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DBMS Revision Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts in Database Management Systems (DBMS), including data models, normalization, keys, SQL commands, transactions, joins, indexing, concurrency control, and relational algebra. It outlines the definitions and functions of each concept, such as the types of data models (ER, relational, network), the normalization process (1NF to BCNF), and the ACID properties of transactions. Additionally, it explains different types of joins, indexing methods, and concurrency control techniques.

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9 views2 pages

DBMS Revision Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts in Database Management Systems (DBMS), including data models, normalization, keys, SQL commands, transactions, joins, indexing, concurrency control, and relational algebra. It outlines the definitions and functions of each concept, such as the types of data models (ER, relational, network), the normalization process (1NF to BCNF), and the ACID properties of transactions. Additionally, it explains different types of joins, indexing methods, and concurrency control techniques.

Uploaded by

pkkanyal244
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DBMS Revision Notes

1. Data Models

ER Model: Consists of entities, attributes, and relationships.

Relational Model: Represents data in tables (relations).

Network Model: Uses graph structures, with nodes and edges to represent relationships.

2. Normalization

1NF: Remove duplicate columns, create separate tables for related data.

2NF: Meet 1NF, and move partial dependencies to other tables.

3NF: Meet 2NF, and remove transitive dependencies.

BCNF: Stronger version of 3NF, where every determinant is a candidate key.

3. Keys

Primary Key: Unique identifier for a table row.

Foreign Key: References primary key in another table.

Super Key: Any combination of attributes that uniquely identify a row.

Candidate Key: Minimal super key, eligible to become a primary key.

4. SQL Commands

DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, ALTER, DROP.

DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

DCL (Data Control Language): GRANT, REVOKE.

5. Transactions and ACID Properties

Atomicity: Ensures all operations of a transaction are completed.


Consistency: Ensures database integrity is maintained.

Isolation: Ensures transactions do not interfere with each other.

Durability: Ensures that once a transaction is committed, it remains in the system.

6. Joins

Inner Join: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.

Outer Join: Returns all records from one or both tables, with NULLs where no match is found.

Cross Join: Cartesian product of both tables.

7. Indexing

Clustered Index: Sorts and stores data rows in the table based on their key values.

Non-clustered Index: A separate structure that stores the index and references the data row.

8. Concurrency Control

Lock-based Protocols: Locks used to control access.

Timestamp-based Protocols: Assigns a unique timestamp to each transaction.

Deadlock Handling: Deadlocks are prevented by locking in a specific order or timeout.

9. Relational Algebra

Selection: Select rows based on conditions.

Projection: Select specific columns.

Union: Combine two relations.

Intersection: Common tuples between two relations.

Cartesian Product: Combine all rows from two relations.

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