TOPICS:

Grammar: (Vince and files)

​ VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUND
​ INVERSION OF ORDER. LITERARY INVERSION
​ FRONTING
​ RELATIVE CLAUSES
​ TENSES
​ CONDITIONALS
​ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
​ ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
​ LOOSE PARTICIPLE
​ ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION
​ MODALS
Vocabulary:
​ WAYS OF WALKING
​ MOVEMENT AND POSTURE
​ MOODS AND FEELINGS
​ HEALTH
​ EDUCATION
​ PERSONALITY
​ RELATIONSHIPS
​ PHRASAL VERBS
​ CRIME
​ GYM
​ WAYS OF LOOKING

RESUMEN:

Verbs followed by the infinitive and the gerund:

Remember / Forget:
●​ gerund: used for thinking about a past event
○​ I remember loving apples as a kid
○​ we forgot discussing the midterm topics
●​ to infinitive: used for things we intended to do but we didn't do
○​ Did you remember to phone Jack?
○​ I forgot to buy him a present
Go on:
●​ gerund: used to talk about a continuing action
○​ the baby went on (continued) crying for an hour
●​ to infinitive: used to talk about the next one in a series of events or actions
○​ she started off by breaking the eggs and went on to add sugar
Try:
●​ gerund: used to describe an experience or an experiment
○​ Why don't we try adding tomatoes instead of onions?
●​ to infinitive: used to describe a failed attempt
 ○​ I tried to lift his weights (I couldn't)
Mean:
●​ gerund: it refers to involve
○​ going to Europe means breaking up with my boyfriend
●​ to infinitive: it refers to intentions
○​ I didn't mean to hurt you
Regret:
●​ gerund: used to express regret about a past action
○​ I regret not going to your birthday party
●​ to infinitive: to feel sorry for something
○​ I regret to tell you that you are fired.
Stop:
●​ gerund: put stop to an action
○​ stop eating in class
●​ to infinitive: to stop an action to do another
○​ the lecturer stopped to have a sip of water
Consider:
●​ gerund: used to express that you think about doing something
○​ I am considering getting a new job
●​ to infinitive: used to give an opinion
○​ I consider ACDC to be the best band in the whole world

Verbs that are always followed by the gerund VS always followed by to infinitive

Verbs that are always followed by the Verbs that are always followed by to
gerund infinitive

●​ admit (to doing) ●​ agree

●​ confess (to doing) ●​ hope
●​ object (to doing) ●​ arrange
●​ enjoy ●​ expect
●​ hate ●​ threaten
●​ detest ●​ encourage
●​ loathe ●​ decide
●​ deny ●​ seem / appear
●​ recollect ●​ promise
●​ miss ●​ swear
●​ keep ●​ wish
●​ cant help (fixed phrase) ●​ plan
●​ fancy ●​ fail
●​ cant stand (fixed phrase) ●​ learn
●​ do you mind…? (fixed phrase) ●​ hurry
●​ dare
●​ force
●​ pretend
●​ advise
●​ beg
●​ warn
Inversion of order:
●​ used in formal written English - emphatic construction
●​ consists of using question word order after negative adverbs or adverbs with
restrictive meaning
○​ I have never seen something so weird (normal sentence)
○​ Never have I seen something so weird (sentence with inversion of order)
●​ patterns
○​ HARDLY/BARELY/SCARCELY — had I entered the room — WHEN — the
teacher was already asking me some questions
○​ NO SOONER — had I arrived home — THAN — the telephone rang
○​ ON NO CONDITION/UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES/IN NO WAY/LITTLE —
will I accept assignments after the deadline.
○​ NOT UNTIL — I arrived home — DID — I realize I had lost my keys

Literary inversion (formal/ written English):

●​ ADV. ADJ. OF PLACE + VERB + N/P
"Upon the hill stood his castle"

Fronting:
●​ ADV + VERB + N/P → (in oral English) Here comes the bus/ There goes my money
(expletive)
●​ Clauses of concession → Try as she may, she will not pass the exam.
●​ Conditional sentences → Were the match to be canceled, people would get angry.

Relative clauses:
●​ a relative clause is a structure that is related to / refers back to an antecedent and
adds information about it
●​ DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: is one that narrows down the scope of reference.
They are called restrictive because they restrict the meaning of its antecedent.
○​ my cousin who lives in England is getting married
●​ NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: is one that adds extra information. They are
called non restrictive because they don’t restrict the meaning of its antecedent.
○​ my cousin, who I love deeply, is getting married
●​ the relative pronoun THAT can never be used in non-defining relative clauses
●​ a SENTENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSE, also called a comment clause, is a type of
relative clause that refers back to the whole sentence.
○​ she skipped three classes in a row, which is odd.
○​ He won a Nobel prize, which makes me happy.
●​ We use the relative pronoun WHOM (formal) in a relative clause when it goes after a
preposition and when it is the object in the R.C. (it has accusative case) but it can
always be replaced by who or that. Whom can be omitted when it is the object in the
RC.
○​ he was exactly the person (whom/who/that) I wanted to see
○​ he is the man with whom I am in love
●​ we use the relative pronoun WHOSE in both defining and non-defining RC when we
talk about possessions
○​ all people whose cars are automatic can’t really drive
 ●​ relative pronouns can be left out in DRC when they have object value, but they can’t
be omitted in NDRC and also when they are the subject of the clause.
○​ the book (which/that) I bought secondhand was very cheap
○​ the book, which I bought secondhand, was very cheap
●​ REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE: is one where the relative pronoun functioning as a
subject and part of the verb phrase are omitted and only a participle is left in the
sentence
○​ two of the men (who were) arrested were innocent

Tenses:
Present Continuous:
●​ for actions happening at the moment of speaking that aren't finished
○​ sorry, I´m busy doing my homework
●​ for actions happening around the time of speaking
○​ I´m reading a really interesting book
●​ with inchoative verbs (verbs that denote a change)
○​ my mother is getting older
●​ to express annoyance (usually with an adverb of frequency)
○​ you are always interrupting me!
●​ for background descriptions

Present Simple:
●​ for habits or routines:
○​ she plays hockey every sunday
●​ for scientific facts or universal truths
○​ water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius
●​ in newspaper headlines to make them more vivid
○​ president says no to green laws
●​ for instructions or orders
○​ add flour to the mixture
●​ with stative verbs or verbs of cognition
○​ he lives in a big city
○​ she believes in ghosts
●​ with performative verbs (verbs that describe an action as the word is spoken)
○​ I completely agree with you
●​ for plots or summaries
○​ “...everything changed when a strange couple moves next door”
●​ in sports commentaries
○​ Thomas scores another goal!
●​ for stage directions
○​ Thomas leaves the house after the argument
●​ in jokes and proverbs
○​ practice makes perfect
●​ with inversion of order (here/there)
○​ Here comes the monster!
●​ with reporting verbs
○​ he tells me she is difficult to work with
Past Simple
●​ for finished past events with definite time expressions
○​ Thomas bought a computer in 2006
●​ for habits in the past
○​ Thomas rarely played video games as a child
○​ Used to (with stative and dynamic verbs)
■​ I used to play a lot of video games as a child
○​ Would (with stative and dynamic verbs, more nostalgic)
■​ I would always come here when I was little
●​ for recent events without time expressions
○​ What happened to you?
●​ for a series of short past actions
○​ I woke up at 10am, got a shower and had a cup of tea
●​ for narratives
○​ Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess…
●​ for certain fixed expressions (unreal past)
○​ Conditional type 2 (hypothetical)
■​ if i were taller, i would be a model
○​ to express annoyance
■​ it's high time we had a break
○​ to express regrets in the present
■​ i wish i were taller
○​ for preferences about others (subjunctive mood)
■​ i´d rather you stayed here with me

Past Continuous:
●​ for a continuing action interrupted by another past action
○​ i was showering when somebody knocked on the door
●​ for two past actions that happened simultaneously
○​ he was sleeping while i was studying
●​ to express annoyance (usually with an adverb of frequency)
○​ he was always bothering his classmates
●​ to describe a changing situation (inchoative verbs)
○​ it was getting darker
●​ for background descriptions
○​ “the sun was shining and the birds were singing”

Past Perfect Simple

●​ for finished past actions that happened before another past action
○​ when i arrived to the train station, the train had already left

Past Perfect Continuous:

●​ for unfinished or continuing past actions that happened before another past action
○​ my eyes were red because i had been crying the whole night
Present Perfect Simple:
●​ to refer to events that happened in the past (w/o a time reference) and are connected
to the present (often used with just)
○​ someone has (just) stolen my bike
●​ to refer to indefinite past events (often used for “current” news)
○​ archaeologists have discovered fossils in new york
●​ to refer to indefinite events with a result in the present
○​ my car has broken down (that's why i want a lift from you)
●​ to describe what has been done or how many thing were completed in a period of
time
○​ they have scored three goals in the first half
●​ to describe a living person's experiences or what they've done in life so far
○​ she has painted some of the best portraits of recent years
●​ to describe a state that lasts up to the present
○​ i have worked here for the past six months

Present Perfect Continuous:

●​ to emphasize the length of a continuing activity or the repetition of an activity
○​ I have been working on this project all morning
○​ Hes has been phoning me every day since the party
●​ for recent activities that continue up to the present
○​ I have been waiting here for two hours!
●​ to explain a present situation
○​ I've been washing the car (that's why my clothes are wet)
●​ with how long questions (because it is a process and it isn’t finished yet)
○​ How long have you been having these nightmares?
●​ with mean, think, consider
○​ I've been thinking of getting a new job
●​ with time words like lately, recently, all (morning), every (day), for, since

Future:
Will:
●​ Predictions without evidence (like tarot-horoscope-fortune teller)
●​ Habits that the speaker disapproves
○​ he will keep failing the exams
●​ Conditional sentences type 1 (express probability)
○​ If it rains, i'll stay home
●​ Adverbial clauses of time (as soon as-when-before-after)
○​ as soon as we finish, we’ll leave the school
●​ Assumptions made from facts
○​ Someone’s at the door. That’ll be my mum
●​ Spontaneous decisions (usually when ordering food)
○​ I'll have a salad
●​ Offerings, Promises and Threats
○​ I promise I’ll do my homework
●​ Express probability or uncertainty
●​ New year's resolutions
Be going to:
●​ Predictions with evidence
○​ there are a lot of clouds, it’s going to rain
●​ Intentions/ Personal plans
○​ I'm going to learn how to cook
Future Continuous (will + be + -ing)
●​ for an event or state at a future point
○​ Adele will be performing in NY next week
●​ for very formal requests
○​ will you be wanting anything else, sir?

Future Perfect (simple: will + have + past participle / continuous: will + have been + -ing)
●​ for time looked back on from a future point (with the expression “by the time”)
○​ by the end of the month, i’ll have been working on the company for 3 years
○​ by the time the exam begins, i'll have forgotten everything!

Conditionals:
0 conditional:
●​ If + Present Simple + Present Simple
●​ Used to express general truths or facts
○​ If you heat ice, it melts

1st conditional (probable conditions):

●​ If + Present Simple + Future Simple (will)
●​ Used to express a possible outcome of a situation
○​ If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home

2nd conditional (hypothetical/improbable conditions):

●​

Modals:

Can:

●​ to express physical or intellectual ability

○​ I can swim very well
○​ I can speak French
●​ to express possibility
○​ we can meet tomorrow (it is possible for us to meet tomorrow / podemos
vernos mañana)
●​ to ask for permission
○​ Can I go to the toilet?
●​ for offers and requests
○​ I can help you carry those bags
○​ Can you help me with my bags?
●​ occasional occurrence: potential use of “can”
○​ she can be (is) very charming sometimes
●​ Negative
 ○​ to express limitations
■​ I can't swim
○​ to express impossibility
■​ I can't go to the cinema tomorrow
○​ to express negative deductions or inferences, used as a negative of “must”
■​ She must be an actress. No she can't be an actress (bc I saw her
working somewhere else)
○​ to express certainty that a past action was impossible (can't + perfective
aspect)
■​ he can't have got lost because I saw him with a map.

Could (more formal than “can”):

●​ to express a past ability

○​ I could swim quite well when I was little
●​ for polite requests
○​ Could you open the door?
●​ to ask for permission
●​ to point a choice (could + always)
○​ you could always phone her when we get there
●​ to express possibility (more tentative than “can”)
○​ we could meet tomorrow (podríamos vernos mañana)
●​ to express surprise
○​ how could you do that!
●​ to express possibility of a past action more tentative than “can” (could + perfective
aspect)
○​ he could have got lost (puede ser que se haya perdido)

Be able to:

●​ to express capacity
○​ I am able to speak French
●​ to do something successfully
○​ I am able to speak French fluently
●​ it is used in the tenses that can/could can´t be used
○​ future: I will be able to see you tomorrow
○​ present perfect: I have been able to improve my English skills
○​ past perfect: by the time I arrived they had already been able to solve the
problem

Could VS Was able to:

●​ “was able to” expresses past ability on a particular occasion (past achievement)
○​ I was able to finish the race
○​ We were able to win the championship
●​ in negative forms, they both mean the same
○​ I couldn't finish the book = I wasn't able to finish the book
Must:

●​ personal subjective obligation (this means that the obligation is not a real one, it’s
internal)
○​ I must finish this project before my birthday. (I still have time to do it after my
birthday but the deadline is self imposed).
●​ It can be used to talk about the present or the future, never the past.
○​ I must go to work now (present)
○​ I must buy a new outfit for her birthday this weekend (future)
○​ It was late and we must go back home (wrong, past doesn’t exist)
●​ conclusions and deductions
○​ they are kissing, they must be a couple
○​ for negative deductions or conclusion we use can’t or cannot
○​ in the past we use must/can’t + perfective aspect
■​ I didn’t hear your call yesterday, I must have been asleep
●​ reaction to what we hear
○​ it must have been fun (the party you just told me about)
○​ it must be amazing (to live abroad)
●​ polite invitations or strong recommendations
○​ you must come and see the musical we’ve prepared
○​ you must read this book, it’s amazing
●​ question form to express criticism
○​ Why must you yell at me every time we speak?
●​ MUST NOT
○​ prohibition (subjective or objective)
■​ passengers must not unfasten their seatbelts
■​ I must not drink so much alcohol
●​ It can be used to talk about the present or the future. In the past we use other
structures like weren’t allowed to or couldn’t

Have to / Have got to:

●​ for external obligation

○​ you have to pay taxes
●​ for deductions (“must” is more common)
○​ he always comes to school, he has to be sick
●​ to express absence of obligation with the negative form
○​ I don't have to go to school tomorrow

May

●​ possibility (50%)
○​ she may come to my party
●​ polite requests
○​ May I go to the bathroom?
●​ in idiom “be that as it may” to express contrast
○​ the students didn't pass the mid-term. Be that as it may, they passed the final
●​ in fixed phrase “try as I may” to express concession
 ○​ try as I may, I cant pass the exam
●​ to grant permission (more formal)
○​ students may leave earlier
●​ for wishes
○​ may she rest in peace

Might

●​ remote possibility (20% - 30%)

○​ she might come to my party (not likely)
●​ in reported speech to report may or might
○​ she said she might come to my party
●​ in clauses of purpose
○​ she worked hard so as she might pass the exam
●​ emphatic form of “although you are”
○​ You might be older than me, but I am smarter.
●​ might + perfective aspect: to speculate about a past action
○​ she is not here yet, she might have missed the train

Needn't vs Didn´t need to

●​ needn't is used when an action was performed, but it wasn’t necessary

○​ I needn't have gone to the meeting (I went and it wasn't necessary)
●​ Didn’t need to is used when an action wasn't performed because it was known
beforehand that it wasn't necessary
○​ I didn’t need to go to the meeting (I didn't go because I knew it wasn't
necessary)

Should

●​ to give a piece of advice

○​ people should plan their future from a young age
●​ to give a recommendation that we think is a good idea
○​ you should exercise more often, it’s good for your health
●​ to talk about whether sth is correct or incorrect
○​ people shouldn’t use their phones during lunchtime
○​ you shouldn’t write on the walls
●​ probability or assumption
○​ my kids should be at school by now (bc of time)
●​ obligation (in formal writing, like a more polite version of must)
○​ all employees should go to the meeting at 5
●​ should + perfective aspect
○​ to express criticism (to talk about things that were supposed to have
happened or to point out someone’s mistake)
■​ i should have arrived earlier at the party
■​ she shouldn’t have gotten mad at him
○​ to talk about the probability of a past event
■​ the bride is not here yet, she should have had an issue with the dress
Ought to

●​ to express that something is morally correct

○​ you ought to help those in need
●​ to predict something based on logic
○​ it ought to rain during the spring
●​ for advice or recommendations
○​ you ought to read this book
●​ ought to + perfective aspect
○​ to express criticism (to talk about things that were supposed to have
happened or to point out someone’s mistake)
■​ i ought to have arrived earlier at the party
■​ she ought not to have gotten mad at him
○​ to talk about the probability of a past event
■​ the bride is not here yet , she ought to have had an issue with the
dress

Ways of Walking

●​ Without being noticed/quietly:

- Sneak
-​ Tiptoe
-​ Creep
-​ Sidle

●​ Walk aimlessly:
-​ Wander
-​ Roam (walking in a relaxed way)
-​ Ramble: to walk for pleasure
-​ Amble ("along the countryside")

●​ Quickly:
-​ Storm (when you are angry)
-​ Stomp (walking with heavy steps)
-​ Pace (with impatience "to pace up and down the street")
-​ Rush
-​ Sprint (way of running)

●​ With effort:
-​ Plod (to walk taking slow steps, as if your feet are heavy)
-​ Trudge (through the sand/mud)

●​ With difficulty:
-​ Limp
-​ Stagger
 -​ Hobble (bc you're injured)
-​ Totter (like you are about to fall bc you are wearing high heels for example)
-​ Stagger (when you are drunk)

●​ With confidence:
-​ Strut: proudly
-​ Swagger

●​ Through the water

-​ Wade (tall water)
-​ Paddle (shallow water)

●​ Other:
-​ Crawl (to move along on hands and knees or with your body stretched out
along a surface, like a baby)
-​ Slide (to (cause to) move easily and without interruption over a surface)
-​ Slip: to slide without intending to)
-​ Shuffle (to walk by pulling your feet slowly along the ground rather than lifting
them)
-​ Stumble
-​ Stroll: to walk in a slow relaxed way
-​ Lurch: to move in an irregular way, esp. making sudden movements forward
or to the side
-​ Glide to move easily without stopping and without effort or noise:
-​ Stride: a long step when you are walking or running.

Crime
●​ some definitions / translations:
○​ statement: denuncia
○​ counterfeit money: fake money
○​ embezzle: to steal money from the place you work
○​ pilferage: to steal something that is not valuable (person: pilferer)
○​ forgery: to make a copy or an imitation of a document, usually with signatures
and paintings (person: forger)
○​ swindle: to deceive someone and persuade them to do sth
○​ misdemeanors: small crimes for which you pay fines or do community service
■​ trespassing: to enter someone’s private property (person: tresspaser)
○​ traffic warden: policía de tránsito
○​ whistleblower: buchón
●​ difference between:
○​ parole and probation
■​ PAROLE: temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before the
expiry of a sentence, on the promise of good behaviour (prison + trial
period)
■​ PROBATION: release of an offender from detention, subject to a
period of good behaviour under supervision (no prison + trial period)
 ○​ break in and break into
■​ BREAK IN: is intransitive (two burglars broke in)
■​ BREAK INTO: is transitive so it needs a D/O (two burglars broke into
my house)
●​ Collocations with:
○​ crime: commit, be accused of a, be charged with a, be acquitted of a (ser
absuelto), carry out, report, fight, prevent, investigate
○​ discriminate: against (be discriminated against)
○​ trouble: get into, be in
●​ Phrasal verbs and Idioms:
○​ be at large - be on the run: sb that has escaped and hasn’t been caught yet
○​ be for the high jump: you’re going to be punished
○​ case the joint: to look carefully around a building so that you can plan how to
steal things from it at a later time.
○​ to be in the dock: to be on trial in a court

●​ Absolute Construction: is a participial or verbless clause with an

overt/explicit/visible subject but no explicit subordinator, although it can sometimes
be introduced by the word with(out). The absolute clause is generally formal and
written. In conversation, the subordinate clause is usually worded as an adverbial
clause with a finite verb and an explicit subordinator: “As Christmas day was only a
few days away, the family was full of excitement”.

●​ Loose Participle: When a subject is not explicit in a non-finite or verbless clause

(i.e. when the subject is invisible,covert or null), it is generally assumed to be
identical in reference to the explicit subject the main clause.This Kind of clause is
formal rather than colloquial. When the covert subject of the participial clause does
not refer to the same entity or entities as the overt subject in the main clause,the
participle is said to be misrelated, loose, dangling, unattached, detached or
unrelated.

Vocabulary related to the gym

●​ Synonyms of getting in shape: be fit- toned- shredded or ripped (very cut) -
healthy- get cut - jacket (usually bodybuilders)- have six pack
●​ work out: exercise
●​ get rid of your spare tire: in the car, you have a flat tire. If you have a spare
tire means that you carry it around your stomach (for men)
●​ have love handles: (also for men) on the side of your stomach
●​ muffin top: on woman, because it refers to the top of the muffin (semi-circle).
for example, when you put your jeans on.
●​ bulk up = build muscle
●​ slim down = lose weight or get thinner, burn fat (through diet)
At the gym:
●​ do weights, by lifting heavy things
●​ do cardio (cardiovascular), by working the lungs/the inside, the blood flows
properly. For example, you can do aerobics for cardio (jumping jacks or
running)
●​ do the treadmill: machine where you walk-run (to slim down)
 ●​ do push (yourself) ups on the floor - pull ups on a bar (build muscle)
●​ use barbells (a long bar where you can put weight on its extremes and you lift
them up) - dumbbells (similar to barbells but smaller, you can grab it with one
hand)
●​ cables: like a machine but it's a metal wire. You can pull or push them.
●​ bench (press): you sit on it or lie down and push the barbell/dumbbell up and
down.
●​ when you do weights, you do sets and reps (repetitions)

Ways of looking:
★​ look - at something fixed, voluntary action (board/picture/photograph)
★​ watch - something that is in movement (a tennis match/a film/a play/a show)
★​ see - associated with perception and eyesight (if you were born with that)

Look at something secretly/furtively

➔​ peep/peek (pispear)

Look with sexual intention

➔​ eye somebody up (suspiciously)
➔​ ogle somebody (only looking)
➔​ leer at somebody (you can also make faces, so it is stronger)

Look with a bad attitude/manner

➔​ glare (in anger)
➔​ look daggers at
➔​ scowl (sick and tired)
➔​ frown (arrugando la frente)

Quick look
➔​ glance (voluntary action) at newspaper headlines, or the watch
➔​ catch a glimpse of (involuntary action) a man pickpocketing - a brief look and you go
on after that.

Look with difficulty

➔​ peer (due to weather conditions) in the dark, fog, rain, through the mist
➔​ squint (problems with your eyesight) at the sun

To attract someone's attention

➔​ wink (guiñar)
➔​ blink (parpadear) for ex. you are wearing contact lenses
➔​ to make eyes at somebody (hacer ojitos) in a playful way

Look with surprise

➔​ gape (wide open mouth and open eyes) is similar to gawk. for ex. at a gift
➔​ stare (look at something fixedly for some time) like little kids

Look but searching something

➔​ browse (the internet/at the hairdresser through a magazine)
 ➔​ scan (locate specific info) like who's absent, the horizon
➔​ scrutinize/examine (check in detail, exhaustively) for ex. a bill to see if it is real
➔​ spot (identify) the differences, someone in the crowd

-Adverbial Clauses: are subordinate clauses (can´t stand on its own as a grammatical
sentence) which convey an adverbial notion, such as
➢​ Time: introduced by after, as, as soon as, before, once, since, till, the moment (that),
until, whenever, when, while.
➢​ Place: introduced by where, wherever, or everywhere.
➢​ Manner: introduced by as, as if, as though, how, just as, or the way that.
➢​ Reason: introduced by as, because, or since.
➢​ Purpose: introduced by so that, in order that, in case, or lest.
➢​ Result: introduced by so + adjective/adverb + that or by such a + noun phrase + that.
➢​ Concession: introduced by although, even though, even if, however, much as, or
while.

-Adverbial Participle Clauses: Just like adverbial clauses, they carry adverbial notions but
they also contain a verb in the present/past participle form. For ex:
Noticing the door was open, I walked in → paraphrase in its full version: Since I noticed that
the door was open, I walked in (adverbial participle clause of reason). Notice that in the first
case, the null subject is co-referential with the subject of the main clause. ​If it is not, there
would be a loose-participle.

-Wishes
➔​ Regrets about the present: wish + simple past (unreal past)
I wish I had a new phone
➔​ Regrets about the past: wish + past perfect
I wish I hadn't drunk so much
➔​ Wish + would: for annoying habits
I wish you would stop ignoring me

-Ways of expressing:
Happiness → over the moon - walking on air - thrilled to bits - hasn't/ haven't got a care in
the world - like a dog with two tails - in very high spirits - on cloud nine - as pleased as punch
Anger → blow your top - fly off the handle - give someone a piece of your mind - spit blood -
make your blood boil - like a red rag to a bug - the last straw - hot under the collar - up in
arms - at the end of my tether (annoyed) - on the warpath - at your wits´ end (frustrated).

Movement and posture

●​ crane: stretch (your head) in order to look at something
●​ duck: move your body down, to avoid being hit
●​ dodge: move your body to the side, to avoid being hit (or dodge a problem in the
figurative meaning)
●​ nod: move your head up and down to show agreement or approval
●​ bend: curve your body (in half)
●​ hunch: lean forward into a rounded shape
●​ shrink: to move away because you are frightened
 ●​ shrug: move your shoulders up to show indifference or because you don´t know
●​ slither: move like a snake through a surface
●​ squirm: move from side to side in an awkward way because of nervousness,
●​ embarrassment or pain
●​ spin: turn around fast like ballerinas
●​ bow: bend your body forward to show respect
●​ crouch: lower yourself to be nearer to the floor
●​ lean: move your body in a particular direction
●​ lounge: sit in a relaxed way
●​ perch: sit on the edge of something
●​ slump: sit down heavily
●​ slouch: walk with your shoulders hanging forward
●​ sprawl: lie down in a lazy way
●​ toss (and turn): change your position in bed because you cannot sleep
●​ clasp: to hold hands
●​ clench: close your fist due to anger
●​ fidget: make continuous small movements with your hands or feet, which annoy other
people
●​ point: direct other people's attention to something through the signal on your finger
●​ raise: lift something
●​ wave: move your hand so as to greet someone
●​ hold: take and keep something in your hand or arms
●​ cross: your arms or fingers
●​ fold: bend something
●​ akimbo: to stand with your hands on your hips and your legs apart
●​ hail: make a signal with your hand to call a taxi
●​ hug: hold someone next to your chest
●​ rock: move backwards and forwards or from side to side in a regular way
●​ shake: move backwards and forwards or up and down in quick, short movements
●​ tap: hit something gently and repeatedly
●​ beckon: call someone to come nearer with your hand
●​ squeeze: press something firmly so as to get water out of it
●​ flip: turn something upside down
●​ lift: raise
●​ 9push: move something forcefully
●​ shove: push someone with strength
●​ stir: mix a liquid or substance
●​ tuck: push a piece of clothing inside another
●​ tickle: touch someone lightly with your fingers
●​ stretch: to (cause a material to) become longer or wider than usual as a result of
pulling at the edges
●​ dangle: to hang loosely
●​ kneel: to go down into a position where one or both knees are on the ground

EDUCATION
➔​ Types of teachers:
-​ Despotic teacher: her behavior may vary from passive aggressive to bullying
-​ Cool teacher
 -​ Hot teacher (attractive)
-​ Apathetic teacher: sick and tired of the job
-​ Activist: infects students with enthusiasm
-​ Crazy teacher
-​ Buddy: recently graduated
-​ Drill Sergeant: abuse students by yelling at them
-​ Supercoach: just like the one above but motivates you
-​ Shy teacher
-​ Control freak
-​ Hippie teacher
-​ Highly concerned teacher
-​ Loser
-​ Celeb

➔​ Types of students:
-​ Bookworm - Nerd
-​ Smart alec: know it all
-​ Class clown
-​ Bully
-​ Daydreamer - Clueless
-​ Crybaby/ wimpy
-​ Intellectual outsider: lone wolf / loner
-​ Overactive
-​ Tale Teller: buchón
-​ Plodder: the kind of student that has to work hard to get a 4.
-​ Bright student
-​ Slacker/ Truanter: plays truant from school.
-​ Artist
-​ Clueless
-​ Copy cats: cheats
-​ Teacher's pet
-​ Star