
 if O is small tant e o
o Ci
of
Also Cii
O
AL
of
Es I
putting this value in us
ans
get
us
ans
Off
an
It off

i'is
Ex i t t
aleta exist because
R Eta angi
wat time at
any yy
given section xx or
is Y because water level
is change
fixed
tip
convective tangential acceleration exists because may of
velocity is changing wort section at any
given time Because the nozzle has tapered
section hence spacing of stream line changing
hence vet also changer
convective normal accla exist because direction of
velocity is changing from
section to section at any given time as stream lines
are curved
Local Normal acela will notexist because glow
is taking place in confined
space that is not changing with time
 1111111 No acceleration
q
a 1111111 wrt time E const hence no local acute
Wrt space dist btw stream line same
hence no change in vet
No conn acela
sn

j
normal accia
9 1 11 b
11 mas of vet is changing with
a 11 space
conv tang accieneration

d
stream line curved normal acela
141ft
spacing const no tangential accla
change in air wrt space
q i convective normal accla

curved normal accin

I q
spacing not cont Tangential acct a
mag is changing wit space
convective Tang accla
dior is changing wrt space
conv Normal a cell

9 A with 10cm inlet dia 20cm outlet dia

conical pipe
and 100cm length is placed horizontally The vet
of any cross section may be considered to
be uniform
Determine the convective and local acela at
section where dia is 15cm for following cases
ca const inlet discharge for 02m31sec
b Inlet discharge varying linearly from 0.2m's
to o y m Is over 2 sec The time of
interest is when El
sq a qi Oo2m31s

How is in St line delson do 20cm

dislocm
NO Normal a cell
mas is changing
tangential acela exist c soon
C
mag is changing wrt space loom
convective tangential accha
with time mag is not changing as q const
hence local acct a 0

At any distance se Du 001 o1 a

10.2
o I t o in 01 Itn

An Exo 12 ITN

velocity 9
Un
In 785 10 3 Itn

24 253
8 7 Exo
29 254 649 14h53
785 103 1 2,3
convective accla 2540049
u
ft y.gg Itn 3

NI 0.5m 0.2 4254.64 0.2

7 85 10 3 1.52 5 3
170 85 M S2
b at El 9 002 1042003 x1 0.3 mis

Now com acela Un funny 38404 m s

o

local acela i
8 fun 7.85 10 3 xx
 YEA 84 44 1018
1 I 5.66 M see
382 x o

Men a total ace in 566 384 4

378 74 m 1st

Aug ANGULAR VELOCITY R

of motions deformation

É
hhhY

X X S X
x
Translation Rotational Linear Rotational
motion motion Deformation Deformation
Macnamara
Here rate of translational motion is termed as
linear velocity
Also rate of rotational motion or avg of
rotation rate of two initially perpendicular
lines is termed as Angular velocity

It I dat tf
I Int try j t raid
or
a wat t Wy j t Wak
 gutsydy fly.dyjdt
y y
dy nu da
Itf dy
of x y t
da dt
pan xx
O an

If O is small OF tan O
i da
fat dn at
ga
da data
rate of rotation
It
df
n

similarly
dp dy dt
of
dy
rate of rotation
age off dy
dy
Angular velocity
axis
wz df I aft It
z

wz I Ei
nu na wa I 8 83
I wy I 83 in
Also I i j K
E En Ey 83 2 2 ME
u u w
 If angular velocity is 3h0 how is IRROTATIONAL

9 A now field is given by

u nyit 2yzj yztzyk
Determine wheather this is possible steady incompr
mu'd now or not

If so calculate the ace in and angular velocity

at point 11,213
sod a For steady incompressible fluid flow continuity
eqa must be satisfied
0
81 8 83
u ny 0 93 32
Fn y 293
22 2 9 22

Y 2 y 23 0
z
which is true Hence it is possible
a accleration
as ant tags t ask
vorticity Y
It is defined as twice of angular velocity
21

2 R 2X I DIE
xD i j K
Fu toy 82
u v w

if vorticity of a point is zero The fluid is

i'rotational
CIRCULATION T

It is defined as line
integral of tangential
component of velocity vector along a
closed curve
Closed curved

a
s
q
a 103

I f I Is
2 Jo lui tuft WI dnitdyft dak
Of Cdn udy t w dz

Hence if circulation at a point in fluid flow

is zero now is termed as ionotational
flow ut
let flow be two dimensional Ey dy
no ady
R da Utfund
 g dy t v dy
E u dn
Utf du dy t ut da t

dandy da
fat of dy

t da dy
Leggy
Z 2Wz A

203 Also
E
circulation per unit area is
termed as vorticity
Augie 9 Find the circulation around a a closed curve
defined by yet 2 2 y 4 n y when
velocity field is given4 by
UI toy 8k 84 7N

so
t D Fids
f udnt Udy 9 4 D e

e goy 8011 1189

I MIT ya
a
j s
t
J Goy onJy
yt 89 71
9
16 12 12116 4 28 3 K2 2 4
E 15
1 16 14 1 3
64 2 4 I 4 16 I
32 48 60 84 128 48 60 t 42

32 84 128 42 138

or 5 9 A III a a i i
Fa Fy
toy 8h gy ta
A 7 16
2 3 1 23 138
9 If velocity is
given by ve f given the variation
of tangential velocity with radius n in a
in
vortex formed a wash basin
Determine the circulation
a Around a closed curve formed by two
stream line of R and n Rz and
two radial lines with an angle of
O btw them
b Around a closed curve in form of
concentric circle of radius Ri
cc solve the above problem in forced
vortex How cus con

Sol a 5 8 P d
TVER
I dj R2 O
o
CAB
t
g R2 RI
a as tr rides
C O
O
LO
B after C

i e how is irrotational
ie Free vortex flow is ionotational
b E 8D dst
ZAC O
E X ZAR ie Rotational
V
R
NOTE t If in case of concentric
E is not zero How V 7
circle
seems to be notational
However even for smaller radius of the
closed path including center circulation
is still Zac i e all E in free vortex condt
is confined near centre and How away
from centre is enentially inotation
e
for forced vortex motion
Li DT ds
O ds T w Ra RI t o ds t C W RI R O

writ writ
Wo ri ri to
Forced vortex now is rotational
Lii f TS as WR Ra
2W Rin i e rotational
VELOCITY POTENTIAL I POTENTIAL FUNCTION 8 O

velocity potential is the scalar function of space

and time such that its negative derivate wrt
any direction gives velocity of brow in
that direction
D f x y z t

off u
E w

v
of
similarly in polar co ordinate system
No
9 von
Of
8 vz

velocity potential exist only for ideal and

irroration flow

Angular
velocity
wz In 9
ICEL 89 848
IF 8
wz o i e flow imitation
is
hence velocity potential exist for ideal
inrotational flow
 If 0 is constant in any direction then velocity
in that direction will be zero
O c

ft 4 0

Line joining the points of equal vet potential is

termed as equipotential line
Along equipotential line How cannot occur as
the change in potential on this line is
zero because potential is same in this
line

É
Foor steady Incompressible
flow
0

91 85 82 0

9 of 81
0

8 87 81 o

D 0 0 Also known as Laplace Eqa

Hence if any velocity potential function O
satisfies laplace eqa it will represent
steady incompressible flow
1
velocity potential helps in integration of Euler's
qa to find out Bernoulli's eye

STREAM FUNCTION H
It is a scalar function of space and time such
that its partial derivative wrt any direction
gives the vet comp at right angle in
direction anticlockwise
flu y t
ya
y no
Ty
8 Vy v
d
Un U s
 For inrotational flow wz D

wz I Int 83 0

En

Off oft
so
laplace egr in 2D
Hence
How
if stream
is tf tiffins tiedotherwise Laplace era
rotational
Augie The difference of stream function btw two
points is equal to flow across the line
joining these two points
Y Ya How across line x x
joing xy
4 42
Hence if two points are on
stream line as cannot be any flow
there
across the streamline Y 42 0
i e y const ie stream function is
constant for a stream line
NOTE Potential function P exist only for irroration
How where as stream function y
exist for both rotational irrotational
How
For imotational flow both potential fr
Y satisfies laplace eqa
For inrotational incompressible flow
us
81 95 Cauchy Rieman
EEE
0
99 of
9 stream function is given by Y
any t Intl y
Find the flow across the line joining
points A 0,2 and B 3,0

SI Fom flow across the line

Y 42 flow across AB
9 4 y
op Euro
42 3,0 0

flow 4 CAB

9 If D 3ny find u and y components of

velocity at 1,3 and 3,3 also find
the discharge btw stream lines parsing
through this points
so X component u
Ya 39
9
4
4,3 9
J 13,33
y component Yy 3h

4,3
3 V
3 9

D 94 94 32

9
u
84 34

04 3h AK so that if we diff
Ya
Y tip p wit a it
becomes o
y

By Ly

f3ydy FLY
4 31 t c

321 I C

EAB YA YB
 YA 32 C
i 22
12 TC

TB 0
3 E Ee t c

TAB 12

9 n Gy 1 find the velocity at 314

29 1
Sol u
94
4 314 7
v B E ti og
of
an

o IIF Fsb
Ucs g 21
D Ly y a wheather flow is
g
yay not
check

possible or

Sol If Laplace eye is satisfied the now is

possible

If
0
87
D MY my y set

Of 27
2 22 o
Ofa ay 08g

9 2 23 2
81 25 2 83 0

to hence now is not possible

If off
9 If streamfa Y a y what is the shape
of the stream line
So For steam line 4 const
N y't c
i e Rectangular hyperbola

FLOW NET 8

A line along which stream function is termed as

stream line and the line along as
which velocity 41 constant is caned
equipotential line 0 0
A grid obtained by drawing series of equipoten
line and line is
stream termed as
flow net

304
pm'd
lines
4
stream

Flow net is drawn in such way that

a diff b w
stream fry of two successive streamline are
same
hence discharge btw two successive steam line
is constant in a flow net
Flow occurs in the direction of decreasing
potential function
Equipotential stream line are orthogonal to
each other
let 4 stream function
D velocity function
9
00 dnt
8g dy
since p const for steam line
0
94 du t
fy dy
day Ct Ep
I I
similarly
00 8 da t
fly dy
since D const

3 8 Egg I

E p
x data t I

Mi Mz 1
hence they are orthogonal
 FLUID DYNAMICS

It is the study of flow of fluid along with the

forces responsible for it
Hence newtons second law Ema of motion is
used to analyze dynamic behaviour of
fluid now
In the fluid flow various forces acting on
it are as follows
i aravity force
ii pressure force
Liii viscous force
Liv Force due to turbulence
u
vi
u
i n
n a
compressibility
Tension Minoo
u surface
Aug15
NOTE when all forces are taken into account the
equation of motion is termed as newtons
eqa of motion
But when compressibility and surface tension is
not considered then it is termed as
Reynold's eqa of motion
when comprenibity surface tension and force
due to turbulence is neglected lie only
gravity pressure viscous force is considered
it is called NAVIER STOKES EQUATION
when only gravity
it
and pressure force is
considered is termed as euler's eqa
of motion It will be used in Dynamics
for analysis of fluid flow
 BERNOULLIE'S EQUATION
It is based upon conservation of Energy
It is obtained by integration of Euler's eqa
of motion along a stream line under
steady incompressible flow

Newton
motion
and u

F
É
IF m as n
EYYP.in ptap da wsin0 mas

dP.dA rwdu sin0 Pudu Oss tangential veloce

day us volume
dp da ow Lda d sin D Puds da t
f date
For steady flow 0
94
dp rw ds sino Puds
I Us to

dp ow dy Pw d
Us du
Ff ds sin

tgdytd.pt o ay ds sine
Integrating both side
general eqa
t gy japp
a c

For incompressible flow D const

t const specific eqa
t gy
by
Not The value of constant in above

Off
ya eqa is same along a stream
line However if now is
inrotational the value of
constant is same along all the
streamlines
 If now is rotation
const Const I G

ft gy t Ew egyat f Ew tgy t
UI
Ib now is irrotational

In tgy t
I By tgy t
of Bo gyst

while analysing Bernoulli's eqa only gravity and

pressure forces are considered hence it
any other force except this two is
present in system then this eqa will
not be applicable
Eg It is not applicable for long narrow
flow passage because viscous force will
come in action

i it iscosin

It is not applicable beyond Mach No 73 as

compressibility would also come into the picture
In diverging flow section it is not applicable as
flow separation and energy loss occurs

Teddies
gown
mmmm
It is not applicable in flow section that involves
fan turbines or any other mechanical unit
as it involves energy loss or gain or work
transfer
It is not applicable in flow sections that involves
temperature
the
change as comprenibity comes
into picture
 FORMS OF BERNOULLI'S EON 8

ca
pp t gy t
I coast here
is
diff
reported
forms of energy
per unit
En mais
Preisure En tentann Kinetics
mars

b ppg t y
a If const ca Reported per
weight
unit
also termed
H Kinetic En as head
Potential En
Por energy wt
wt
wt
c p t ry t
If const G reported in
tomes of pressure
I w
dynamic
static Hydrostatic
prey press pressure
Actual pr Pressure developed when liq in motion
in fluid Thigh is brought to rest
a

Kinetic energy Pressure developed

of liq per unit wt

E
p PI dynamic premiere
NOTE Here sum of static premiere b and dynamic
posers are V42 is termed as STAGNATION pressure

Pstag P t
PI
measurement of stagnation prasure helps in binding
the velocity in any system and velocity can
be found out as

P v2
ILPstas
U Pst P
3
NOTE Mere sum of static pressure and hydrostatic
pressure is termed as PIEZOMETRIC Prem

Priez p try

piecometer Pitot tube

Egg
static spy Pgtag

3
3
KB T V

X Datum
Y X

Datum head at D y
Poreisure u a B Mr
piezometric head at B Yt Plr
Datum head B I Datum head A
B t preen n A
prey u
But piezomen's head Piezomenichead A
i e piezomen's head is the head of water in
piezometer wrt datum

But in general the head in piezometer above concerned

point will give pressure head but the head
in piecometer wont datum will give piezo metric
head

Aug17
Piecometric head is const at all the depths at a
particular section if streamline are straight
But if stream line are curved the piezo men's
head will vary across the depth at a
particular section
 Piezometric B B Bite piezomeme
head head
same
y A

B B

dA straight pipe curved pipe

Pdp
Ida normal direction
it From newton's second law
dy to
th
F ma

if
n
Icoso an
p da Pt dp da w cosD man
p
da dp da rda dm cos 0 Pda dn an
ay
n dp r dy Pdn an
d p t r dy t Pdn an 0

t an an o
dpt t g dy
g day an
dfn I t
a

EIIEIIgmunit
Here

I ie
head
from
differential of
is
point
not
ie
point to
zero
piezo metric
for
pieromeric head
curved
chases
mars

But be it straight stream line an 0 ie

differential of p head is zero i e p head is
constant at all the point
an 0
const
It gy
NOTE In real situations where energy transfer i e energy
gain or loss and head loss takes place the
bernoulli's Ega can be modified as follows
 I tug t y t Ea
f t Eg t yo t Eat he
modified
form of
Bernoulli's Eat gain of energy htt head loss due to
equi Ect loss of energy friction

CORRECTION FACTOR
while analysing Bernoulli Is eqa braid is considered
to be ideal hence vet is taken to be
const accron the section but in real time'd
vet varies across the section

3
Varg

Ideal fluid Real fluid

constant Parabolic

Hence if we want to calculate the actual kinetic

energy in terms of arg KE a factor a termed
as kinetic Energy correction factor is to
be used along
Varg Im Vactual
2 I m

a Actual K E
Ang KE

ke of elemental area s

didE Examx v2
I
It Yate i e
per unit time
KE Jt P da I

KEKE E Jo da Ci
KE using aug velocity
Ix PA Varg Varg xx

PA Vang xx Cii
I
From Li Lii

Ip Vad da I PA Vans
x

a Vad da
A Varg

here to find vang use continuity eqa

g A Varg fv da

Vang SA V da

hence Bernoulli's age using ice correction factor is

given by
const
ft Yog t y

A similar momentum correction factor B is

defined in momentum each
man
grate of
p M Dang Jdm Vact
G Av
A

B J P A Vang vang JP da Vact Vact

B S Vat da
A Varig

here also
vang fu
A
da

A
9 velocity profile in circular pipe is given by
vivo I
of
How is laminar compute 2 B
501 Ca KE correction factor x

a Vad da
A Varg

Varg V da I aid
a

If Vo l 2am do

I f Vo 1 of r doe

II fry or
Voy do

tri E r
E E
vang E
E do
f
a volt arr

Evo Jo
d or
I
of r
Let I
I t
a
Y J t I at
212 do dt

8 6 n dn at
2
t 2

9 2
For laminar flow in circular pipe
 NOTE For laminar flow condition
a In circular pipe 2 2
b In parallel plate 2 10543

For turbulent flow conda

Ca In circular pipe 2 1.03 1 06
For ideal slow conde
For all pipes 2 1

b Momentum correction factor B

B J Vact da
A Vang

D J v5 1
of zar dr

ARZ.CO
y2B
pEvoivo1rL1 ofj.r an

at
B
I g't E
4 413
B I
8 43

Aug 18 APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI'S EON

a VENTURIMETER
It is a device used to find out the discharge
through a pipeline
working principle of venturimeter includes
reduction in area at throat that results
in increase in velocity in steady brow
which further causes decrease in pressure
that gives the discharge
 R
iii
n

q 3 di
N 0 220 N f 0 60
v
y Yz

v v Datum

Applying Bernoulli's Ega at and

I t bit
Ig I Yat
Ig
Vi Vi
It Yi
It y
2g
h

he piezometric head difference

L
vigil
4 91mF agh
9 tap tap 29h

g 2g h Sha Ai
Ai AE
ta ta
g MA
Itai
In above discharge theoritical losses are not being
considered hence actual discharge is
given by gag ca glue Cd coeff of discharge
which accounts for
losses in pipe section
 Bait Cd A Ah i
191A

here A A2 k termed as venturi

alga constant

I Duct Cd K Th

To compute coeff of discharge losses can be

considered in Energy Ega
Pt t Y T
Ig By t but
É the
Etb Et D Vig the
h
Vig the

wi ri 2g Ch ne
h ay
f G 2g

hi
Anjali
9 29 h

g 29 h he Af at
Ail Azz
act Araz Lii
391 11
losses
are considered

From Li lid
Cd AnAz f 29h At 2g hay
A2 azz Af Azz
Cd h hi
n
 In venturimeter gradual contraction and expansion
is ensured to avoid flow separation hence
ca az can be taken as complete area of
throat
n

3
a ar f
u 3 Ida
varying
no
v separation

NOTE Here reduction in area of flow is expressed

in terms of coff of contraction
In 1st case cc 4 1

2nd case cc 922 1

h hence losses due to eddy formation does not
take place hence value of Cd is companitively
more I 0.98

Since tendency of frow separation is more during

expansion than contraction angle of divergence
160 is kept less than angle of convergence 220
and the section is not used for discharge
measurement rather contraction section is
med
cross sectional area of throat cannot be
reduced beyond a certain limit as
pressure may fall below vapour pressure
leading to cavitation
hence dz to 3 di
dz diam of throat d e dia of pipe
 INCLINED VENTURI METER With DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

case i am Cha he ai

Inn
a

n n Reading of
y diff manometer

YA e V

v v

using pascal's law

Pat G Tw N PB thirwaz t 428Wh
PA PB ni ni t n
912W g
y
Because a sp gravity liquid is flowing

1 Landtag utsa so

1 413 1
h YB
Na a YA
GIN
h n t
hat n Typ ni Ya N in
h E In
 d A Az 29 hat Da
Dact CdX 9th
AT AT

Aug19
case ii am az Gela

Pa G run PB 4,8Wh 42Wh 9

Ni na
Pagfw E n
Ul
n n
PEW Ya PEW YB
E n

Ya YB

h n Katya YB Gin Egg ya

h Chit YA GutTB
Datum
he n n
n manometric Reading or difference
h a i in reading
g
Now Bact Ar Az
Cd
a
Vega i
ay
A

9 A flow nozzle is used for measuring the

dis ch in laboratory The approach How
pipe has 100mm dia and throat dice of
nozzle is Go mm Cv 0.9 Diff head
Find
manometer reading is 13.5 an Mg the
discharge in pipe
Sol piezoman's head diff
h 2
E 1 N
134 1 x 13.5 10

he 1.701 m

It bit Igt I Yo t
Yg
Feb Eta VEI
vigil
n

Vi 2ghtvi
V2
fight up
V2act Cu Veith
cu fight 91A
I cut light 91A
g
9 E É ciign
9 I 0.01575 m3 S

9 a venturimeter in installed in a pipe line 500mm

dia the throat pipe dia ratio is 42 The
pressure in the pipe line is 1 s island and
at throat is no om ng vaccum of 4
of differential head is lost between the
gauges compute the how in pipeline
501 D 500mm PA 1.519 lame
D2 250mm
I't approach Cd approach

I bit
Ig By that

Tty Eta Vig h

Assuming y ya ie horizontal
 P 1.5 19 an

I Joykhtong 15m

zpg
g_
y
pg
Diff head h 15 5 44 20 44 m

now he not of h

f
h 1 0.98
ed I 0,1
g a Cd Araz Agh
AZ Az
05 2
g 0.98 X Ey t
I OE 9.81 20.44
0 52 0
I 4
9 2 22m31s

Ind approach Energy

Pt t at
Ig I t bat Igt he

92 the
Assume y
I I Vizag the

h 20.44 m

he Yolo of h o 04h 0.817 m

20 44 2 0 817
I
385 9
Ky orgy tax0.5
9 0 98m31s
B ORIFICE METER 8
R p Eh
It is used to measure
the discharge ii i

In
through pipe
this case a
circular plate with
I
concentric sharp Ioantracta
edged hole such that
to
the plate is to to
the axis of pipe
It is comparitively cheaper than
venturi meter as its size is small hence
it find its application if there is space
restriction
As How separation takes place in this case
head loss is more which also results in
lower value of Cd 70.6

NOTE I D The region where flow area is minimum

is termed as venna contracta ve

2 As it is difficult to find area az at venna

contracta it is expressed in terms of
parameter coeff of contraction
cc 92g
Applying Bernoulli's sea

I y
Ig I Ya
Ig
Igt
L
ty E y

E I agn

g a 92 a
ai ai
But az is unknown hence a cc do
 gth 9 Ciao 29h
f ai cao

gact Cd Cc 9190 agh

at cc 90

Aug20
Tact Cv Other

e coeff of
Also a cc a contraction

Duct Vax 92

ga co cu go O

Da Cd 9th
Here Cda Coe tf of discharge at
venna contracta
Cd Cc Cu

coeff of discharge coeff of contraction X coff of velocity

9th theoretical discharge at orifice
da Cd a ao Agh
2
a q2
If area
of flow is not reduced
i e ao az
after parsing
through orifice
cc I
i Ca cu

At venna contract streamlines are straight lines

hence piezometric head is constant throughout
the section
9 An orifice meter is being used to
measure flow rate
of a liquid a pipe in piezometer shows a
pressure difference of n m of water column
when the flow rate is g If the flow
rate is doubled the pressure diff in ht
of water column m will be
Sol g a f
9 K Thi 92 Kfz

Era
NOW 92 29 29

P
he yn

9 Find the time required to empty half cylindrical

tank which is bull initially to ht M L D
s
R n
E OR a

Eat1 11111 114

h
ith die
I
E Do Datum

Applying Bernoulli's Eea at 4 z

point a at the interface
often t paso atmospheric
g to
Pl O atmospheric
V2 a
vol
of water drained out from tank in time at
due A d h q dt

Ff dh Ey Do Ugh at
at dh
Bargh
 I t fit
at
to
E Ig Ern
t Ft A
to Fg
Io F M
Eg
Ipo Fm Fi
Ig
not ta D Dia of tank
th Yai Dia of orifice
C NOZZLE METER
The nozzle meter is truncated form of venturimeter
without the diverging portion
It is simply a contraction with well rounded
entrance placed on the pipe line
It is simpler than venturi meter and can be
installed easily between flanges

Here cc l so ca Cv

B A

GI

Da Cd a az Agh h E n

ai ai Cd can be taken as cu
D ELBOW METER

It also used to measure R

discharge inpipe pppqued
x
I
It is based on principle R2
when
a
liquid
pipe
moves along
bend it follows g
4 FREE VORTEX condition 9
ie or const U out.gg inner side
E
i in
i
since Ri R2

iii
xx

From energy conservation

p 7 P2

ga Cd A Fgh A Area of pipe

fat
a 1

E PITOT TUBE

It is used to velocity of fluid

measure when
section of the pipe is straight
Difference in reading of pitot tube and
piezometer is noted which indicates the
velocity head n
e É Ep
stay
h up velocity at
B i
VB A B Y U
YA
Vact Cv Agh YB
V u
cut o 98 for pitot Datum
tube
NOTE Anemometer is used to measure air gas
velocity
Aug2 F PITOT STATIC TUBE I PRANDTL TUBE
This is also used to the
measure velocity at
a point in fluid tow especially when
streamlines are curved

As if streamlines are arved piezometric head

is not constant throughout the section
hence in such case it is necessary to bound
out piecometric head at same point at which
velocity is to be measured
hence pitot static tube prandtl tube is used
as it satisfies the above purpose
The front portion of the tape is rounded in
order to avoid separation of now and it
shaft holes are provided at certain
distance where steam line becomes parallel

i
n

B
3 n ii i i i
patum

L
Ig
Unt 2gh
Vact Cw Itn Cu 20 99 for Prandtl tube
9 For the given case compute velocity at point A

tennis D Damn
va 2g Y
É a

9 A pitot tube records reading of 7.851W m2 as the

stagnation pressure when it is need at the
centre of pipe of 250mm conveying water
The static pressure in the pipe is no mm of
mercury gauge vaccum compute the
di charge through the pipe assuming that
the mean velocity of flow is 0.8 times the
max velocity Cd 0 98

Pstatic T Pdynamic
It Pstag

Pstatic 40mm 40 13 6 X NEW

Ig Ew
544 mm
Pstag
Ew 7,8g o.gm o 544m

Payn Psterg Pst

0.8 0 544

v2 26 36 Mls

Vin 51 now Cd Cocu

As Cc I
t ca Cu
Vact Cv Vin org8 51
at
centre Kuma 5 03m Is
and pitotinstalled
tube is mean 0 8 X Vmax I 4 02 Mls
at centre
g A V mean
EX 507 X 4 02
0 197m31s
9 If siphon friction lots in siphon is neglected
5mm
compute ci Determine the time of with draw
u lit
of petrol from to
ii Poreisure at point Ppeto 750191m
92m
B n

o 75m

Datum
R E v

Sol Applying Energy Eea at and

P t
g
P t 2 t 2 t
Vig
P 0 Latin Pat O
Z oops Z O
U TO
Ot 0.75 t Ot
Y
o o t

V2 v75 3.83 m s
Discharge g A V
Ex 10.0055 3 83 7.52 1051

9 7.52 10 5 103 4s
7 521 10 2 lls
For W 41
t s
fax 2 5302 sec

ii using energy eqa btw pt and

Pi t at Yg Past 23
Eg gift
0 075 to p a as co
Pz 2.75

Poreisure 2 75
Tetro
pressure 2.75 750 Hm 2062
519
 Using Energy eqa btw and

Pat at P 23
Yg
Pst
Ig
Oto 2.75
Vg
since Ae const Uz V
I P 2.75
Preis are z 2062.5 19m3
NOTE if P a vapour pressure boiling will start
if in que it is
asked to find that height
where boiling will start
put P vapour pressure and assume
height n

Aug23
9 A siphon pumps water from a large reservoir to
a lower tank that is initially empty The
tank also has a mounded orifice 6m below
the reservoir surface where water leaves
the tank Both the siphon and orifice
dia are 5cm Ignoring friction lots find
the height up to which the water will
rise in the tank at equilibrium
sod Applying bernouli's
Ega btw and
1 a
2
Btw at
Ig fat thy
P IO P Twh Gm
21 6 Vito
i
0
n
6
Tito
vs Fig
Applying Bernoulli's EEE btw
pawn 1
5 4

Is t est
Ig Ew t cut
Ig
 85 0 25 4 V5 0
Py 0 24 0

Ot ht
Ig
0 0 t o

Vy Th
now for the tank to beequilibrium
in
discharge from orifice and syphon should
be same Since their A is constant
Hence velocity must be same

i e V3 Vy
2g 16 h 2gh
b h h
h 3m

9 A air velocity in the duct of a heating

system is to be measured by pitot static
tube being inserted in to the duct
parallel to the grow if the differential
height btw the water column connected to
the two outlet of the probe is 2 5am
compute
Ca Flow velocity
b pressure rise at the tip of the probe

s.fi
From pascals law

i
P PE i

Pat hirw HE
PEW 9 BL t hah PEW ta CHE
HE Mat 4ft FE
Pfw t a Bo t aah Dfw ta rat 4ft FE

ai i
PEW
PI a cha ai h
 Applying Bernoulli's Cea btw A and B

Za
Pfw By t 2B t
Ug
ZAI AB 25 0 VB 0

Pay YE t AB Dfw
Ha hi hi h AB
4h Yg
Has AB

AB car ash X
4ft
Ith t o

MOMENTUM EQUATION ITS APPLICATION E

momentum is a vector quantity and its direct
is given by the direction of velocity
To apply the momentum eqa for a flowing
fluid we have to consider the volume of
fluid termed as control volume

control volume is selected in such a that

the force needed to be calculated way
becomes
the external force to the control volume

now according to momentum eqa

net force on cu in given direction change in momen
EF
flux in same
direction
DME

Carty
direction
t.es n
ngInt'affection
coming into the c

IF
ME ME MIT RI
Pg UI
IF B P 902 B Pat

The above exp is valid for steady flow condition

 If blow is unsteady add one more term

right hand side

II on

m man of fluid in the cu

us velocity of cu in given direction
mo momentum of cu in given direction
I and V2 one velocity component for outgoing
and incoming fluid in given given direction
NOTE D U2 and I can be absolute velocity or relative
velocity
2 Velocity wort ground is called ABSOLUTE veloce
and velocity want some other reference is
termed as RELATIVE velocity
9 Find the force exerted by the jet on the stationary
plate is assuming a
plate is friction b Impact
loss negligible cc movement of jet is
in horizontal direction id pressure throughout
the jet is atmospheric
P ay

so
Akea of jet Ig a

d plan
I Applying momentum ee 9
g
p
Fx O B Pao F
Fa pgooo
j
F PA do Force applied by jet plan
over the plate
using energy eqa btw pt o and l
Ot Ot
If O to t Vig
02
voi v2 Similarly Vo Vie uz
 mom Ega in y dint
I Fy 9 O P9202 O

since the plate is fiction lens Force in

g dime is zero
O PS Ni PA V2
Bill 9262 01 02

9 I 92 Li
Asu 9 91 92
9 92

Angry 9 Find the force on the given force system

Ao

so torment
Ifn
and
O P to go Sino
from energy eye É is su

No V1 V2

Efx
F
P to gosince
p to Ano sino
i
u
F PA do since

since O coz I 9 da yo
IFy PO M P Or 02 prod coso 402
O PVo 91 92 90050 uz
9 92 9 NO 91 92 9
it coso
9 it Loso 91 4
 92 WO
ELI it 0 90 91 92
I 9 Oz w

9 Relative velocity
Applying mom eqa
direction
along
a
to fgyu
I Fx mom flux mom tux Av
F pg u Pg Oo
F Pg Vo u Vo 4
Relativerelicity
9 A Vo 4
I F P A Vo 43
Ind approan Force in terms of absolute velocity
7 Usg
Ugh vet of Jet wrtground n'PIEup ay

Vo Ugh
U
veto Peppa
Ujp u Upg
Jyp Usa YP
a
veins's't i it ve
rel of jet
ver f plate
Cort ground
wrt ground

in terms of absolute velocity

F paint Paz u PS Yo

F Palo Pu s Ea 91 02
F POCoo D
use in conventional
 For a calculation
V0 C lot

C ut
vole t

The length of the jet momentum of which is

changed by plate vo ult
hence von of water chose momentum is
changed
Ao Vo u t

hence Discharge of water whose momentum is

change
9 Ao Vo 4 W
2
hence F PA Vo 4

NOTE using Energy equi b w o and I in terms of relative call

É percent'tweigh

Or unottlanisstationa
Vero also
4
Co up Vo u Usp

using Energy eqa btw o j and I in terms of absolute

Go work done by Jet

Yg
tot tot
o
Itg o
per unit weight

t F u
VzIg
g
9 s

I 00 Tao Ga on

munificent
Fou sino
a

FI PG usinot Paz usino fo u

pg rosin o
g plz
F Po Vo sino Pusino 191 923
Pa to Sino Pu g sin
Pa sin 0 OF Oo u c.tt
V0

F p Oo 4 t to lo 4 sing u

TIE
F PAO Vo 4 sin o
Iii In terms of relative velocity
q
F o p g Coo 4 sino Vo D
e

F Pa Oo a sin O

B A 00 4
F p do u sin O
Aug28
9 to
no u
a Vowso
I to Rd vet in x directions Vosino u

rosino
EFx Momentum o momentum E
F o pocosino u

F Pa Vosino u

Absolute velocity avon

spy mom Shut o mom l

do 7
F Pau paan PA dosing su
gin
F Pu lait be pg rosino
F Pu g p g Vo sin O Yo
F PD Vo Sino u
Ut

it
Discharge calculation snout
length rot
YI
voi A rot
sunt
D A
Co Fino rot

F PA Vo rosin o u
Ing
9 A 450 detection angle defusing bend lies in a
horizontal plane and tapers from 60cm did to
30 an dia at the outlet The pressure at the
inlet is 15 kpa and discharge through the
bend is 0.5 mils Assuming friction loss to
be 20 0 of kinetic energy at inlet compute
the magnitude and direction of resultant
force exerted by water on the bend
A2 Raz 30cm
CI Fy t D gaz
To bind
Fx
y
yt
Pia t

k d 60cm 1
450
confine a

EFX mom o mom i Plan

Pia Pa Az Cos450 Fx Pg V2 Los450 pad i

Fy mom o mom i

Fy Praz sin450 Pguzsin450 o in

g A V AL V2

0.5 06 v1 05 E X 0.332
42
1 77 Mls Vz 7m15
I

Applying bernoulli's eqa btw two end

Pj t y t
Ig I Ya
Ig the

Mm 4.763
9810 415 Pg III g t 0.2
2 9.81

P2 8260 NIM 8.26 KPa

15 X X 0.65 8 2675043 cos450 Fx 103 05 7

Xf
3 05 Ku 103 0 5 1.76
Fx
 similarly
Fy 8 26
If'xt 1000 0.5 74

2 47 a
Fy
NOTE Resultant force on bend Fx

F Fx t Fy
S F
J 3052 2 472 y
3.92 kn
um
tano
FI D tan
Ey
0 390 yU
5 Find force exerted
the
on the spring and deflector

111 1 1 Detector
Wh Trolley

T T
Sql Efx mom o mom i

F Pg Ows450 O

1000
K X o 1m31s X 4 Is Xt
282 84 N

Deflector
B
I Mom mom i
Fy o
O
Fy Pousinuso
Fy 1000 0 1 4 X sin450 Efx mom o mom
Fy 282.84 Raucous Pau
Fx
PSU l Yr
Ryutant FI 282 842 117152 1000 0.1 4 i Yr
306 N
Aug30
9 A 30cm diameter 90 elbow has one limb vertical
The avg velocity of
is 5msec and the
flow of water through the
elbow
4 lepa
pressure intensity is
find the vertical component of force
required to keep the elbow in position

Sol p ukpa 5m any

I Fy Momentum o mom i
v
É i i f
e e a
Pat Fy POV 0

Fy PAU't PA t.IT
1000X E X0.32 52 4000 V U
12 x Ey X 10037
Fy 2050 N L 05 kn

Force to be applied

APPLICATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM 8

According onto this net torque on fluid in any

director is equal to change in angular
momentum thx in same direction
of find its application in sprinkler problem
M th
X y

Wrtv
Ly a wok

v u UV
v2
a u s relative vet of jet at point and
ie veto of jet wrt sprinkler
U ur Absolute velocity of Jet at point
and
won 4 won t absolute velocity of sprinkler at
point
 Torque on jet in anti dock change in angular mom
flux in anticlockwise
IT Ia Vin Pazuzu O
O P
TI P Aul V r P Az U2 V2Mz

vie con tu

V2 won U2

TI P Aki won UI r P Azua Wr U2 Mz

also torque applied by jet on sprinkler is
same in magnitude but opposite in direction
also if sprinkler is friction ten then torque
will be o
n uz
b
con
g
nonque on jet in d we

Ipa vin Pazuzu 2 o_0 we

Pian Ewart
v v u ul up
g All wit wa
92 Azur

c
worth of 42
sing IT IE
v u won
Dw
V2 uz sink Wirz t 5
2
a
Torque cw Change in Arg mom cw

IT Pa Vint 0926272 O

9 A 41
92 AL U2
9 Fluid parsing through each nozzle is same for the
relative velocity of flow through the nozzle
as shown Find the speed of rotation if
system is frictionless
Omls
w

50
egoism
c 075m I 15MS 43 20 MIS

1 25m
au com s
SE pawn awh awh

Torque in Acw
change in mom
yo ur
u
tux in Acw p
uz 15MS
1 50
43 20 MIS
vis won tu worst 10

V2 Won 42 0.75W 15
V3 was uz sin 45 1.25W 1052

IT Pg Vin PAULM2 T POV3My

Pgr 0.5W 10 Pgrz 0075W 5 Pgr 1.25W 1052

As the system is friction ten hence IT o

o 23 92 2.375 W
WI 10.07rad Is
Aug30 NOTCHES AND WEIRS

A notch is a device used for measuring the

rate of flow through a small channel or a
tank
It may be termed
in
as an opening in side of channel
on tank such a way that the liquid
surface in tank or channel is below the top
edge of the opening
on the other hand a weir is a concrete
or masonry structure placed in a channel
over which flow occurs

It is in form of vertical wall with sharp

edge at the top
Notch is small in size and made up of metallic
plate whereas weir is of bigger size made
of concrete or masonry

i
Feinnotch

a Iy 4 x section
forests
NOTE nappe veins Itis the sheet of water glowing
through the notch or over a weir
CREST SILL The bottom edge of a notch or top of
weir over which water flows is termed
as crest
Aug31 TYPES OF WEIRS
weirs can be clarified as follows
a
according to the shape of crest

sharp crested weir

Broad u a
Narrow in a
u u
Ogee
b According to the shape of opening
Rectangular weir
Trapezoidal wee'm I cipolletie weir
e According to the effect of sides on the emerging nappe

weir with end contraction suppressed

weir without u a

Id According to nature of discharge

ordinary weir
submerged weir Drowned weir
D SHARP CRESTED Rectangular suppressed weir

gig
Datum
µ
dh i 14
M 2
V
C L

M head water above the crest

of
using Energy equi btw and

Ot
If th ot
Igt H h

Eg th
Eg
 Vat and hat kinetic head
now
gym If
I htha
I Us 12g chtha
Od A L dh
dg 2gchtha
g 1dg Fgchtha L dh
O

Fg L I atha dh

D Leg Iatha
9 3 Rg L myna 2
haha
To account for losses due to contraction
t haha ti
gact
3hr9 Atha Cd

ga 17312

If area of approach is large canis y is large then

approach velocity ra be neglected
Ga Cd Fg L 17312 ii
then
3
Cd I 0 62
NOTE For calculation of discharge a following steps
are adopted
Li Va is neglected or ha is neglected and
g is computed from een Cii
Lii Now computed ha and 9 from q 6
Gii Repeat the above steps untill g is
within 1 of preceding value

If there is end contraction then for each

end contraction L is reduced by Oi H
 unit

Mi
Leff L n LO I M

14312
Sat Cd RgLeff

u end contraction
when is
there no ventilation of nappe
discharge increases as nappe is pulled down
due to negative pressure created cone
below the nappe
This ve por is developed as aim in that
portion is withdrawn by flowing water
Hence g 1.06 1.2579
g A stream has a width of 30m depth of 3m
and a mean velocity of 1 25m15 find the
height of a weir to built on
be this stream
floor to raise the water level by Im
Assume Cd I 0 95

so L 30m v 1025m s I g const

D A V
moans R

i.fi
Approach velocity
Ua 0.9375ms
Lffy a

head ha
Yg 1 33 0.044m

D Cd Ag L chtha hah
3 312 0.0441312
112 5 3 0.95 FIX 30 Mt 0.04

H 1 175m
datum 4 1175 2 83 m
Height above
 Flow over traingular weir or notch

aware
U 2g Chtha
tan

D
E If
211th tan 0 2 y
Of Jds f 2g Chtha 2 H h tan Oz dh

Ba Ld 9th

ga Cd 2 tan 94 Eg Chtha h h dh
o

tht ha
g K
Y h ht ha dh

ed tan 2 hash
Ba f E Eg crtha

Ox May
Here Cd 0.52

since in this case and contraction is not taken

into account hence its affect is included
in value of ca thus lower value of Cd
Advantage of a notch over Rect weir
Li It gives more accurate result for small
discharge
his Cd is almost constant with depth whereas
it varies with head in Rect weir
Ciii on head is large even four
u notch small
discharge hence flow is nottension
affected much
by viscosity and surface
Sept 9 It head measured overtraingular notch
a
as He 20am Find the approach velocity
which can be neglected if discharge is
to be measured within 3 accuracy
I H 20am

go of accuracy E3
Bags 100

we know 92 M 2
2
KIhtha hash KI h
0.03
KIChtha 512 hash
1 4512 0003
Ichtha 52 hasz
4512 7 0.97
Chtha 52 hash
0.2512
70 97
0.2 t ha 52 has
3 2 458mm
hat 2.458 10
Va 002196 Mls
Yg ha

Hence if Va E 002196 mis we can neglect it

and the accuracy will be within 39

3 Trapezoidal Wein Notch

Traingular t Ragtag Strap

R
notch
OF Art 97 q q
BE Cd Egl till

Fg tank 4512 Inesleetingha

Is Caz
But Cd Caz
 17312
g 3rd Rg L t
I tang n

NOTE

special case
i CIPOLLETI WEIR

It in a trapezoidal weir sides slopes provided are 14 40

tan 92 44
D 280
then decrease in discharge over a rectangular
weir due to end contraction is equal to
increase in discharge through two
traingular portion
Hence discharge of cipolleti weir is that of
Rectangular weir with no end contraction
9 9 At St

g ca F M'D Leff I tamely M

here Leff L O1 X 2 1 0.27

tan 92 44
9 Ag H s
3 Cd to 2kt
Ext n

g 3 Cd Fg M t
equal to rectangular
weir with no
end contraction
it STEPPED NOTCH
t
It is a combination of
different rectangular a i th
notches y

I Gre e Li
9
 En Li Mik
9 3 Cdg
4 BROAD CRESTED WEIR

Broad crested war P

nappe so that pressure
variation is hydrostatic
Y
using Energy ego at and
is cos i call i ice ice
is
face
Broad crested
Ig th
of H t 2 ta t
weir

H h tha
Yg
V2 2g H htha s constant
Hence D A Uz

L h 2g H h tha

duct Cd 4h Jag H h tha

In broad crested weir flow adjust itself to have

max discharge for the available head H

For Smax dog 0

Cd leg Athena th
a tiger nena
2 H h tha h

he 3 Atha

Smay Cd L 3 Atha 2g H 3 Haa tha

Smay Cd L Atha Atha

231
JE
Cd L Ht ha 2
 max 1 t ca L Atha 312

NOTE a Effect on discharge due to error in head

measurement
9 x Mh
G KM
dg kn Mn t dm
kn Mnt die
change
in 9 41 100
KM Nyt x 100

n
4100
dy Yx 100 error in
error in measurement
discharge of head
error in discharge nx error in
measurement
of head

For small error 5 in head measurement the

expression can be
above used to find error
in discharge measurement
But when error 504 then error in discharge
measurement is given us

922,91 100
K HI KA
KM
b If there is error in the measurement of
angle in v notch then corresponding
error in discharge is given by
as a tan a
dg k see 9 do
I
K Sec
df Xiao 2K tank
do

11100
2031 4 50,2 do
 4 100
gtfo x 100

too
0 radian
x 100
k
g dog

error in I
error in angle
discharge measurement

Sept 2 5 PROPOTIONAL WEIR

As we know satin
it nil the weir is termed as
propotional weir
surface of which is hyperbolic
given as my

21 I
E tan
JI hyperbolic
B a

g KEE an X
V
K Cd L Aga ca o b 065 c
L

6 OGEE SPILLWAY
y
17312 I p
9 3 Cd LF
same as rectangular weir 1
111
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE MOUTHPIECE 8

orifice is an opening in
the tank where as mouthpie
is short length pipe tube with length 42 3 dia
 a orifice
using energy can w and

0th to

V2
Oto t

Mgh
g Siggi
V2 act Cu Agh
Sac cu Vegh a Ac

now Ce as Cc ac
I
Sac Cu Cc ac Vegh
Cd ac Cd cu e
Gac agh

NOTE Losses through orifice is accounted in terms of

coeff of resistance
cons loss of KE through orifice
Actual KE

Cor er v3
2g

egg
Con I

Here con can be found by measuring cu as follows

at
maxis sutt Eat
as rt i a
donst
g axis s at t at

y Igt ii t
t Ig
Actual velocity
n 2Vly U
Igf test is performed
 Also Vact Cv Wth
vac cu Ah
9 w Vegh
a
Jin
Now Cos can be calculated

9 In an experiment on determination of hydraulic

coeff of sharp edged orifice 2.5 an of
diameter It is found that the jet
issuing horizontally under a head of im
travelled a horizontal distance of 1 Gm from
vena contractor in a course of vertical
drab of 07m from same point further if
a flat plate were held normal to the jet
at vena con the force of 5 on would be
exerted on the plate find cc cu ca

0.025 4 9 10 4 m2
501 at
Fx
h im at 1 6m y 0.7m

0 95
cut
fury Jak
I
Applying mom en
II I's F
FI O PAK vet vet at ve
F Pac Vc
also vet cu
29h
g 1000 a
bag Fits Vc 0 95 2 9.81 1
Ac 3.174 10 4 m2 y.ro s

3.174 10 4
Cc I 4 9 10 4
0 647

Cd Cc W I 0.95 X 0.647 0 614

9 Two orifices are placed in a vertical wall in
such a way that
lower one is 30cm is above
the ground while upper one is 6m above
the first one Horizontal distance travelled
the jet
by than from top orifice is three times
the one travelled by lower jet
Both distances are measured are measured at
ground level cue o 98 for both orifice
Find the head of water behind the wall

Sol
For orifice
Vac w Agh H On
0 98 Jax M o 3

t.o.gg
wtf
Aso

here ye 0.3m h 17 03

22
0 98
f4 0.3 17 0.3
i

For orifice
y 6.3 n tho 3

f
0 98 9h2
4 6.3 H 6.3
i ci
I uh 25 2 71 6.3
1 2 17 0.3 gaz
10.8 17 3.24 25 217 158 76

14 Y M 155 52
172 10 8m

Head of water behind wall 10.8m

b MOUTHPIECE

B
g I ed a Vegh ya
d 0 82 u ga
NO VC
Cd Cv
e Borda's mouth PIE

g Cd a Vegh My
g
4 0 707
head lob is more
Foree weir
17 SUBMERGED WEIR 8 a
when the water tend ith
in
Y
on the downstream
of the weir is y
above the crest of the orifice
weirthen the weir
is said to be a
submerged weir i as a ice i so s a c c cc c

During flood weir constructed across river becomes

submerged
Its discharge is more than free weir
For analysis point beof viewtwo it may be
considered to of parts
Ca The portion btw the als and as water surface
may be treated as free weir 191
b The portion btw dis water surface and
crest of weir may be treated as
drowned orifice Q2
hence 9 91 92
9 A
a
LICH na
Yg vg
92 Cd LMD Ha t
Sept3 DISCHARGE THROUGH LARGE RECTAGULAR ORIFICE

applying energy ee d

Fm n

Uz da tdg qq.int
agh bah

ga fdg Jah
He
bdh

Bact
3d Fgby Mik

DISCHARGE THROUGH SLUICE GATE

using energy eye lil

É
Lii
Ot Y t of Yz t
Ugg Yg Y

as in qq.IE
Vzsac W V29 Y Yztha

Sact Az Va
Ba Cz It 2g ly Yatha
gas Cc al Cu V29Ly Ya tha
ga Ca A 2g Ly 42 tha A Ge L
Area of openin
Since y 7792 y Y y and ha to

ga Cd A 2
g y

NOTE coefficient of discharge ca for rectangular

weir can also be computed using Rembock EON
 Cd 0 602 0 083 HIM Hamead over
crest
m height of crest weir

9 A large rectangular orifice 2m wide and

Im deep has water surface on either side
2m and 0.5m respectively above the lower
edge of the opening Estimate the discharge
if cat orb in both cases

Sol large Rectangular orifice

In a
g g ca Fgb at
2m n

be 2m
72 2 0 5 1 5m V im go.sn
Hi Im
91 FX O GX FIX 2 1.532 132
9 2 96 m3 s
Discharge one orifice
to
But another component will be discharge due to
drowned orifice
he 2 15 0 5m

92 06 0.5 2 I 5 3.25 m3 S

G 2.97 3.25 6022m31s

9 A rectangular channel 3m wide carries a discharge

of 1 5m31s calculate the height of the
rectangular suppressed weir which can pars
this discharge while maintaining the
Uls depth of 1.5m
teth a 312 nah
SI g Cd A L

From Rehbok Cga Cd I 0.602 t o o 83 I

Assuming Cd 0 62
1 5 Fg 81 X 2
062
3 3 H
17 0 42 171 108
now Cd 0 602 0.602 0 0834
0.0831 Off
Cd O 634

NOW I 5
3 0 634 589.1 X 3X Hh
M 0 414 M
M 1.085 m

a 0 634
hence H 1 0853m
Sept 3 LAMINAR FLOW

laminar flow is a flow in which liquid moves in

layers where one layer slides over another

In this case no mixing of different layers take

place hence momentum transfer is not observed
hence shear force is due to viscosity only
In turbulent flow due continuous mixing
to btw
different layers momentum transfer occurs which
gives rise to additional shear
In laminar flow viscous force predominant
Inertial force
Four different mediums nature of flow depends
on value of Reynolds number as follows
Medium nature of frow
Laminar Transition Turbulent
1 PIPE 22000 2000 4000 74000
2 Parallel plate 1000 1000 2000 72000
3 Open channel 500 500 2000 2000
4 soil I 1 2 72

NOTE The values of Reynold's no at which nature of

how changes are not well defined
FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES 8

In this case flow is always assumed to be steady

and uniform

Flow
in
was 0
tf dz
r
wyd desino dz
go
PLAN Part Jar dLSino T LaardL D
Of di Are

Of di r r
adz I 2dL
 I I Fe Perz linear

Of pipe would have been horizontal 8 0

EE D
SP b
For steady and uniform blow
Applying Energy ega 10 and

I t o
Ig I to
YI the
P
11 he C
e
P Pa The
const
If PILI In
hence for steady and uniform flow date is constant

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN PIPE FLOW LAMINAR 8

i
off day For all type of flow

Also E M day inly for laminar how

ny un IR
year R From Ci Lii
dy dont 0
des da I E dat mazy
EI E my
 du dfe r dr

u Sdu
In f date f do

u C E E t c

of R 4 0

o
In L f E te

In E E
a
tf t
L E LE
L date or Parabolic
In R

But remember when pipe will be moving then

u R U vet of pipe

Linear
I farabolic

Imax Velocity
Shear
For max velocity
dy 0

an
For In date To o

M O

uman R2
tu f
and Imax
EEL E
 Aso as
In tdf R I TE
u umax l
É
Discharge through circular pipe for LAMINAR Flow
Discharge fool element do
dg da du Umax
do
dg Can umax I

g fda Za um
for Lt F an
o

g 2A um
1 on
of da

g mum
E E RI
Th
D at um
It i 9
51 f E R
9 tumaxif g TRY
8m Ee
All equation of discharge is remember date
known as
tf
HAGEN POSEULLI EON Also g D
dat

Now D A Varg

Also D Az Umax
I For pipe blow
Vang 4zax
Vang
avg velocity Max velocity
2

Vang
fu day re
Umax
I
note gn all the above cases for indined
pipe replace dap day Perz velocity
Ristanceatanich where avg velocity Actual velocity
weknow
Umax 1
u
Er
For us hang Yax
Uma x
x 1
of
I Er
2 Yz
or 0.707 R

LeesminLaminantown
Force per unit volume
day IE Inga
Force required to maintain the flow through pipe
date x volume date x area x length

Powe required D Force x Varg

D date AL Varg
D i
Pret g
Also Pi Pathe
Power E p p p g i he g
power
required
This entire power is required to overcome the
frictional resistance
NOTE Instead of pipe being horizontal if it is
inclined
Power reg D LP 821 Pa raa 9
PP P PL 9 8221 2239
Additional power
to overcome
case Li Flow is taking place in upward dirt
a
Applying Bernoulli's age b w

Pj to t
I th
thither uh
P P2 8 heth 94
i Power P Ra 9
Down 8 heth g Ci
casecii when flow is occurring downward
ht
It I Ot
Ig the Pa
Pi Pi r Chi h

Power required rathe h Lii

i e Power ci Power ai
eg

t
D
hang Laux Em Ee
date 32M Yang
D2
P PL 32 ML Varg
D
p Dz 32Mt hang i
D2
Foor inclined pipe
Pat V22 32ME hang
Pit V2
D
Also P Put the ii
 From Li Lii
9
he 32mL g
r D2
he 128 M S l ht 4
TODY

According to darcy wei's bach Eet

hee
fig
32 ML Varg
o
tigujang r D2

friction factor If 64 M
X PD V
depends on pipe
surface 64
t 6,3 Ya
here Re D
Ung for pipe now
f f friction factor
bye coeff of friction
f 4ft

Sept 7 LAMINAR FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES 8

i i iiiii
From static equilibu can
Fx o P dy i Pt 91 du dy l t
Etdfy dy LdnD
t a 1 D
dudy t an o
fn dog dy
 Ey En
For inclined plate
iii
I gyptra
Also I M ii
dy
dig he dig dat

IMday Idf
data s tee
day I
u
t dat Is t cry t ca
Atyeo u o

O C2
y B 4 0
B
O tre data BE C

a
In data

u y Parabolic
In Eu By

Uma x
For U
y o

o
Int En B W
y Bla fie velocity is max
at centre of plate
imax In C In E H I jest y y
umat In In B u Yumax F Yj
shear I M ayy
In E
M B D
Linear
E I L In B 29
o 2 0 Biz
 it

ya

V
4114141 j Imax

Easentheeramamate
Discharge through this dement
dg
Indy
dg da u B
I u s
ayI E By yy
1 u fy
de gam df In data By y dy

q faq dy
fu dah By y

In L f B BI E
Discharge In In Bf
per unit width
here width at
now
fu In B

Ee In B2
g I B

E Uma

q A Varg B1 Dang
now
Varg jamax
24max

Foor location where hang a

umax
IF
V
 2 x 4 umax F 4
I T
Gyr 6GB B2 o

y 6BI 24B
36B

IFB
D GB
E I
BI
y It BY
NOTE LAMINAR FLOW BTW PARALLEL PLATES with one plate
stationary and other one moving COMETTE flow

n
11 1 11 11 1 11 Vo
Ci
dg of
B
teh ayy ii v is is sic i c c c c n cars

From i ii

u
In dah y't ay th
y 0 4 0 2 0

y B u Vo Vo
In dat B2 4B

a B
g Eu
u data y't up dat B y to

u
Vf I dfa TBy y

Foor Max U day o

B 24 0
Ey Y In In
In In B In E Y
 Y E
Iggy
Vo
y B t
Ent
2

Now I M
duty
MI In f B 29

t B ay Linear
f t
I data variation

i kens Tina
o

ice is is
I
Imax

Sept8 LOSSES B W PARALLEL PLATE

hang 3 max
Em Itn B

In Preps B2 In thy
B

head low he 12MVarg L

T B2

Also D AVarg BN Vang

Vang
12M AL
he
RBs heart
 NET POWER INPUT PER UNIT VOLUME
Fool laminar flow condition net power input per unit
volume is given by I defy
MEDI E
Power Force U
du 1
yay Ooty

dy D Cdy.D
ult Yu P
dyjhftfn.dz
an

T dog dy dn l
u g dz
net power input F U

u p qq.dz dy
Tik
Pt d

Ldn u
Let dfy.at Ldn
utff.dz f Ey 1 84.1
u da dy du Fv
In da t t
of dy tu
Ey
Fu
I 1 fu t
tf tuff an dy I

Fu
g tuff fu
net power input T 95 92
volume toy
Four circular pipe net power input
volume
M
Ey Mft
a amax
tf here dg on

Umax 2 Um
In 2 272
Mtf m un
ng
4 uumax.EE
187
9 Air flows through a circular pipe of Comm dia at
an average velocity of 2m15 Find the pressure
drop in mm of water in a
length of 5m
Assume density of air 1 1779 191m and
drain 982 5
10 kg ms

S Hang 2m15

Nature of flow Re P D 1.174 X 10 10 3 2

Varg 1 982 10 5

118801 C 2000
Hence How is laminar
Pressure drop Pi P2 Oahu

poreisure drop in terms of mm of water rashly

now he to 0 053
flagg get Gg
32M
he 0.053 5 22
2 9.81 X 0.01
he 5 40 m
iii
Preis we drop in terms of min of water 5
40,174
6.36 man of war
9 For a fully developed flow of glycerine through a tom
long horizontal
4cm dia circular pipe
it Mow velocity at the centre is measured

ca velocity profileaeron
b Preis we diff 70m length
cc pumping power required to maintain the
flow
d for the same pumping power input determine
the change of now rate if
i pipe is inclined 150 downward
ii pipe is inclined 150 upward
 L 70m
v0.3
Ng
03
1591g S 0
3K9g
Sol
D 4 an
Umax 6m Is
a u amax I
of
UI 6 i or 6 I 2500mn
12 0

Hence profile is parabolic

b type of now Re
Prayed vang Ex
3m15
Re 1.2 1000 x 3 4 10 2 480 1000
003 laminar flow

Pi Pi 32M Always use this eqa in

laminar flow
32 0 3 3 70 1260 Kulm
4 10232

Cl Pumping power required Pi Pi g

Pi Pi A Varg
1260X EX 0.095 3
4 75 KW

d when pipe is inclined downward

P Pas r Chi h

power neg 8 he h 9 r Chi h A Vang

4 75 esinis 9 had Sino
81128419
ADY r L

4 75 128 0.3 70 92 1.2 9 81 70 1501

TX 0.0434 sings

4 75 3.34 10892 2132 77 9

g
Sept

9 Laminar flow of oil takes place down the slope

btw the plates
parallel 8mm
apart held
inclined at 300 to the horizontal The oil is
of viscosity o 92 kg m s and of man density
1320 Kg im The pressure of two points Im
vertically apart are 40 anime and 170 calms
when the upper plate moves at 0.3 Mls
velocity relative to the lower plate in the
direction opposite to the oil flow find
a Max velocitygottoproplate
b Shear steers
c Rate of oil flow per meter width

SI MI 0.92 191m s I
p 1320 191m

P Ito Kum
8Mnot
p 40 Kulm 271M 3
0.3m Is B
Vo atom
300C
vet distribution for coupe flow
u
top In tf By y

now flow is inclined and plate is moving in

opposite direction
hence
In Cera
OLPf Pit 2217A Patria
Z Sino
P Pa 612 22 22 0
7 since
O 13zoxg.gg 7 S larimum
Ysinzoo
u
Y In 1 Ofa by y
0.3 Y 103 X 8 10 3 y y
U 1325
8 10 3 2
 4 37 5 Y t 38858718 10 3 y y

UI 273 36 Y 38858.7 y

ca Eon max velocity

defy 0 273 36 77717 y y o

Y 3 517mm
10 2
Uma x 273.36 3 51 38858 7 13 57 10 3
0 48 M S

b TIM day
2 0 92 1273 36 77717 4 8 10 3

E 320050 N m2

cc g Sdg Ju da JU dy 1

273.369 38858 7 9 dy
273 26 X
BI 38858 7
By
2 112 10 3m31s

NOT
ca KUNE TIC ENERGY CORRECTION FACTOR d

a 43 da
Ualg A
2 2 for laminar flow in circular dip
2 1 543 laminar flow in parallel Plates
2 413 too turbulent's flow power law
2 1 03 1 06 for turbulent's flow log law
 b MOMENTUM CORRECTION FACTOR

B fulda
Haig A
D I for laminar flow in circular pipe
Be 102 for u n in parallel blate
Be 1 015 too turbulent flow for pipe with
log variation

MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY 8

measurement of viscosity can be done by

any of following methods
a ROTATING CYLINDER n i U
we measure Me M i
i
T Tt T2
n
u
ib
tianya.it
tTz TMwR Y
2b

aware
HER I
Now Power D TW Find M
b capillary tube viscometer
R
won and time is noted

ni cii ait g
Ift c
Ci
and g Ie v01 time
he 4rad
41 M t
12814 128M UL
 NOTE For steady uniform laminar flow in
circular pipe

EL dat
For boundary shear strees Zo OER

to
I the
To E E tight
v2
To
IP
If
F E
shear velocity Ux
valid for both laminar
Ua
off and turbulent flow
9 when water flows in a 2am dia pipe compute the
largest discharge up to which flow will be
definethy laminar Put 1000kg m3 D 0.0098 stokes
Also compute the boundary shear stress at this
discharge
so For How to be laminar Re E 2000

I 2000 V E 200 I 2000 0.0098 10 4

2 10 2

U E 0 098 MIS

S E V A E 0 098 X Ey x 2 10 37

g I 3 07 10 5m31s
f
shear velocity ha
Off
type
go
na 0098
My 6.198 10 3 mis
TF E hand
6.198 10 103 0 0384 N m2
ISTABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOW 8
on any fluid disturbances of
various magnitude are Imain flow
caused due to inlet outlet
Transverse
of pipe pump vibrations flow
etc
These distribanas are in the form of transverse
velocity component superimposed on main
flow velocity
Depending upon flow and fluid properties like
man density viscosity velocity gradient these
disturbances are either damped or amplibie
causing it laminar and Turbulent respectively
Instability of laminar flow is represented by
a dimensionless number Secchi
x
YIM Ey
y O and at centre where defy 0
2 0

Hence Laminar flow becomes instable b w

centre and boundary
laminar flow becomes unstable when N 7500
at any point
 TURBULENT FLOW
Sept10

Turbulent flow develops from instability of laminar

flow
The velocity in transverse direction of main frow
eddies spread over the entire cross section due
to which large scale momentum and
energy transfer takes place b w the different
layers of fluid
In this flow fluid parameters starts varying
Wrt time and space i e unsteady and
non uniform
But for analysis we assume that this
parameters are considered as combination
of average and fluctuating component

Metta carnage

I v

t time t

velocity at u

Ts temporal mean avg velocity

n Fluctuating comp of viscosity
Flow in pipes circular is considered to be
turbulent if Re 74000
Re nooo not fixed range
PUI a

velocity profile in case of turbulent is much

fatter than in laminar flow and this
trainers increases with increase in Re
This feathers of velocity profile is due to
intermixing of liquid btw different layers
 or
n

y
laminday
Re zoo
Tarikh
Re74000 Re 5000

Shear siren at boundaries in case of turbulent

flow is much more than that in laminar flow
as velocity gradient dully near boundaries is
large in turbulent flow

dy i t B

du a
Laminar Turbulent

tana day tamp defy

tan B tana

Total shear stress in turbulent flow may be

considered to be of two different components
a VISCOUS SMEAR
b TURBULENT SHEAR

Total Claminan t t turbulent

viscous shear turbulent
siren shear siren
Here laminar shear stress is due to viscosity and
turbulent shear stress is due to momentum
transfer btw diff layers
 TURBULENT SMEAR STRESS 8
This being in different ways as follows
a
BoussiNESDTL

TTurbul Y defy
it ang velocity
n eddy viscosity
Also Edd kinematic Turbulent mixing
I viscosity coeff
It decreases towards
wall becomes
since y is how property and zero at wan
not fluid property this theory is
not of much use

b REYNOLD'S TH

As per this th
I turbulent Pulu
n fluctuating
n direction
component of velocity in

U's fluctuating component of vet in y direct

c PRANDTL'S TH G

This theory is based on concept of Ao s

mixing distance
length i e the
travelled by
before
fluid molecule
striking another molecule
egg
n U
edgy edgy

Iturb P l defy l duty

Iturbe Pet dat

Also mixing length l Ky y measured from

wall of pipe
here K 0.4 Karman const
Hence total stress
I total Pl
M day t
Ey
since the effect of laminar viscous shear siren is
pre dominant only near boundaries
I turbulent
Hence total Pl Yg
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

total Iturb Pi dog

Also A Ky 0 4 y
eco uy Ey
e
E P key

F ty
Foor small values of y II to boundary shear stress

dfy Ty
ut shear velocity
day YI
du
My dy
u
YI in ly t c

y R u umax

Umax YI in R T C
c Umax
Ye en IR
ut
MI en y t Umax 4 In R
velocity profile in
u
YI in Tir uma turbulent frow
 For 10 0.4 4 205 ut en
f Umax

5.75 ut 109
or U
Ip Umax
NOTE The above eqa can also be written in non dim
form
4 5.75109 Yp
Remember all the Umag
forms as que Umax U
asks diff forms 5.75 109 Rly
at
here Uma u is termed as velocity defect
Sept 11
HYDRO DYNAMICALLY SMOOTH ROUGH BOUNDARIES 8

In turbulent flow in pipes effect of viscosity is

maximum near the boundaries that results in
formation of region termed as LAMINAR SUB
LAYER T
The thickness 18 is directly proportional to
kinematic viscosity o and a
glow wee cry
Now Re
Of
tre ID
hence O
arte

2 2 22 I 2 Eddies
817 K
ya smooth Boundary

Ki xhamster.tt mmtangthiacnas

I.MN M IO pipesurface
t our
Rough Boundary

K avg thickness of Roughness

 Of thickness of laminar sub layer is more it
is not able to reach the boundary and
it acts as hydro dynamically smooth boundary
whereas if thickness of laminar sub layer
is ten eddies are able to penetrate up to
the boundary and it act as hydrodynamically
enough boundary
As per NIKURANDGE Experiment
if C 0.25 smooth boundary
I
7 6 Rough boundary

98 0.25
Cf Cb Transition Boundary
81 11.68 Basis on observation
Also
a Waff
hence the above limits can be written in
terms of Re

s
smooth bound Co 25
REI Read3
If C 0.25

Rough bound 76 Rek 76 1106 Rex 770

I
Transition bound 3 C ReK 70

K ang thickness of roughness

T thickness of laminar sub layer
9 Find the type of boundary for commercial pipe
carrying water with following parameters
1000 kg m3 D 0 m's
D 10 ke o 12mm
To 600 Nml
s
sq neg where na
FI 1,888 in
0.6
8 11.6 10 6 1.93 10 2mm
ya
in
06 o 12
2
6.21 76 Rough
 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN SMOOTH PIPE

4 t c ke Karman const
4,1 any
Due to the presence of Roughness over the boundary
surface vet is observed to be zero at
certain distance ly away from it
Hence if y y n o

o
hit my te
c
uf my
ut
Uf my YI my
u
off my y
U 2.5 ut en y y

Experimental for smooth

Yy
Also 0.108
pipe
yl 0
1081
4 2 54 in
7,85
5 75 109 0.108
log YF
5175 1081441 5 5.5
valid only It
a

forsmooth
pipe
Note 11 6 and Ut Y 0.108
481
Regi Regi

1 9

tot
smooth boundary Kliye y 107 guna chota hai s se
Matlab bohot chota hai
 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF TURBULENT FLOW in ROUGH PIPE

ROUGH BOUNDARY

From previous
4 2.5 at in Uys
For Rough pipe y't Ike ang nt of
roughness
U 5.75 4 log 439
4
5175 Log I 5057109130

It 5.75109 E t 8.5 B

NOTE The above distribution for smooth and

vet
rough pipe can alsobe written in terms of
avg velocity
as a da

go 1dg Ju da Ci

Also 9 A Vang AR T Cii

From Li Lii
AR I Ju da

t
In Ju da

put u for smooth pipe or rough pipe we will

get ang velocity
Four smooth pipe
For rough pipe
I But
o
5 75109,0
44 t 5 5 Zardos

put y R r 5 75109 4.75

4 E
5.75 logo
II Uff 175 a LCD
 From A C

5.75109 4
E 7 55 5 75109 4th 1.75

u t 5.75 10910
4 3.75
ut Smooth Rough
Also y R Kumax

similarly B D
5 7510910 8.5 5 75109
Ya E F 4 4.75

5.75 109,0 3.75

UJI z
valid for both
For us Umax D R
Umax T 3975
ut

NOTE velocity distribution in smooth pipe is also given

by NIK URAN DSE Power law
U
tr only for smooth
uma
Remember in laminar flow value of
Land B was having separate category
Sept 18

FRICTION FACTOR
OTE For laminar flow f function Re
Friction factor for turbulent flow depends on
type of pipe as follows
a SMOOTH PIPE

f 0 316 40001 Re I 105

Rely
and
f 0.0032 t o 221 5 104 Re C 4 107
237
Reo
For 5 104 C Rec uxiot friction factor for
smooth pipe can also be found using
NIKURADSE formula
RCA og
I 2109,0

conclusion In turbulent flow for smooth pipe

friction factor is a function of Re
b ROUGH PIPE
t 1074
210910
Y
K Avg height of roughness
R Radius of pipe
here friction factor is a function of K

Hence for transition flow ff will be function of

both Re and K

NOTE For both smooth Rough pipe

3.75 General Relation
Umag hang
Ut
My Tff derived in laminar how
valid for both
 From Li Lii

3.75
4mg I
4141 Ff 3.75

4241 3.75 t 1

F
Umax
75ft ti Taut By
nary
1.325 A t
Unga valid for Both

Friction factor for commercial pipe

For commercial pi be friction factor is bound
using MOODY'S CURVE

tunction of

fpk
NOTE At 109
value of Re
curve will Avg height of
become horizontal Roughness
D Diameter
going upward
Reynolds number
is increasing

Moody's curvegivenisI developed for circular pipe

only But can it
be used for other shape
also by replacing D with urn where
RH Hydraulic Radius
For circular pine Rn D
Atf 4 Rm

As the pipe becomes older due to wear and tear its

 Ke Kot at te time
a const

9 For a turbulent flow in pipe of diameter 300mm

find the discharge when the centre line
velocity is 2m s and vet at point 100mm
from centre is l o mis

501 D 300mm
Umax 2m is on 100mm
u c o mis

n t 5 75109 3.75
y Y
ye R K 2m15
3.75 Ci
3.75
21
STE 150
y 150 100 50mm u 1.6 mis

3075
IF 507510910
Fg
621
1 1 Lii

Ia Ia
3.75 1
I Eat
2.75
017
ut 0 145 MIS
i T 1G ut
t 1145 MIS
Discharge g Ax
rang Iyx 300 X 1 45
o 102 MIS
9 water flows in 80mm
a pipe at Re 8 104 The
pipe is estimated to have an equivalent
sain grain roughness o 16mm Determine the
headloss expected in
length of pipe soo m

How much head low is expected in pipe if they were

smooth D 10 6 mils use the following eq

1.14
t 210910
It 21ft
Ke EE grain Sand Roughness
d Dia of pipe
D 80mm K 0.16mm
Sol
Re 8 104

his
head ion
tag
Now 1.14 21.25
If 2109,0 got 8 10430.9

6.23
f 00.02.56

Also Re
if
I 8 104 10 6 It Mls
80 10 3

now he 0.0250 500 12 8.154 an

they 2 9 81 0.08

b For smooth bibe K O

I 1.14 2109101 Eggnog

7.31 o 0187

000187 500 12
he 5.95 m
2 9 81 0 08

f generally varies btw o 02 o 04

9 A Goon dia rough pipe carry s water The
velocity at 4cm from pipe wall is 3ms
and
Sect
the vet gradient at
same point is
11025 compute
ca mean velocity of flow
b friction factor
c
Arg shear siren at wall
Id Aug ht of rough hers
Sol de 60 an y 4cm D 3m15
defy 1102551
5 75109 t 3.75
a
II t
ut Ky day k o 4

ut o.uxo.mx 11.25 0118 M IS

5 75 109 3 75
32,5 y
1.28
IF
I 3.23 mis

T
b ut
Ff
0 18 3 23
F f 0.198
C UA

to HIP 00182 1000 32.4 Nim 2

d For rough pibe

5 85
7510914
y tan u 3m15
I 5.75 log 8.5
08 t
i a log É
E 1.52 mm
 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

Boundary layer theory was given by Prandtl and is

valid for real fluid flowing over infinitely
large medium
when a meal fluid flow past a solid surface
Fluid particles adheres to the boundary due
to no slip condition i e if boundary is
stationary quid on it will be stationary
and if boundary is moving fluid attached
to it also moves

As distance increases velocity

from boundary
gradually increases up to certain distance o and
the become const This region o is
called boundary layer region

Free stream
velocity
Fiji
Ga Ee Boundary layer
111 11 1111111 1 a
solid surface

There velocity gradient inside the boundary

exist
region and it varies from max at
boundary of solid surface to zero at
T from boundary of solid surface
Hence shear siren is also maximum at boundary
G many
Essential Boundary conditions
a 2 0 8 0
b 5 0
c
y 8 do const
d yet defy o
dfg to
9 velocity profile is given by at b
f t c
f
apply appropriate boundary condition and
find the value of K if boundary
shear siren is To
Y
s
I at b
f E
y o 4 0 o a

y 8 day so by 2C
f f to
dytu t

be 2C 0

yet uh I b i t c

btc I

bIÉ 6 2

I 2
I 1
t
NOW
Boundary shear stress to M day

town
E E
To Eat 9 0
2VI
Also To
KYI
K 2

when fluid flow past solid surface thevelocity at

leading edge is zero and retardation of the
fluid increases as more and more of
plate is exposed to flow hence boundary layer
thickness increases as the distance from leading
edge increases
NOTE The above statement is valid for both
laminar turbulent flow
up to certain distance from
a leading edge flow in
boundary layer is laminar irrespective of
approaching flow nature

As depth of laminar boundary layer increases

it cannot dissipate the effect of instability
in flow hence transition of flow to
turbulent takes place

Thereby thickness of turbulent boundary layer

is more

Forcalculation purpose the presence of transition

region is neglected

Tt a
ent
Flat plate
c n i se can

Transition region
is neglected
The change of boundary layer from laminar to
turbulent is affected by
Ca ROUGHNESS of plate
Mone roughness leads to early formation
of transition zone

b INTENSITY SCALE OF TURBULENCE

Greater turbulence leads to early transition

C PRESSURE GRADIENT ve gradient
pressure
pressure increase in
leads to early transition

s gradient delayed transition

pressure leads to
wg
ve

ca p
 s curvature of
plate

A 7 Az C A
V C V2 7 V

Transition of boundary layer from laminar to

turbulent is assumed to occur at

Rec 5 105 for frat plate

Ren n distance from leading

If edge
I free stream velocity
hence if Ren C 5 105 D kinematic viscosity
Boundary layer is laminar
Ren 75 105 Boundary layer is turbulent

9 const
ne
to Y'ro
8oz To

Thickness of boundary layer depends on flow

ca velocity of flow As 99 J t because
g cost hence at thus Tv
b viscosity none is the viscosity more the
thickness
cos Rex
Reynolds number
Vf VAT 59
Rex increases then TL 41,4
 Id Presume gradient more ve prasure gradient
reduces boundary layer thickness
g const
m
sett Trans.fi Jt 78L
g no sub
ut UFFE jigggaplaminan
To Layer

if the blate is smooth then even in the region

of turbulent layer there is a very thin cages
adjacent to the boundary where flow is
laminar termed as laminar sub layer
of laminar sub layer 8 decreases
Thickness with
increase in reynolds number 8 d line

NOTE velocity profile in laminar boundary layer

to is parabolic

velocity profile in turbulent boundary layer

t power law is exponential
f
velocity profile in laminar sub layer is actually
parabolic but as thickeners is very less
it may be taken as linear

I
Nominal Boundary layer thickness o is the distance
It
from boundary surface
in which the velocity reaches 99 of free
stream velocity
Displacement thickness rt It is defined as distance
by which the boundary
should be displaced in order to compensate for
the reduction in man flow rate on account
of boundary layer formation
 Vo
g s
i

3
Ideal Ideal Realflow
fluid
reduction in mars flow rate on account of boundary
layer formation
in man flow rate mars of fluid blowing
in unit time
now in
me Vo
P Bc PO
pave P
Idg
I
u
P Vo o 1 p Ida u ÉyÉ D
Tt v dyx1 Vo u
o
s l This is for plate
g dy

momentum thinners It is defined as the distance

o
by which the boundary should
be shifted in order to compensate for the
reduction in momentum on the account of
boundary layer formation
inv moment now rate

mule in
d
PAUL Dont use
everywhere
For plate o g i g dy only valid for
plate
 ENERGY THICKNESS TE It is the distance by
which the boundary layer
should be displaced in order to compensate for
the reduction on account of boundary layer
formation
zinc mus TE
I Io ay

Here
is factor for
off termed as shape
boundary layer

Also T 7 JE O

For laminar boundary layer on Flat plate

84 0 356 D 001356

turbulent m
For boundary layer where f
m
It I anti mta

9 The velocity distribution in boundary layer

over the face of spillway was observed to
be
I If boundary layer
thickness is seen and discharge parsing over the
spillway was 5m31s per metre length of
spillway compute the Tt OE and loss of
energy to the
up section under consideration

8
I Li dy
j o 22 1 J
I l f Jay
ga y y
1022 80.22

8 5 81022
 b TE
I i
E Jay

I f Ii Ej ay

I E j I as

SE o 217 8
JE 002172 5 1.085 an

C Loss of Energy Ect ME Pg Va

EE E P A KE
IP SE l UI
x 1000X 0.01080 x 20

EL 43440
TE
9 For linear distribution of velocity on boundary layer
on frat plate compute one

to I to t
o
Ici way o
to Li to dy

I
o
l
F dy
o
I D dy

E fast É
o
J E o
E E E
I Ex 8 3
9 For steady flow pipe of radius
in R find shape
factor beer boundary layer
velocity distribution for pipe of radius R
SI
Ofa Cn ri
In
and R
umax
Of
WE t

For pipe flow

ii
Mc Imi VmaxNo
a
Bc OD
Ae Vo ADUD É
A TR a R JA

AR ALR TA Jo Jda von

Zar din Lvo 4

Eaters tot Vo Jaar no no 11 F an

240 for
Eu dr
rt
240
Ifa dm

Eero Ju 240
It 4k
2
Rot 8 2
2
neglecting 8
JAR
2A
IRI
Tt
I
 For o
niv c Lim V
i
P Acu P J dA Vo U y

UTTAR ALR O J J za r doe Vo 4 U

R O 2 m no no l
F no L of dr
no RO
Jr Yong no Lt E der

niro us nd
E i
g
o
I e
Teja
E I RI Er
E f I
D Mir
shape factor ft Fx 3

BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATION

ca conservation of continuity een
man
of off o
in 2D
b
11 1 0
Efron
i ef pressure
the
gradient
across boundary
layer is constant at
a particular section
p P P and Pa Pa Pa
C Ema
ugh tray I 8 t Ey as Fim PI ar
Edm
a P
u
or
tf
a Fee or Ee
 VON KARMAN MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EAN

dog To find thickness of Boundary

Ig layer
This eye is valid for following conditions
ca laminar boundary layer however approx true for
turbulent boundary layer also
b Steady flow C 2D flow
d Incompressible flow
e pressure gradient in direction of flow is zero

dfa D

DRAG COEFFICIENTS
a LOCAL DRAG COEFFICIENT 8 Cfn
It is the ratio of wall shear siren at any
distance a from leading edge to the
dynamic posers we
Cfu
FE
b Average drag coefficient fang It is the ratio

of ang wall shear siren to dynamic pressure

Cfang Tong FD
PE E a
Efta
g For a velocity profile laminar boundary layer
I I
compute
Ca Boundary layer thickness
b Shear Siren
cc Drag force id coeff of drag in terms of
Sol ca day
Ig
also O
I Fro i duo dy

I 318 I I I E 3 E ay

IZ f q E t I 7 I f t I I F
8
1.8 4 t t t ft I t 3 f Ey
o
37 E E E t
E
of
1 En En
to M day E
now
ME Ivo 317 I
To EMV Z I
f I
no Zr 3ft
y 0 2 To

To My Boundary
3g
putting the value

Zg MVo
pro Fo dfa
8 do Mvo dn
289g
Fron
o d8 da
My
c
E IF at

n o 8 0 0 c 8 14gGun
 Re
F
J2g Fit ED
o
f'Eret
g 4 64 n
Ren
d now
Cfn 3M
Mj x for
If Povo

Cfn
H Fey
Cfn
3,1g Ty
Cfn 3 Ren
y 64Ren

fn 0 646
Then

rig
Dragforce FDI Tood A

I to B du
V
C
dnt
u
Now Tot
off x
Pj
FD
I off PI B du

O 646
M
von
s II B an

Prob
I
o but M du c
2 Pro ll 23
C are
M't p't v03 B z re
Fp Kt
 Drag Force F 0.646 MF V03 B F

W
fang 0.646 TF v03 BA
LB L
fo
1.292
fang
Free
In the absence of velocity profile Blasius Expressions
are used
a For Laminar Boundary on smooth plate
1.328
Ee Fren

I
This are 9
applicable
when bound o 664
layer is Ctu
laminar 2
Throughout
Cre L 5 104
also Tx Fr To
dfw
Sept23 b Turbulent Boundary layer on smooth plate
0.376 5 105 C Re Clot
I Rex 45
107C Re2109
Effy
NOTE TX 2415 hence boundary layer thickness
increases more rapidly in turbulent
boundary layer than in laminar boundary
layer
also Ctu 0.059 5 105 Re clot
If Rex s

and Cfn 0.37 107 Re too

Eye DogoRex
258
 NOTE Tod Yn hence boundary shear stem decreases
less rapidly in turbulent B L than in Laminar
Boundary layer
0 074 5 1052 Re clot
fang Ree s
and Cfang 0.455
2 58
105 reliot
logoRey

NOTE All the above six expressions are applicable only

if turbulent Boundary layer is present
throughout

9 Find out average drag coeff for a rectangular

the
plate on which Boundary layer is partly
laminar and partly turbulent and the reynolds
number at trailing edge is hers than lot
Sot

Nc 5 105
s

Ig
man ge
i na
nn'IYi
Eun Eye
Here Cfang FD t For
A Pad
FD drag force at the laminary Boundary layer
FD Sto da
o 064 P B du
fun
Fiz Sto da B.dn 2K
qq.ge
 j
ferry I 0.664 da an
off Eggs
2 For t o 059
EL Eni's
Iffy L
E s

0664 2 Fios I L s
LIF
1951g EYE ya

93 2138
13 01 31 E
0
939,91 ge g 2btetl
o 17
Gang 59
Hence ang drag coff when Partly laminar and
turbulent boundary layer exist
Gang 0 074 1740
Re45 Rel

9 Find the ratio Drag on first half of the

of
plate to the drag on second half of the
plate in case of laminar boundary layer
throughout the plate

SI EE FEED
111 11 1 4
Fat
31120 BI
c
yo ya

Iggy EB
Be
ftp
FD
YET FE
FEE
FE YEE YEE e
2 414
 g Calculate frictional drag on a plate of O Ism wide
and o 45m long placed longitudinally in the
stream of oil having free stream velocity of
6msec Also find the thickness of boundary
layer and the shear steers at tailing edge
Coil o 975 8 0 9 10 4m21s

Sol a Vos 6m15

Rec
f
X
09 10 4
Tidiii
wie
o
3 10 C 5 105
V
hence laminar throughout

Fp
Ifj JBL
L
I tf PÉx BI 18 10N

b Thickness of boundary layer

HL PVI 0.064 m2
Rey't PI
Toil 67027

cc
ft Ere ll

8 13mm

9 show that ifsucha plate of is

tomxsm towed through
a fluid that the boundary layer is
laminar throughout ratio
the of towing speed
so that the drag force remains constant regardless
of whether lom or 5m side is in flow direction
is given by 1.26 and for similar condition
Ig
if the layer is turbulent entirely and Rec clot
UI 08
BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION

ifat
t
i
i
separated

a ji agro
c

ÉÉ
distribution solid body

gin In 70
I o

The boundary layer is formed when fluid flows over

the solid surface

The veto in this thin layer of fluid varies

from zero to free stream velocity in a direction
normal to the surface
The fluid layer adjacent to the solid body has
to overcome the surface friction at the
expense of KE
This toy of KE can be recovered by momentum
exchange not possible in laminar B L but takes
place in turbulent boundary layer
Thus vet of the fluid layer goes on decreasing
At a certain point on
stage may solid body a
comewhen the boundary layer may not be
able to keep adhering to the solid body As at
this point KE is not sufficient to overcome the
friction offered by the body
This results in separation of B L fromthe body
 The point at which B L is on verge of separation
is termed as POINT OF SEPARATION
Sept25 if we consider the flow over curved surface
ABCDE
Ca In region ABC Area of flow is reducing velocity
of how increase Hence pressure decreases in
direction of flow dat co

b Along region CDE area of flow increases hen a

velocity of flow decrease hence pursue increases
in the direction of now Enyo
o As vet of flow decreases in this region at a
point it reduces to such a value that it is
not capable of overcoming the resistance
offered by surface
Cd At such pt D boundary layer separation takes
place and velocity gradient is o day so
e Downstream of pt D the flow takes place
in the reverse direction velocity gradient
becomes E ve duty O

Boundary layer separation is observed in pumps

FANS diffusers Turbine blades Aerofoil
open channel transition ele

BLS leads to increase in pressure drag magnitude of

which is much greater than fictional drag
Bls can be controlled as follows
cab
accelerating the fluid in boundary layer by
injecting another same fluid
b
By creating suction of fluid at the
boundary layer
Cc
By streamlining the body Idea
9 For the following velocity profile determine whether
the flow is separated or on verge on separation
or remains attached to the surface
ca
to I I I I
b 2
to I Y
2
cc
to Y I
For to 0
Ay now be separated day 1y o
a
to I I Y

today Er Ect t
707 hence flow is not separated
yJy 3
b 2
to Y I
today
4
Y to 3
f if
0 how is of
F yo
a verge
separation
c
to 2
I Y
Ty two f 27 t
co tiene how is separated
day of
Sept25 MODEL ANALYSIS

For predicting the performance of hydraulic

structure like dams canals spillways ete or
hydraulic machine like pumps turbine before
construction manufacturing model of these
structure or machines
made are tests are
performed on it to get desired information
models are usually of two types
a GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR MODEL
b DISTORTED MODEL In case of harbour rivers
and estuaries

TYPES OF SIMILARITY
a GEOMETRICAL SIMILARITY

For similarity to exist the ratio

this of
corresponding length dimension b w the
model and must be same
prototype
B A b a

C Ce
d tha BE IE
D
Model
E
prototype
hemetrical parameter are i length ii width
iii height in area cus volume

Ln length ratio
Ep Big Map

NOTE Model can be bigger than prototype depending on

type and study
Lot 43
App If
b KINEMATIC SIMILARITY 8
For this similarity to exist ratio of all the
kinematic parameter in
the model and
prototype must be same
Kinematic parameters include velocity discharge
acceleration
vet ratio
IF h
Yo
Acela ratios damp
In For
Discharge ratio
9g 9m
4
Foon kinematic similarity geometric similarity must
exist
But it doesn't mean than if Geometric similarity
exist then kinematic will also exist
hence the above is necessary condition but not
sufficient
C DYNAMIC SIMILARITY
For dynamic similarity to exist b w model and
prototype identical type of force Elastic
pressure viscous ere must be similar and
have same ratio at all corresponding point
Dy names similarity are force power
ratio Pali
Force Ffp an
Patty kg
Ratio Forum
Power
Pmp Puff
For dynamic similarity to exist both kinematic
and Geometric similarity must exist
It is necessary but not sufficient condition

For complete similarity geometrical kinematic

and dynamic similarity must exist
A model can be both larger and smaller than
prototype
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORCES 8
Ca INERTIA FORCE is the force that resist the
It
change in state of matter
It is the product of man and acceleration
It always exist in fluid flow
Fie m a pl PL v2 ve velocity
I
Fi PL v2

b viscous force Force one to viscosity of fluid

FM CA I MUL
ME
Fv MUL
o
Gravity force Force due to gravity
Fg mg Pig
Fg Pig
d Preis wie force Due to pressure

Fp PA PLZ
Fp p L2
e surface tension Force F t L

f Elastic force't Fk KA KE Ke Bulk Modulus

Sept26
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER NON DIMENSIONAL NUMBER
a Reynolds number It signifies the dominance of
viscous force over the inertial
force
Re Inertialforce PL v2
viscous for Mvc PI
Re
b Froude's number It signifies the dominance of
gravity force over the inertia
force
Fn
JGravity Inertial F
I JPY735

For
F
Cid Eaters Number It signifies the dominance of
pores use force over the inertial
force It is defined as
ever
Eat fonentialf
Presurer I per
Eu
Ig
id weber number It signifies the dominance of
surface tension force over
inertia force
It is defined as we Inertial f
surface a IF
we U

E
e mach number It signifies the dominance of elastic
force over inertial force

I
m
East
mtg E
medium
c
Fp is velocity of sound in

For dynamic similarity btw model and pro type

ratio of dimenters number Re M W Ea For mus
be same for model and prototype
 practically
force ratio
it is not
hence models are
possible to satisfy all the
designed on basis
of ratio of force which are more
dominating amongst all

Hence different types of model laws are as

follows
a REYNOLDS MODEL LAW

Four cases where apart from inertial force on

is dominating Reynolds model law
ygscousyedb.ru

According to this Reynolds number of prototype

and model must be same

Rem Rep

E me E
1
Priya
This law is used in following cases
ca parachute where their i's drag
b Flow around submerged objects like submarines
air planes automobiles
c Pipe flow
According to this law

l
Prugh
un
fer
Put
Tn In
Accele an Mi
UI It I PotLs
Force ratio fog ma Pr let hot
Fonz
Pet 43
 Power ratio Pra fr von
ME IF
Pm M3
Pot Lr
Discharge ratio
get by Lip
Dn K
tuff
D FROUDE'S MODEL LAW

This law is applicable when apart from inertial

force gravity forces are dominating force
According to this law
frm Frp
E m
Eg
1
n
now I as g const
Sgp

In
This law is applicable in following cases

i Free surface blow as we'm open channels

spillway ete
ii flow of liquid jet from orifice
hiii flow over notches
Civ flow of ship in turbulent water

NOTE In case of ship gravity as well as viscous

force both an equally dominating Hence
reynolds and froude's law both must be used
 According to this law
L un In
1
Tn
En In For
an If 1

For man Pr 3 I Pr l
Power Pon Fon von Pm LI JI pm Left

If 472
9n
lot
NOTE SHIP MODEL
As ship is partially submerged body hence drag
experienced by it consists of
a The wave resistance due to gravity on free
surface
b frictional I viscous resistance offered by water
on surface of contact of ship with water
hence Re and for mood law should be
satisfied
Rein and fair
Palings if L

From Cis Cii

Pr Left l
µ

sometimes both the laws becomes difficult to be

satisfies hence following analysis is berforme
Total resistance Rt wave Resistance Rust
viscousResist Rm
Rt Rw t Ru
Ru I C P A v2 For both model
prototype
 Rw Rt Ru

now Rum Rtm Rum

now from Froude's law
force ratio for Rw fly
Pali
Tig
From above relation wave resistance of
prototype can be computed as

Roop Tsmc

Now Rtp Roop t Rum

9 A 1 20 model of a naval having a submerged

ship
area of Jm length of 8m have a total
drag of 20N when towed through water at
a vet of 1 s miser compute the total drag
on the prototype whenmoving at
corresponding speed use Ff I Cf Paul
for computing the skin resistance
and Cf 0.0735 Vwater 0 01 Story
Rets
Sol Rem Um Lin 12 100 75 105
Um 1.05.41 y Turbulent

Cf 2 82 10 3
Ogg 9971g
Ff I Cfm Pm Am Um X2 82 10 3 103
m
I X J XC

Fem Rum 15.86N

Rtm Rum t Room

Room 20 15 86 4 14
Now from from de's law Room Per ly

REI Ix to Io
 Rup Room X 8 103 444 203 33120N

Rup I Cfp Pp Apup

now von In Yep To up 1 5520 6.7m

An Lot to Ap 5 202 2000 m2

Any
rep up
81,484
0 0735 10148 10 3
Cfp CO tax cog 15
Rnp
3 103 2000 6072 51533.73
IX 1448 10
Rtp Rwp Rup 33120 51533.73

Rtp 8465317 N
Sep27 C EULER'S MODEL LAW 8

This law is applicable when pressure force is

dominating apart from inertial force
According to this law Eun Eup

TD Fie
Ver
Ge
This law can be used in following cases

6 In pipe flow at high pressure in which

viscous effect are neg legible as in turbulent
frow
ii in case of cavitation
Ciii pressure due to sudden closure of value
 d WEBER MODEL LAW 8
This law is used when surface tension force is
dominating apart from inertial force

According to this law

we m We p

Fpi Egede
Ver
v
It can be used in cases as

i capillary rise in narrow parsage

Iii Flow of blood in veins arteries
Liii Flow over weir for small head
civ Rising fluid
bubble in
u seepage flow through soil
C MACH MODEL LAW

when apart from inertial force compressibility

is
force is dominating this law
applicable
According to this law Man Mp
v
re m Ere
1
This law is applicable in
ti water hammer pressure
Lii under testing of torpedoes
water
iii Aerodynamic testing of missiles rockets
civ Flow of gases through pipe at high velocity
NOTE compressibility force are pre dominating when
Mach number 70.3
i e velocity of movement 7 0.3
 Now vet of sound 340 Mls

If MCI flow is termed as subsonic

M I T flow is u n supersonic
Mel sonic
I
u r
my I v
hypersonic

9 In a wind tunnel a truck of the model is

tested at Lora 10 Analysis of the
Em
model is to be done for speed of vehicles at
25 8m Is 196.5 kn tho The density and viscosity
of air in the tunnel is same as that of
air in which truck is to move find the
speed of air in the tunnel acquired for
testing Machnumber

Sol using Reynold's model law

et
Print
Pp LP Pm Um Lm
Y him
up 25 8 Mls
Ume Up X In 2508 16 429 Mls
cheek MI 1 26 70.3
I 4349
0
compressible forces will be dominating
and the flow is supersonic
Now we need to incorporate changes in our
model during testing to reduce the
affect of compressibility
um Em Ms Em up

be used
Diff
with higher at
Ibe performers
lower
scale of model can
be temperature changed
density eg water to to reduce viscosity test can be
reduce um performed at
wind tunnel can be full scale
pressurized Pont Comp Lp
 f RIVER MODEL LAW 8
In river models distorted models are used
A model is said to be distorted if it is not
geometrically similar
For a distorted model different scale ratio our
horizontal and vertical directions are used
In this if undistorted model is med then
dept of model will be small hence
i how may not remain turbulent as in original
case
Iiis Difficultly in measurement
Here length ratio in horizontal direction
Lam scale ratio in horizontal direction
4pm Bfm

Inu scale ratio in vertical direction

hat
Also vet ratio un
Fu Em Froude's law

Area ratio Ant Bp hp Lorn Lorn

Bm 4m
Dr Am Un Lam Lau
fro
Loin mo

9 The performance of spillway of power project is to

be studied by means of model constructed to
a scale of leg neglecting the viscous and
surface Tension effect find
ca Rate of flow in model for a prototype dish
of 1000 m Is
b The dissipation of energy in the pro type
hydraulic jump if the jump in the model
studied 04 is MP
 using Froude's law
SI
Frm Frp
Un Fr
ca Sr Am un 4th t
gap t 9ms looox t h
Bms 4.11 m3 S
b Power Pm for ur Per Let v5 un

Pr Pr Lot un pin 20th In i

Pr Lotz
tis
Pg 5
Pp 979 0 Y 874.8 MP

g ROTODYNAMIC LAW

This law is is applicable for Rotodynamic machines

Four roto dynamic machines
a power
f I
3,5 s Ite
As per this law
Stam C
E m E
1
1733
1 atty
and
pPpps
pPn3
DJp
Pr 1
Pr Ma D
 9 Two geometrically similar pump are running at
same speed of 10hpm
and
and
10m
lifting against a
head of 25m respectively First
pump is having an impeller dia of 300mm
Find the impeller dice of 2nd pump

SI NIM
Hm
Mm Dm Ip Dp2

Dp 189 73 mm

Sept28 9 The light weight parachute has diameter 7m and

total weight including pay load 1020N The
design terminal settling velocity rt of parachute
is 5 5 mis A one tenth scale model of the
parachute is tested in wind tunnel with same
air in which parachute is moving
Main 10802 10 5 191msec Paint 1.225 kg m

a compute the drag coff of the prototype

b A what speed wind tunnel will run for
c
dynamic similarity model
Aerodynamic drag on
SEI a FDI I a PAW p
1020 I Cdx 1 225 42 72 X 5 52

Cd 1.43

b A's per reynold's model law

L
contyn
un f
um 55 mis
IF In 5,370
 e
Aerodynamic drag
FD La PA D m

FDM Por Ar Un Lot free

Mow
ta
FDM 1

I Fpm Fop 1020N

g Flow of glycerin of D 5 10 4 m see in a open

channel tois be modelled in a laboratory using
water of D 10 6 misses If both gravity and
viscous force are important find the length
scale

Sol As per Reynolds model law viscous

Priya L
As per froudels model law gravity
Une Fr
From both 1
Pag
4312 Or
In a 213
con
E Ligon
Lor 1
63
9 In a model of highway bridge constructed to a scale
of tin 25 the force of water in the
pier was measured as 5N what is the
force on the prototype pier
SI Er Pr lol Peel
1 Is
IF 253 Fm 5 253 78 1256
Fp
9 A river stretch totem long and 850m wide is to be
modelled for blood studies in Hydraulics laboratory
where the available theme size is am width
20m and 70cm height It is
length
to use
decided a depth scale
is
of 10 If the
peak flood in river 3000 mils at a depth
of 6m find the suitable horizontal scale
to be adopted for the construction of the
model
Max available flow is 150 Us in lab The
horizontal scale should be in the multiple of
10 and such that the model is as
big as possible
Determine the model dimension depth and discharge
Assume the hydraulic depth is same as depth
of flow in both model and prototype
S 9n BpoMp tip'll e D A
Fm Apply BinMm Mm't
2
3000 Late Ly
130 10 3

2 104 103312
La
Lori I 634 Y Z 640

torn Bfm Bm 850

Big 640

Bm 1 32m C 2m OK

late 10000
In Lun
In 660

Lm 15 625m 20m OK

In Hm 102
u
them 41
Mm 60 an to an OK

Discharge Of 9,1ms Late Look

ratio
9m OP 3000 1480234sec
 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

D A is a mathematical technique of solving

engineering problems It makes use of the
dimensions of the variable on which the
problem depends
The various physical quantities can be expressed
in terms of fundamental quantities
fundamental quan ties are ca Mars m
b Length L
c Time T
ldl Temp O
The quantities which are expressed in terms of
this fundamental quantities is termed as
derived I secondary quanties cg Area velocity
acceleration eve
The common system of dimensioning a physical
quantity is man length and time
NOTE DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENITY in an equation exist when
men'gontains identical powers of each

For eg he figg
2
TL IL EL ET
2
ILI TT II
I EL Dimensionally equal
Dimensional Analysis can be done by following mtd
A RAYLE AM'S Mtd
It gives special form of relationship among the
dimensionalers group
It does not provide any information regarding the
no of dimensionless to be obtained
group
It is used for determining the expression for
a variable which depends upon 3 or y
variables
 In this analysis is done as follows
i list all the independent variable likely
to influence the value of dependendent
variable
Iii write the functional relationship btw depende
and independent variable

yet ni ni an

12 H Rab n
y
K dimensionless coeff
iii Express both dependent and independent variables
in terms of fundamental variables
Civ Apply principle of Dimensional homogeneity to
find the values of const a b c

9 Find an for drag force

exp on a smooth sphere
of diameter D moving with uniform
velocity v in the fun'd of density P 4
dynamic rise M
SI FDI f D V P M
FDI K ID Ib Pc My
a 3 1 d
Mitt J K IL it 1
EML Emi 17
I Ctd
Ea cii
EIJI iii
cannot be solved
since u is the most significant parameter in
analysis of drag force b a c is exposed
in terms of d
l d b 2

data
d 3 3d d
a d 2
9 2 d
 d
Fis K ID hey f dad
d d
FD KD V p Ed v p Md
d
F K D MP ply y

Yee
9 The resistance R of
force a supersonic plane
during flight depends upon the length of aircraft
e velocity v air viscosity M air density P
and bulk modulus of air k determine the
functional relationship btw these variable the
resisting force
SI Ref Liv M P K
RI K Tea vb me pd key
2 ELT I b EM L IT IT Me 3 d
Iet K L
me Yy 2 e
I Ctd te i
I a tb c 3d e Cii
2 b c Ze iii

Since M and K are the most significant parameters

for super sonic flow a b d is expressed in
terms of c and e

d i c e
b 2 C Ze
I a t 2 c ie c 3 i c e e

I at 2 C Ze c 343C 3e e

at L C
t e c e
RI k i Tu Fuge ppl ke
active ius f
R Kpi'd't
IIe Ip
 A circular ratio
9 cylinder of given length Diameter
is kept in steady notation at M men see in
a uniform stream of fluid of vet u Assuming
that the power required to maintain the
motion depends on density P kinematic vise so
dia D Show that
D
Y't I ME
sot D f IP O V D N
I MmI
D f Ipa Ub Yc Dd Ne L'T
KIMI 339
3 it 1 CUT 1 To d e
EET it

I a
2 39 tb 2C t d
B h c e
also can take V
since fluid rel e and rotational speed U are
significant parameter hence cape a c d in terms
b
of
ane
d
f 3 b
2 3 b t act e
2 3 t b t 6 2b ze ed

I b Ze t d
d Ttb the
b b e
D k IP a Er pjitbtreEnge
P k
fr ID CI
p f Ifl it
Sept'd
D Buckingham's a Method

The rayleigh's method analysis

of becomes becomes tidious
When no of variables more 74

In such case Buckingham a method has the advantage

that the number of dimensionless group called
as a pi to be formed are known in advance

According to this mtd if there are n number of

variables both dependent and independent in
a dimensionally homogenous eg and these
variable contains m fundamental dimensions
then the number of dimensionless group that
can be formed are n m termed as a terms or
groups

Esso.ttIfisn
3 fundamental
I a group 5 3 2
For eq consider a phenomenon involving variables
Ni is it n such that n depends upon
independent variable Kainz kn then the
general functional relationship can be expressed
as
a f us m3 Nn
NII K Nz Nz Nn

K Ni Nz Nz Nn D

K Al Az Az An m 0

here each of a term may constain max of

mtl variable only one of which is required to
be changed from term to term

These m variable which appears repeatedly in

each of a term are called as repeating
variables
NOTE Foor deciding repeating variables following
guidelines must be adopted
 hi select the first repeating variable from
those describing the geometry of how i e
size shape for cg diameter length width
height ele
lii select second repeating variable from those
representing the fluid property for eq
density viscosity surface tension vapour pros
composers ate

hiii select the third repeating variable from those

signiting the teen'd motion such as velocity
acela pressure force power discharge ere

The repeating variables must not form the

non dimensionless parameter amongst
themselves
Dependent variable must not be selected as
repeating variable
9 A partially submerged body is stored in water
the resistance R to its motions depends
on the P viscosity so length e of the
density
body velocity of body o and acct due to
gravity Find the relationship b w these
parameters using Buckhing am a Mto
R f P V L Vig
SI
KIR P V L V g 0

Mere Total no of variable he 6

Fundamental variable m 3
No of a terms n 3 6 3 3

Every t term will be 3 1 4

R YNIR
No of repeating variable in m 3
each a term
1st repeating variable Length L
2nd repeating variable density visas P take any 1
3rd repeating variable velocity g I
Now A term solution non repeating left R V g
T I 19 p b VC R
n 10TO LF ML 3 b ELT i
MIT 2
b 1 0 be l
0 a Bb TC H ate y
O C 2
2 II
2 Z
A e p g R
T R
12 P v2
now A da p b Ue p change non repeating
variable
b
N 2070 IF ME IT EMI TY
b 1 O a 3 btc I
ate 2
O a 1
ET
Az y
ee v
now T la pb y g
MITO Lya ML 3 ELT I LT 2

O b I b o

0 3b etat
a tee l
o C 2
9 1
e z

As g e
v2
 KIT AL I3 U

K I Fr Ipo 3 0

for KEI I
RI PHU K I Re For

9 In a compressor frictional
torque is T in the
impellon If the diameter is D speed N true'd
viscosity M and density p prove using a mta
theorem that
Pu f
T D
In
SOI TI f T D N M P
n 5 m 3 no
of a terms n me 5 3 2
T Da MbNe P
070 milt 1 7 1
n EL
o btl D I

o a b 3 e a L

o bc Ce b I

T LPN
MD

TzDa M NCI TT
I

motto La Inuit Db IT JC Emet e

D 1 a b 12 0
at 2 0 a 3
O b c 2
1
TL
Fun
K Al AL 0

KRI 53mn
0

IT D MN 14 Gen us we

É
s
Ip Nfr
2Efd
T Ks
D MN
Yup I ND
 FLOW THROUGH PIPES

most of the pipe flow problems are turbulent in

Nature
Flow in pipe is turbulent when Re 4000
when water flows through pipe loss in it head
takes place which is due to following
la Majoor 1055 b Minor loss
due to friction 180 903 due to pipe fittings
of total ion 10 201 of total toy
MAJOR LOSS

major tons in pipe is one to fiction

This loss is given by
i Darcy weisbach eye
Pii Chey's Eea
Y n
a

I
I
22
u v
Datum
using Energy equi at section

the
It te 227
Yg
t Zi
I a he

As per darcy wa'sback equi he flu

29D
f Uf
fiction factor
t coff of friction he 471102
291
Also he fig fl gl
29DAZ 291 132 far 95
he 419 A

For laminar trow f

Ge
Turbulent
flow f 0.316 4000C Re ios
in smooth Pipe Rely
f 0000324 00221 1052 Re 4 107
y
Too turbulent flow in
Rough pipe 2109,0 E 1.74

note In general for metallic pipe f 0 02 0 04

As per Chery's eqa D c Fs

o c
Jap
ft
v
E
E ht
hf 4102 B
CD

From A B

Igf 44
c
JE te friction factor
Ots
minor loss

Minor loses are one to the pipefittings and are as

follows
a loss due to sudden expansion

Applying momentum eqa in a direction

Pia P Az Ar PLAz pgV2 POU
Assuming P P
P At P Az Pi PLA Pg Vz VD
Pi Pa Az PS vz UD Ci
Using Energy eye btw i coil

I t
Ig 2
PI t Ig t Eat he

Iii
he
Pif 4
gI
From Ii is

he Pg Va Vi x U2 up
Azz 2g
ve lur UD
g
t
wig
his IgE ritual aviv

he Vi Uz
hit
Ig i
5
2g Now 9 AV AzV2
 he i
t
he k
II where k 1
Az
b Loss due to sudden contraction 8
The lobes due to sudden expansion are much
higher than one to sudden contraction

hi Icon in expansion regia

Cig Agua neglecting toy due to
contraction
E D
D AcVc VaAz
Nc
Yg 1
I AI
he
E D É I
1
hi K
VIG
K
E 20.5 approx

D 1055 at entry into the pipe

B Y
sharp curvature
Bend
u o

he K 4 0.5
 However the value of K varies with curvature
If not given take K 0.5
d loss due to exit from the pipe
his 11 1
kg
Mere K is equal to k E correction
factor
since most of the time flow 0
is turbulent in pipe hence
its value is taken to the 1

les loss due to Bend and pipe fittings

his K

mere K depends upon type of pipe fitting as for

Type of fitting K

Angle valve 5
hate u 55
Foot value 15
go sharp bend 102
45 elbow 0.4
standard elbow org
standard 1.8

9 water flow from a reservoir through a series of

pipe joints as shown Find the error in
discharge if minor losses are neglected Assume
12 1 for bend f 0.02 for all the pipes
Available head of com is used in over coming
loses and providing discharge
I

pipe l'd 987m

pipe 2
andpipe 3
200m
sot total loss Major loss Minor loss
Major Loss

he tho
fight 12.1135

is
he 002
12.1921189 4Gt 1
minor head toy

Total minor he Entry in Bent Bent t sudden Sudden

pipe exp contr
exit from
pipe
t ka
King t ka
g g
t 3 t KyEg t
stg
V
IA
Gf K 2112 t ks t Ky t ks

gl
19.624
xco.by
5T 2 1.24 l
YI Oes I

410092

If minor head loss is neglected then

ML 34090 9 92 2034090.992
96 Minor head loss is included then 9 002422m31s
Miz loot 34091 9
3819192
Now My 20 3819192
D 0.0228 M's
error o 02422 0.0228 6.22
 HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE TOTAL ENERGY LINE

hydraulic Gradient line is the line which joins

the hydraulic piecometric head at various points
in flow
TEL is the line which joins the total head at various
points in flow
hence the difference bw TEL f Mal is velocity or
kinetic head

nitrites Ight
u n

22
iz v
gym
TEL always falls down whereas that man rise or fall
NOTE 1 Sudden rise
fall in TEL occurs due to pump
or
and turbine respectively
as due to turbine mechanical energy is added and
due to turbine n mechanical n extracted
2 Hal can rise suddenly in case of sudden
expansion
at and
using energy eye

I at
Ig BE at
Egly g
21
Et a Eg Eg Yg Zig Eg

Ig avi 290
V2 102 DD co
g
 Cgt Z
5 21 Or
1184170
Tha Cpt o

hence Hal rises at the section of sudden

expansion but TEL will fall

Oi I

NOTED For uniform flow condition slope of Mal ie

Hydraulic gradient i is given by
at
Pit Yg By t eat
g
the

since VicV2

Eta Eta he

now is
HE
D Eta
L Ifs't
is to
120115

TEL is horizontal for Ideal flow condition

Hal is
ie
horizontal in above case when velocity is constan
velocity head is const
For open channel tow hat coincides with free
surface
At pipe exit Hal coincides with pipe surface as
pressure head is 3h0 gauge pressure
 Gauge pressure is mo at location where Mal
intersect the timid surface
Presume in flow section that lies above Mac is
negative and positive where flow is below mac

É A

i in
estaffsnment

of how

TEL Mal for pipe can never intersect each other

will come together when velocity head
yes they
Oct6

PIPE CONNECTION 8
A SERIES CONNECTION

S I L 3

hi di 13 d3
n d

D Bit But 9 t On

his hat heat hi t t hen

 B PARALLEL CONNECTION 8

Here head toes through each pipe will be same

1 1 12 13 In i hi d

he he hLz hi
2 da da
9 9 that On
3 dz dz

EQUIVALENT PIPE

Hydraulically equivalent pipe is a pipe which can

replace existing compound pipe while carrying
same discharge under same discharge

lied la da esdz
a cp Chu Ep

jjj.gg
compound pipe
hut hut hi MEP E
e d
tIas
equivalent pipe
Is Is Est 35

Is it I Minor losses neglected

f const

9 Three pipes 300m long 300mm dela 150m long 200mm di

and zoom long 250m dia
connected in are
series in same order pipe having 300mm dia is
connected to the reservoir water level in the
reservoir is 15m above the pipe axis which is
horizontal The respective f for three pipes are
o 018 0 02 400019 compute
Ca Flow rate
b magnitude of cons in each pipe section
Cc The dia when the three pipes are replaced
by a single pipe of 7 0.016 to give same 9
Sol
15M
I
v apsoomm daszoom Id 250mm

x x x x
300m som 200m
a Flow rate 9 Bit 92 93
Total head th he that he
on
15m thigh t flag T fly g
12.1 D 12 Das 1201135

15 0.02 150 00019 200 9

10,291 3,09
12.1 0.25 1201 0.25

15 3183 65 774.8 321.58492

9 0.108 m3 S
b hi 2.142 m

his g 037 m
his 3.75M

cc when a single pipe is replaced

he eg hi t hea t he
20142 3.75
ft
90037

15 0.016 650 001082

1201 X 14 ggg

D 0.2317M

D 231.7mm
9 Two reservoirs with 15m diff in their water
levels are connected by a 300mm dia pipeline
of 3000m length compute the discharge also if
a parallel pipeline of 300mm dia is attached
to the last 1500m length
Determine the modified
of the existing
pipe discharge neglect
minor lobes f 0.04
s a using energy 91 O a

PI eat
B 41
2B
YI
led B
ZA I
hip
Mslsec
15 9 0.0606
114,5
b
g But 93
a
hitz hit H
hid
flag 13 932
12 11,5 12.1 d35 da B
y
g g Ii
From i and ii 92 93 bid
2
using energy ega
MI hea t hit
Tl Gil
155
sass 44,93s 91 5 ith
91 0 0766 Mls discharge is increased
Note incr in 9 0 0766 0 0606 100
0.0606
26 4
This is the adv of parallel connection
FLOW THROUGH SYPHON

syphon is a pipe system used to drain or

carry the
timid under the action of gravity

Y Ihs
A
2s

If B
2B

v u

For computation of flow rate

Applying Enarg cga btw tf B

PIT ZA T YE BIT ZBTUG the

he Za ZB AT i

Also he hlf t minor logs Neglect it mentioned

H to 5
tyga t
Ig
Find it and thus g

For cavitation not to occur

pressure at top 7 vapour pressure
most pt
using energy ya bw A and

Pay Za
tug It as
Ig theft heexit

Paty PI t hs
Ig t hit the
Paty By ths t
Ig hit thee
 For No rapourisation
Ps Vapour pre Propour

047 POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH PIPE

s a head available I M

H Power i I 89 M
d
v
a head available 2 H he
he hit t minor toes
Power available 2 rg h hi

efficiency of power transmission rain hi 100

Ign
Yo eff
Htt 4100

For max's power transmission

of
o

P ra the neglecting minor Ion

p ra n
fi
P V9 H rfl 93
12 Ids
rm VfL 392 O
dig 12.115

M FL392
120145
H 3h Lf
i hit
I
lo eff 6667
HII x100
3 100

eff for 66 67
Max power many
9 Power is to be transmitted hydraulically along a
distance of 80 km through a number of
10cm dia pipe laid in parallel each to
other The pores areat at the dish end is
maintained cont kPa Determine the
6650
min no of pipes required to ensure an off of
atleast 90 when the power delivered is
150 Kw t o 0075 for all pipes and neglect minor
losses

SOI 7 90 0

head avail at discharge end h h he n hit By

M he 6650 Kulm 6ft 87 m
9 81 cam
17
4
41 0.9
M
Hot 67731 753 18 M

hf H 677087 75 31 m

Power delivered at ditch end D 29 M hy

150 103 9810 9677087

total disch g 0.0225m3is

Since pipes are in parallel hit hifz hit
he ftp d5
75 31 000075 80000 x QE
12 I X o 1 5
individual Qi 0.00194 m3
discharge
I No of pipe N 0 0225 11059 212
o oorgy
 POWER AVAILABLE FROM NOZZLE

Y n U vet thru nozzle

H U n n pipe
l D
V
y o 70

If minor tones are neglected n ht

n
tag
fight Igt
Avail
v O

H H af
2g D
rel through nozzle D
4,24 az
ALD

Power available at 89 H he
head
nozzle ra
f
profit't
Eff of power trans M 89415,47 x 100

n
Mff x 200
I 3 100
For max power transmission ht 1113
Mmax 66.67010

3 100
It feal
X 100

ALD
It flaz 1.5
ALD
 fff 0.5

fl d 0 5
1,5
a
Ee
9 A fire engine supplies water to a
hosepipe 75m
and o 075m in dia at a pressure of 3kg Cmt
Sarge The discharge end of the hosepipe has a
nozzle of dia d fixed to it If 7 0 032
Determine dia of nozzle so that the momentum
of the issuing jet may be max

velocity through the nozzle

sql
a
J
momentum throughnope Pat Park
M Pa 2g
Mitty 71
Me
Ptsd I an Effed
For max momentum
dig o
It adf.si ifjad'ltend3 J o

2dDJt2fld5
4fld5fld5
d DJ
fl d4 DJ
d
DI
a
I
now d 0 0315m 3 15am
8 35575344
 LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN TAPERED PIPE 8

Du Di DIZ n

Dn DI KN
i in
dhe far 92
12 1 Das
c
n
Ya
Jdhf tang
hf f 1201 Dns
t
p kn 5d
ht
I It nice on air
ht to
48 DI Da In In
LOSS OF HEAD THROUGH A PIPE IN Which water i's discharge
from sides at a uniform rate at regular
interval with ends dosed

let the water is discharged

per unit length at
rate of q 9 4
e t s
water discharged over dist N

Eu IT II tax
Flow available at distance n Eng
Gn g gu

dht t die but

12.1 15

hf I tan got
12 1ps
9s Ill 1 an

ht tf 534 tf s
 head lobe head loss of const
tx discharge

Oct8

9 A pipe o Gm dia takes of from a reservoir 150m above

the datum The pipe is 5000m long and is laid
completely at the datum For the last 1200m water
is drawn by serive pipe at a uniform rate of
01088 cameo 300m find thepressure at the
end of the pipeline isconsider the other end is
dead end i e velocity no

9 9 1200 2.93 104 1200 L v

o
C room
iii
ha 0.04 3800 0.3522 20.02 m
719,1 12 1 X o.o

3 It
hlf x headlosswhen
f is const
0.04 12004 10.35232 2.107 m
Ix 1201 10635
conservation 0 150 to the the
using Energy It o to

P 50 2002 2 1073 9.81

P 1254.44 KPa

TIME REG FOR EMPTYING A RESERVOIR THROUGH A PIPE

DISCHARGED IN OPEN AIR
A using Energy com btw i r z
R at any time t
dnt a

h M
Etat Ir at
Ig Ert 224
Ig the
did Ot of o
v u
we f se 0th to 51g
last
fgf
h
fat
 vol of water drained in time interval at

Sdt Adh Cht dtt

v adt Adh As An of tank
as u u
pipe
49ft adt Adh

dt an
I In

kfdt fifth
Kt z th t c
t o h M
o 2 A t c 2A
Kt 2 M Tn
Time req by the ft A rn
container to empty E
up to in height
Time req to empty the container no

t
4TH
Time neg for half empty h Mh

E CA VE
Time req to empty the second half of reservoir
f fun tank Lt first naif
LA E
EM E
EVE
Ratio of Time neg to empty 1st half EH VE
Time neg to empty 2nd hof p
I 0 414
NOTE Time neg to empty the second half is more
than first half as energy is reduced
when tank gets half empty
TIME neg to reduce the level diff bw two reservoirs

qt too

dh Atadh
i
change in level diff in time de i e dhe h h

dh h dir h
drag
dh dm it
At
v01 of water drained in time interval dt

A dm g dt
dh Sdt c
A
it
Ag
Now h heft entry lout exit on

n
Ight t o's
Ig Eg
Ight tf h

h
lest
tf
a
fight
Now D a I
 From Eci
AAz dh
Ata TT at
q
at
K IgtE
K day
Idt
2k I'rn Thu t

time neg to reduce the water level from h to ha

EIN ratio of time neg to empty a cylindrical
9 compute the
tank which is half full initially when the
tank is vertical and when tank is
horizontal Dia 2 5m lengths 5m orifice at
bottom of tank is of dia 7 5am ca oG

Sol ca when tank is vertical a

Sdt Adh
Cd ad at Adh 5m R n

ca a Mgh dt Adh
1.5m
Let K Cd G A 0.0797 y
Klatt En
k t
j dig
S
Kt 25h

2525 1322 Sec

Sg X
 b when tank is horizontal

gdt Adh
Now A 5 22
ION
also RI at R ft Rh R
LD
n 5m
N R2 R tip hjidh R
R
I 2Rh 42
A 10 2Rh 42
n a Cd at dt to V2Rh 42 dh

Ca a Agh dt to warn ha ah

Cd
Gorg fat o
f
1.25
ZR h dh

1451 Sec
th
C Now
tf 0.911

WATER HAMMER PRESSURE 8

when gate value is open in a a
pipe water flows with
the velocity of V in it m
no if valve is suddenly TM
closed momentum of flowing
water is destroyed and
consequently a high pressure
v
e a
v
f
wave will setup
This pressure will travel at the speed of sound
wave
causes hammering action in the pipe and
is termed as water hammer knocking

If the pipe is rigid the pressure wave travels

with the velocity of sound c

j k Bulk mod of liq

P density of lie
 If the pipe material is elastic the velocity of
pressure wave is given by

I E Ey
D Diameter of pipe
t thickness of pipe
RIGID PIPE E Modulus of elasticity
The Pressure wave sudden closure
developed due to
of value undergoes reflection at the
reservoir as well as at the valve end time period
of which is given by
If I
e length of pipe b w
valve f reservoir
speed of wave sound

If time of closure T C Te t it is termed as rapid

closure
where Tee critical time 21

In such case water hammer pressure is given by

Pne PC DV
DUI V2 V

Vitus is the velocity of flow before after

closure of valve

If flow in pipe is completely stopped uz o

Ph PCV

It time of closure t Te then it is termed as

SLOW CLOSURE

In such case water hammer pressure is given by

a
Tc CT Cl's Te
Ppg E
T I JTC Phs
b
PLI
 For designingof the pipes prone to water hammer
pressure total pressure is considered to be
resisted by it
n
Pt Pst Ph n's
Ps
Put
steady
water
state pressure
hammer pressure É
Foon no failure hoop E Design

CPSEIND I TD

9 compute pressure one to water hammer caused

the
by sudden closure of the pipe if ca pipe is
elastic b pipe is rigid Tanume 4 0 5
sot ca pipe is elastic
KE of liquid strain energy of liquid t strain energy
of pipe
KE of liquid 1mV I PALM Ci
se of liquid E Ptv un k

EPICAL
by
SE of Pipe
EE Triton 2M Trn
a The
PE PE
se of pipe
hence
4 t
PE PExP xu

E ME It I I xvol

IE MI XI PLEINv01
Total SE of pipe p'd Tdt L
material 8 Eta
V01 BEE x
att
LEE EE
P'Adl
2 Et
 I PALM P'd LA
PEI Z Et
er P'CET Et
I
D put
It Et
b of pipe is rigid E a

UPC
P U FK UP
A
BRANCHING OF PIPE
It is the process of drawing multiple pipe from a
single pipe
Analysis of branching of pipe can be done by
using
ca continuity een
b Energy
C
eqa
wee'sbach
Darcy 9 I
Following types of are to be in
this case
cases
analysed
Type LI fit d of all the pipes are given
ZA ZB Da are given
GA Dc Ze are to be found

g
A
pi
AI B
ZA e a
2B
C
Ze

u v v
 step find Total head at D Junction Pt
step find OB
And go
find Ze

9 LA 1.2km da 03m 2B 38 m
1B 0 0km Za 40m
le 0 8 KM
day gym 9A Go 4S 0 06m31s
f o g 9B Ace Ze

Sol Ion in pipe A he g

hea o 024 x 1200 X 0.0632
12 I X o 3 5

LA 3052 m

head at D H 40 3.52 36.47

Now H C 2B hence water will flow
from B to D

Mead loss of pipe B 38 36147 1.53

hip O 024 600 X GB
12 I X 10.215
BB 0.0164 m3 S
Dc DAT BB 0.0764

hic 0.024 800 0 0764

12 1 X O 3 5

hee I 3 811
Head of reservoir 36 47 3 811
32 65
 type 2 t fi D of all the pipes are given
Za 2B QB is also given
To find 2B BA Bc
n I
d
I n
A B

an
LB
2B
C
za
v u v

Sol ca 2A Ze htadt hf Dc
b Assume head at D let say Hy
ZA MD HAD
My Ze hf Dc
3 compute sa f Be with the help of above lots
4 The value of H for which Bp 19A 94 0
is the correct HD

9 For the three reservoirs 2 100m 23 20m 92 0 5m

Assume 7 10 72 40 93 20 and n 2 for
the relation hf ng find di 93 22

SI ZA HD heap 9 Of 10 Of
I Qa
fZAI
His Ze hence 93 Son 2095 Act Mogg
H m ga m3s Oc m3 s GB Ba Del
70 Anime 1.73 153 0135
60 Ayame 2 1 41 o 09
65 1 87 1.5 0.13
O W
can also be n HD
found graphically
s9s
yygj
QB IBA BC
12 BB 40 0.532
Now Lfp
2B HD Lf BD
2B MDT hf B 62 10 72 m

NOTE In general ht n g

ca Darcy's theory hfe 91 or g

n
fly 12 2

Cb Manning's theory I
In R's s 2

if
I E hee
h
hf
typ
ht n g't org
43
A
E
n
IIe s

e chezy's theory v c Frs

C Dia
It
I man
ht of
4 2
n I
Ife
i
 Type 3 fl D of all pipes are given
Za 2B Zc are given
to find 9A BB Dc
Assume Me total head at
junction point D a Y
My 2B
Za My 2A 2B Lfa
A
fay gaz
g
za za
127 DA g
g
DA W e
n
2B
My Ze 2B Ze hype
c
2B Ze te le AE z
12.1 Dcs
de w u v u

Now it Ba he
means MD 7 2B
If ga CQC HD ZB
Now assume Mp as per the above condition and
find hefap hefBD I hfDc

Za HD M BA
hf Ap
Ga L
f hag
HfBD MD 2B FB lBQD BB a
12.1 Dps

Nfpa Imp Ze t fadeget Gc w

12 is
This discharged 19A AB dc must satisfy
continuity ega at D
GB GA Dc 0
 a Three tanks A B C common
supply water to a
junction J through pip AJ BJ CJ and the
characteristics of flow through these pipes is
given as

AT 492 BJ 792 5 99 The water

surface elevation in the three reservoir are
150m 120 m mom Find the flow through
each of pipes
a R
A R r

2c 120M
2a 150m
e
zo

v u

SE Assume My FEB 120

Has 49A ZA My 150 120 30

DA 2 73m31s

hfs 965 173 Ze 120 40 9 2 98m

since a BA My CEB
Now hfa 491 ZA My
2
9A 15
15
hf pp 795 ZB 173 I G BI 120 MS

hfy 995 175 Zo 9L t

tf
 My m ga m3 s GB m Is Oc m Is GB BA Del
115 2 95 0 84 2 88 0.77

118 2 83 0.53 2 gu o y

119 2 78 0.37 2 94 0 18

119.5 2 76 0.267 2 97 o o

hence GA 2 76m31s
SB 0 267m31s
Oc 2 97 m3Is

PIPE NETWORK
Analysis of pipe network is done using handy
cross method
a According to which aname flow in each
pipe satisfying continuity eqa at each
point
in clockwise trow i
Anticlockwise ie IIe
c Apply correction over these assumed flow
D EML
n I

upto an extent flow in pipes in two iteration

are same

NOTE The above correction is computed using the

fact that EML in a loop 0

let Assumed flow be da and correction

be A Then actual flow in pipe
D da t o
Me MS n data
Mc M Iga th Banta Int n.Éj
me organ it had
Now E Me 0
 In 9am it Iad o

In da t nazrgant 0

D Im ga
I
n Engan
D Z ML
NI gta

04
g Determine the distribution of the flow in
a pipe network headlon may be assumed as
kg The flow is turbulent
the and
pipes are rough The value of k i's
indicated in the fig use Mandy cross
method

K 4
sylise stsels
12 2
1 3

D 2545
B sons
SI 50115
725115 754s
polls 2511

2 the
G ve Les D J 254s

For turbulent flow n 2

Foon loop ABDA

Pipe k Assumed Ga Mi Kaa Mulga correctedg

25 y so y
DA 50 25 25 27
q
FYI 625 25

zig j
negatffnection
 D EML 2 5
2 5
N E
Ea

pipe K Ga Me KGan Mulga Bc

BC 10000 200 50 12 5 375
GB
3
II I
211 7500
168 5 75
300
37 5
gg
2 2

D EML 12 5
a
Ifa 21 0
Ind iteration
For loop ABDA
Pipe K ga Me Kaan Mulga de
AB 1012 s 19.82
DA
BD I
27 5 1512 5
1225
2 725 2 135
30 18
35 2 68 0130
32 62
D 725 2 68
2 135

Épe
ga Me Kaan Musa Bc
BC Y 37.5 5025
D 37 5 4218075 112.42 37 5 0.3 37
DB p 1225 35 35 0 021
5 181.25 2 297.42 2.62

y 181 25
z
keep on iterating until Aa and Ac are same
 DRAG AND LIFT

Oo t n Toda

jj u
Pda sine
Pda I
Ida ino

when a body is held in flow of uniform velocity

Vo the force f acting on the bodycan be
resolved in to two components
The force acting in the direction of motion
is tamed as Drag force
And the force acting tr to the direction of
flow is termed as LIFT FORCE FL
since the velocity at different at different
points near the surface of body are
different application of peers are at this
points also varies
At any point on the surface of the body
two types of forces are acting
a shear stress to Acting in tangential dime

b Pressure force LP Acting in Normal direction to

the surface
hence dragforce acting of motion
in direction
is given by the summation of the
components of shear force and pores are
force acting over the entire surface
of body
Drag force FD
f Toda sino t Pda coso

And lift force acting in direction of flow is

given by
Fit I Toda cosa Pda since
 The relative contribution of each of these
components to total drag and lift
force depends on
a shape of Immersed body
b characteristics of flow
cc n n
fluid
Too Eg if that plate is held parallel to the
direction of flow the contribution of
P force in total drag is zero it
is only one to shear friction viscous drag
NFL F

I Iiiiin so
hand if plate is held
the to
b on the other
to the flow the contribution of shear in
total drag is zero
IS ANALYSIS OF DRAG FORCE 8
The total drag is the sum of DEFORMATION Drag
FORM DRAW
The deformation drag exist at very small
velocity ie when re is very small Rec 0.2
At such small value of Re the contribution of
viscous force is much higher than inertial
force
The deformation dragconsist of FRICTION surface
SMEAR DRAG at thesurface boundary and
the PRESSURE DRAG due to pressure variation
caused by wide spread deformation
In case of the sphere the relative magnitude
of this two components of Deformation
drag is observed to be of
3rd and the total
drag due to poreswere diff 43rd of
the total drag one to friction
FD I Ca P A N
For laminar 24 Re
flow Cd
 FD 3AM D U
Now Friction drag 3AM DU 2AM DU

Doren were drag t 3 AM D U a Dm u

As velocity increases Re also increases and

Boundary layer separation occurs and the
de formation zone becomes smaller and
gets confined to the boundary layer only
separation of Boundary layer ie streamline
leaves the boundary surface and results in
development of c ve velocity gradient or
flow reversal due to which WAKE formatio
Piers in the region of separation
takes place
In the separated zone wake region pressure
drops and hence due to in difference
pressure btw front and back a drag is
formed termed as FORM PRESSURE DRAG

i
iRIwaceresion
I.gov o

p YyYYyp PA
now in order to reduce the FORM DRAW
wake zone is to be reduced for which
boundary layer separation can be delayed
It can be acheived as follows
a stream lining the body
b By accelerating the fluid in boundary
layer
cos By sucking the retarding fluid from
boundary
 H

Also laminar boundary layer is more prone to

early separation than turbulent boundary
layer as there is no momentum
transfer btw diff layers of fluid
It delayed separation occurs wake zone
becomes smaller form drag reduces but
friction drag increases
However overall drag would increase or decrease
depending upon type of object under
consideration shape
Ft Fromm Friction
Eg a In case blunt objects Golf ball
of cylinder
overall drag reduces
form drag It friction drag 4 hence
over all drag reduces

it
Iysmauerware
region

b In stream lined objects eg aerofoil

case of
submarine The overall drag increases
form drag to friction Min

F.se
E1YYion
Hence drag force depends on
ca shape of object
b Reynolds number velocity
e surface roughness
NOTE Drag force in some cases depends upon Fronde's
number and Mach number
 For eg In case of ship or pier in water rag force
is one to gravity
2 If Ma E 0.5 drag is independent of
elastic force
but if o s mac I drag incr significantly
Also Drag force is given by FD I a PAU
A frontal area projected area
A
n

lifelines
d
sphere

suddden Re

decrease
Transition
octis trow
VORTEX SHEDDING KARMAN
As the Reynolds number increases and becomes
more than 30 the two vortices behind the
body cylinder get stretched and becomes
unstable
as a result of this they are transformed
down another two vortices are created
in place of these transported vortices
The process continues and is termed as
KARMAN VORTEX TRAIL

According to Karman there are two possible

combination of vortex pain

r e c c
symmetric

2 2 2
staggered
g g
 NOTE VORTEX is a notating region of fluid
around a body
These vortices are shed from one side of the
cylinder with the frequency given by
f 0 198
4,1 1 19ft
no velocity flow D Dia of cylinder
Due to shedding of the vortices a periodic
force is experienced in lateral direction
direction tr to flow
of the frequency of this lateral force becomes
equal to natural frequency of the cylinder
large lateral forces are developed which
may lead to the collapse
This process plays imp role in design of
tall chimneys suspension bridges telephone
Electric wires installation
The singing of telephone wire is due to
Karman vortex trail
NOTE number
here
I is termed as STROUML

which represents the shredding of vortex

9 A standard cricket ball of dia 7.13am is
bowled at speed of 100 km hr Estimate
the drag force on ball by taking
the following values of Cd and fluid
properties for
sphere a

Cd 0 5 if 104 E Re I 3 105
Cd 002 if Re 73 105
5
Pain 1 2 kg m3 Main 1 8 10 N see my

Sol FDI Iz Cd PAIZ Now Re

Pug
1.2 1003 103 7 13 10 3
1 8 10 5
Re 1.32 105 C 3 105
 Hence Ca o 5

FD Ex 0.5 1 2X 7 13 10 3 x 100341832

FD 0 9242 N

9 A cup anemometer used to measure wind

consist of
velocitymounted two hemispherical
up in opposite direction on
a horizontal connecting rod which can
twin freely on a vertical axis mid way
what torque would be required to hold
the rod from rotating b
in a wind of
velocity a 45 km hr 60 Km hr

Cd for hemispherical bodies 170110 w upstream 13

Hollow as 0.34

v u v u
so
10m

G
50cm
C
ion M 25an
c
Te FD XM Eban FD Faz r

TI ted PA v2 I Cdz PAID n

a TI I 33 0.34 Ex 1 2X In XO I X 453419005 0.25
0.182 N m

b T 1033 0034

o 323 Nm
EX 1 2X XO I X
4041880
3 0.25

TI
9 A spherical with
ballon weighs 135N and contains
helium the density of 0.22 kg m3
The surrounding aim has a density of
21 1 m Kg
a what dia of the ballon permits a terminal
rising velocity of 2m Is
b If the ballon is ties to the ground
by a cable what would be the inclinat
 of the cable when a wind of 10 km hr blow
past the ballon
Vain 105 10 5 m Is 1042 Re C3 105 Ca 0.5
Re 73 105 Cd 002
Sol ca to attain Terminal rising velocity acela
must be no FB
Efy 0 a

Mere we know ca for

need to ro
that Re should be known
and
hence
thus
we
velocity to which i's
need resume
unknown
TF
Assume Re 73 105 Cd 0.2 y
IFy 0
F
FB t WBT WH
Vain X Paing I tap Are t 1354 Unerium Peeing

vain V net Uball

xD X9 81 1.22 0922 1 0.2 1.22X DX 22 135
I
D 3m
Check Re 4 105
PH 41 3.42
Hence our assumption was correct
F g
b From Foorce CE
F C c U
Tus D FDI Cd PAI

Tsinot WB Wh FB
W
TWO 4 0.2 1.224 Ex 32
443 JT
WB
T cos 0 6 65 i
and T sing FB WH WB y
I xD xg Pain Pre 135
5.136173 135 3 68
 tan D 0.55
D 28.890
TI 7 58 N

LIFT 8
It is the force which acts tr to the direction
of flow on the body
This force is generated due to diff of pores are
on the two sides of the body

If a imotational flow is super imposed by flow

with circulation velocity on both sides
of object varies
For eg engage previous case velocity at top
p at bottom decreases
that cause pressure difference one to which
object experiences lift force
This effect is also termed as MAGNUS EFFECT

Chord
length

co
J

horizontal Inclined
symmetrical Asymmetrical
easier
In Aeroplane wings termed as Aero foils are
used to produce the lift forces as they
move through fluid aim
 when a circulating flow around an aerofoil
is superimposed over an inotational flow
around the same aerofoil causes pressure
difference that produces lift force

O
t.IE

These aerofoil's can be symmetrical as well as

asymmetrical CHORD
and are characterised by
GEOMETRIC CC THE angle of ATTACK OO
b w geometric chord and the direction of
flow
of angle of attack is zero no will
lift
produced and if it is increased beyond
a value then also lift dissapears due to
boundary layer separation this stage is
termed as stalling

In order to make the streamline at the

trailing edge tangential to the trailing
force is given by

i
Tcuosino is

CL P CLUE Ciii f
also Fe I
from Cii Citi

CL P L Mo TC no sin O L
I A
Cr 2T sing
 22000N
9 An aeroplane
22m wing
and
has a wing area
is the
of spanof 12m what
lift coeff it is travels at speed of
360 km hr in horizontal direction Also
compute the theoretical value of circulation
angle of attack

SI a Efy o

ch
th
w Fo
W Fe x Ce PA no
22000 0.51 ex 1.2 X 22 13662
Ce o 166

b C1 Za in O

Sino 0 166 D 1.510

2T
c Chosin D TX
I
A xyosin O
E 3 in X
35g sin 11 51
E x
I 15 23 m Is
9 A kite in the form of rectangular aerofoil
with chordlength Go on and ur'd th of
us em weight of 0 8N It is maintained
at an angle 10 to the horizontal
the string makes our angle of 300 to
the vertical If the speed is
wind
15 km Ihr and ca o 25 Estimate the tension
in the string the lift coeff
sod From static Eq condition
a p
Tsin300 FD Ki v0 km hr
Iii
3 100C
Tasso WI FL F

FD Cd PAU
I
I
I
LT VW
FL I CL PA
 T 0 5 0025 1.2 X o 6 045 x
y

T 1 406 N

FL I 406 x Bz 0.8
Fi 2 017

Cc 20017 2 0.717
112 0 6 0 45
44.32

SOURCE & SINK

Source how The source flow is the flow

coming from a point source and
moving out radially in all directions
of a plane at uniform rate

The strength of the sound

r a 7
flow is defined as v01
rate per unit depth
it
specs
coming out mom L
E I m Im 1sec u
s

here radial velocity

Un and 40 0
Egg
As now is in radial diva only
stream fr and velocity to our source
how are given by
a
ft 40
87
Er tr Tt
of Ea do

say J Endo
Y
E Otc
 If 0 0 4 0 Go

x Eno
9 38 Ey 4 8
tu
7 4 OA Ftt
c u s
312
4 39
un off and do to fo
Er Er
00 En Fr
Joo Er IF
D Ea end

now using energy egos at any

pt A at a distance of
from point source
y
or
n manMY
a Bpt at infinity
Ppg tag Bpg to

PA PB Eaa
E Ear
AP
Fgm
b Sink Flow

It is the now in which fluid moves radially

inwards a point where it disappears
at a const rate
St is also called as negative source

Hence a relation used for source flow

replace q with 9 for sink flow

SUPERIMPOSED flow
a SOURCE SINK PAIR
In this flow a source of strength E and sink
of strength 1 a are placed at equal distance
apart from reference pt
NY
n 7

so
Yogi
ta
c u d n

x a x a x
In this case stream fr at any pt P
is given by
4 4 42
4 Ea Or
4,1
Y 02
Eg Or
y End
Play arlr o
g
s Ii
 on the same line vet potential is given
by
D 0 Or

g inn
Lff in Mz

potentially E en Mon
to

stream to for source

sink Pain
b DOUBLET 8
It is a special case of andsource sink pain
in which source sink of same
strength approaches towards each other
such that a const
i e termed as Double strength r

µ 9 29
5 si
Here stream fr is given by
µ Ma sing
and velocity potential potential fr is given by
9 My polio
loft near r
10 jotdo
so
C k s
Si
a a