Here are some short notes for key Class 11 Chemistry topics.
These summaries will help you
revise concepts quickly.
1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
● Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
● Atoms and Molecules: Atom is the smallest particle of an element, while a molecule is
formed when two or more atoms combine.
● Laws of Chemical Combination:
○ Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
○ Law of Definite Proportions: A given compound always contains the same
elements in the same proportion by mass.
○ Law of Multiple Proportions: When two elements combine to form more than
one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the
other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.
● Mole Concept: 1 mole = 6.022×10236.022 \times 10^{23} particles (Avogadro's
number).
● Molar Mass: The mass of 1 mole of a substance (in g/mol).
2. Structure of Atom
● Subatomic Particles:
○ Electron: Negative charge, mass = 9.1×10−31 kg9.1 \times 10^{-31} \, \text{kg}.
○ Proton: Positive charge, mass = 1.67×10−27 kg1.67 \times 10^{-27} \, \text{kg}.
○ Neutron: No charge, mass = 1.67×10−27 kg1.67 \times 10^{-27} \, \text{kg}.
● Bohr’s Model of Atom: Electrons revolve in fixed orbits around the nucleus without
radiating energy. Energy is emitted when an electron moves from a higher to a lower
orbit.
● Quantum Mechanical Model: Describes the probability of finding electrons in orbitals.
3. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
● Ionic Bonding: The transfer of electrons from one atom to another (between metals and
non-metals).
○ Properties: High melting points, conduct electricity in molten state, soluble in
water.
● Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms (non-metals).
○ Properties: Low melting points, poor conductors, soluble in non-polar solvents.
● VSEPR Theory: Electron pairs around a central atom arrange themselves to minimize
repulsion (e.g., linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral structures).
● Hybridization: The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (sp, sp², sp³).
4. States of Matter
● Gas Laws:
○ Boyle’s Law: P∝1VP \propto \frac{1}{V} (Pressure and volume are inversely
proportional at constant temperature).
○ Charles’s Law: V∝TV \propto T (Volume and temperature are directly
proportional at constant pressure).
○ Ideal Gas Equation: PV=nRTPV = nRT (where P = pressure, V = volume, n =
moles, R = gas constant, T = temperature).
● Kinetic Molecular Theory: Gas molecules are in constant random motion, and their
collisions are elastic.
5. Thermodynamics
● First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU=Q−W\Delta U = Q - W (Change in internal energy =
heat added to the system - work done by the system).
● Enthalpy (H): Heat content of a system. ΔH=ΔU+PΔV\Delta H = \Delta U + P\Delta V.
● Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of the universe is always increasing.
Entropy is a measure of disorder.
● Gibbs Free Energy: ΔG=ΔH−TΔS\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S. A process is
spontaneous if ΔG\Delta G is negative.
6. Equilibrium
● Dynamic Equilibrium: A state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate
of the reverse reaction.
● Le Chatelier’s Principle: If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to
counteract the disturbance.
● Equilibrium Constant (K):
○ For gases: K=[products][reactants]K = \frac{[products]}{[reactants]}
○ Depends on temperature.
7. Redox Reactions
● Oxidation: Loss of electrons (increase in oxidation state).
● Reduction: Gain of electrons (decrease in oxidation state).
● Oxidizing Agent: Substance that gains electrons.
● Reducing Agent: Substance that loses electrons.
● Electrochemical Cell: Consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode) connected by a
salt bridge.
8. s-Block Elements
● Alkali Metals (Group 1):
○ Highly reactive, soft metals.
○ Form basic oxides and hydroxides.
○ React with water to release hydrogen gas.
● Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2):
○ Less reactive than alkali metals.
○ Form hydroxides, oxides, and salts.
○ Examples: Magnesium, Calcium.
9. p-Block Elements
● Group 13 (Boron Family):
○ Contains metals and metalloids like Boron, Aluminium.
○ Boron forms covalent bonds, while Aluminium forms ionic bonds.
● Group 14 (Carbon Family):
○ Carbon forms allotropes (diamond, graphite).
○ Silicon and Germanium are semiconductors.
● Group 15 (Nitrogen Family):
○ Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule (N₂), used in fertilizers.
○ Phosphorus exists in several allotropes.
10. Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles
● Functional Groups:
○ Alcohol (-OH), Alkyl group (-CH₃), Aldehyde (-CHO), Carboxylic acid (-COOH).
● Nomenclature: IUPAC rules are followed to name organic compounds based on the
longest chain, type of functional group, and positions.
● Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or
arrangements.
11. Hydrocarbons
● Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds). Example: Methane (CH₄).
● Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (at least one double bond). Example: Ethene
(C₂H₄).
● Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (at least one triple bond). Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂).
● Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Compounds containing benzene rings. Example: Benzene
(C₆H₆).
12. Environmental Chemistry
● Pollution:
○ Air Pollution: Gases like CO₂, SO₂, NOx.
○ Water Pollution: Industrial discharge, untreated sewage.
○ Soil Pollution: Pesticides, fertilizers.
● Greenhouse Effect: Trapping of heat in the atmosphere by gases like CO₂, CH₄.
● Ozone Layer: Protects Earth from UV radiation, being depleted due to CFCs.
These short notes provide a basic overview of major topics. You can expand on each topic by
referring to your NCERT textbook or any additional guides you prefer.
Let me know if you need more notes on specific chapters or concepts!
