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Regulator
l t StStation
ti Design
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OGA 2015
Module T1.1 Basic Gas Laws Regulator Fundamentals Seminar
Ideal Gas Law
A volume of gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature and inversely
proportional to the absolute pressure
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
VOLUME
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 2
Ideal Gas Law
V = K x T
P
(V x P) = K
T
(V1 x P1) = (V2 x P2)
T1 T2
Where
T = Absolute Temperature
P = Absolute Pressure
K = Gas Constant
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 3
Gas Law Units and Conversions
T = Absolute
Ab l t Temperature
T t
Measured in degrees Rankine
P = Ab
Absolute
l t PPressure
Measured in psia
Pgauge = Gauge
G Pressure
P
Measured in psig
Rankine = Fahrenheit + 460
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure +
Atmospheric Pressure
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 4
Pressure Scales
Absolute
Gauge Pressure
Pressure
(psig)
14.73 psia
At sea Level
L l
Atmospheric
P
Pressure (psia)
( i )
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 5
Atmospheric
p Pressure
12.2 Psi Atmospheric
Pressure decreases
as the elevation
increases
Atmospheric Pressure 14.4 Psi
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 6
Atmospheric
p Pressure
Altitude Atmospheric Al i d
Altitude Atmospheric
A h i
Pressure Pressure
(psia) (psia)
0 14.73 3500 12.96
500 14.48 4000 12.72
1000 14.22 4500 12.49
1500 13.95 5000 12.27
2000 13.69 5500 12.05
2500 13.44 6000 11.84
3000 13.19 6500 11.63
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 7
Altitude & Atmospheric
p Pressure
Atm. Atm.
City Alt. City Alt.
Pressure Pressure
Santa Fe 7013 11.33
11 33 Kansas City 963 14.24
14 24
Cheyenne 6141 11.71 Minneapolis 919 14.24
Lander 5352 12.10 Des Moines 860 14.29
Denver 5292 12 14
12.14 Pittsburgh 842 14 31
14.31
Salt Lake 4357 12.58 Buffalo 706 14.37
Amarillo 3676 12.84 Chicago 673 14.39
S k
Spokane 1929 13 74
13.74 A ti
Austin 605 14 42
14.42
Las Vegas 1869 13.74 St. Louis 568 14.45
Lincoln 1189 14.07 Dallas 512 14.47
Phoenix 1107 14.12 New York 314 14.58
Omaha 1105 14.16 Houston 138 14.68
Atlanta 1010 14.17 Boston 125 14.67
Topica 986 14.22 Philadelphia 114 14.70
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 8
Example
p of Ideal Gas Law
10,000 ft3 of gas is metered at 100 psig @ 50OF.
Wh would
What ld b
be iits volume
l at a pressure off 14.73
14 73 psia
i
and a temperature of 60OF? Assume atmospheric
pressure is 14.4
14 4 psia
V2 = ?
V1 = 10,000
10 000 ft3
T2 = 60o F
T1 = 50o F P2 = 14.73 psia
P1 = 100 psig
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 9
Solution - Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law: P1 V1 P2 V2
T1 T2
Solving for V2: P1 T2
V2 V1
P2 T1
Where:
V1 = 10,000 ft3
P1 = 100 psig + 14.4 psia = 114.4 psia
T1 = 460ºF + 50ºF = 510R
P2 = 14.73 psia
T2 = 460ºF + 60ºF = 520R
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 10
Solving
g for V2 ((continued):
)
114 .4 520
V2 10,000
14.73 510
V2 10,000 7.77 1.019
V2 = 79,176 ft3
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 11
Solution - Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law: P1 V1 P2 V2
T1 T2
Solving for V2: V V p1 T2
2 1
P2 T1
Where:
V1 = 10,000 ft3
P1 = 100 psig + 12.2 psia = 112.2 psia
T1 = 460ºF + 50ºF = 510R
P2 = 14.73 psia
T2 = 460ºF + 60ºF = 520R
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 12
Solving
g for V2 ((continued):
)
112.2 520
V2 10,000
14.73 510
V2 10,000 7.62 1.019
V2 = 77,647 ft3
An Atmospheric Pressure Difference of 14.4 & 12.2 Psia
V2 = 79,176
79 176 ft3 ̶ 77,647
77 647 ft3 = 1,529 1 529 ft3
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 13
Standard Cubic Foot
Standard Cubic Foot is Defined As:
1 ft³ off gas att 60°F and
d 14.73
14 73 psia
i (pounds
( d off
pressure per square inch absolute)
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 14
Units of Gas Measurement
Gas Volume
Cubic Feet (ft3)
o CCF – 100 ft3
o MCF – 1000 ft3
o DMCF – 10,000
, ft3
o MMCF – 1,000,000 ft3
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 15
Units of Gas Measurement
Pressure
ppsi = ppounds p per square
q inch
psig = pounds per square inch gauge
psia = pounds per square inch absolute
PATM = atmospheric pressure
in. of w.c. = inches of water column
o (27.7 inches of water column = 1 psig)
oz = ounces per square inch
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 16
Actual Cubic Foot
Actual Cubic Foot
One cubic foot of gas at any
temperature or pressure
A volume of gas measured in actual
cubic feet represents the actual
volume of the gas under the current
conditions (pressure and
temperature)
Positive displacement meters
calculate the volume of gas by
measuring
i ththe actual
t l cubic
bi ffeett
passing
e.g.
g diaphragm
p g meters,, rotary
y
meters
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 17
Standard Cubic Foot
Standard Cubic Foot
One cubic foot of gas at base temperature or base
pressure
o Base pressure = 14.73
14 73 psia
o Base temperature = 60°F
A volume of gas measured in standard cubic feet
represents the same volume of gas as if it were
subject to base pressure and base temperature
The standard cubic
c bic foot is the standard form of
measurement of gas in the industry
o It does not varyy from location to location,, or byy pressure
p
or temperature, since it is relative to base conditions
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 18
Pressure
Pressure
P is:
i
The measure of the force per unit area exerted
by a gas on all surfaces of a container
Gage Pressure is:
A comparison of the pressure in a container
against atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric Pressure is:
The force of the column of air above a certain
area
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 19
Units of Gas Measurement
Temperature
The degree
g of hotness or coldness of a
body or environment.
Absolute Temperature
The specific temperature of a material as
referenced
f d tto the
th coldest
ld t temperature
t t
physically possible,
Absolute Zero -459.67°F ≈ 0R
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 20
Real Gas vs. Ideal Gas
At pressures up to approximately 2,000
psig,
p g, attractive forces bring
g the
molecules closer together
Referred to as the van der Waals effect
A volume of gas subject to the van der
W l effect
Waals ff t occupies
i a smaller
ll volume
l
than the ideal gas law predicts
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Laws
Real Gas vs. Ideal Gas
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Laws
Real Gas vs. Ideal Gas
The volume of real gas can be accurately
calculated by
y utilizing
g the compressibility
p y
factor (Z)
The compressibility factor is a function of
pressure (P), temperature (T), and gas
composition
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 23
Real Gas vs. Ideal Gas
Compressibility Factor (z) for 0.6
specific gravity of natural gas
ibility Factor, Z
Compressi
C
Temperature
Gradient Lines
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Laws
Pressure, Psia
Real Gas Law
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Gas
Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 25
Real Gas Law
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 26
Real Gas Law
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Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar 27
Example
p of Real Gas Law
10,000
, Ft3 of g
gas is metered at 100 p
psig
g @ 50OF
What would be the volume considering compressibility at
a pressure of 14.73
14 73 psia and temperature = 60OF?
Assume atmospheric pressure is 14.4 psia and a specific
gravity of 0.60
0 60
T2 = 60oF
T1 = 50oF P2 = 14.73 psig
P1 = 100 psig
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Supercompressibility Factor Fpv
0.6 Specific Gravity Hydrocarbon Gas
Pressure Temperature (ºF)
(psig) 40 45 50 55 60 65
0 1 0000
1.0000 1 0000
1.0000 1 0000
1.0000 1 0000
1.0000 1 0000
1.0000 1 0000
1.0000
20 1.0018 1.0017 1.0016 1.0016 1.0016 1.0015
40 1.0037 1.0036 1.0034 1.0033 1.0032 1.0031
60 1.0054 1.0053 1.0051 1.0049 1.0047 1.0046
80 1.0073 1.0070 1.0068 1.0066 1.0064 1.0062
100 1.0091 1.0088 1.0085 1.0083 1.0080 1.0078
120 1.0110 1.0106 1.0103 1.0100 1.0097 1.0094
140 1.0128 1.0124 1.0120 1.0116 1.0112 1.0109
160 1.0147 1.0142 1.0138 1.0133 1.0129 1.0125
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Solution - Real Gas Law (cont’d)
( )
( P1 x V1 ) = ( P2 x V2 )
Real Gas Law: ( Z x T ) ( Z x T )
1 1 2 2
V2 = V1 x ( P1 ) x ( T2 ) x Fpv2
( P2 ) ( T1 )
10 000 ft3
V1 = 10,000
P1 = 100 psig + 14.4 psia = 114.4 psia
T1 = 460ºF
60º + 50ºF
0º = 510R
10
P2 = 14.73 psia
T2 = 460ºF + 60ºF = 520R
Fpv = 1.0085
1 0085
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Solution - Real Gas Law
V2 = 10,000 x 114.4 x 520 x (1.0085)2
14 73 510
14.73
V2 = 10,000 x 7.766 x 1.0196 x 1.0170
V2 = 80,528 ft³
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Laws
Laws OGA 2015 Regulator Fundamentals Seminar Agenda 32
