DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF

School of Mechanical and

NAME ID No.

YAMLAK BELETE ----------------------------------DDU1001562

I. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF FRACTION

Friction is always a necessary evil. It may be an advantage in some cases but can also be a
disadvantage in another case. Let us analyze the advantages and disadvantages of friction.

Without friction, it is difficult to walk. Friction provides us with a force in the backward
direction that propels us forward. You might have noticed that it is very difficult to walk on
slippery ground or on sand dunes. You can read more about this here.

Friction provides us with control in order to turn. The resistive force allows manure easily.
Think of roller skates, it is difficult to turn because of the low friction offered by the wheels

Brakes in a car work on the principle of friction. So, without friction, an object will not come
to rest on its own. Newton’s first law states that an object in motion will continue in motion
in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

In mechanical engineering, the friction between parts in a machine helps in the transfer of
energy. Without friction, the parts will slip and there won’t be any solid contact established to
transfer energy. The machines (engines inside the car) have many small parts working inside
them. These parts are generally in contact and in motion continuously. The friction between
the parts hinders their free movement and hence reduces the overall efficiency of the
machine. This overall reduction in efficiency causes additional fuel consumption.

Advantages of friction:

 The friction between parts in a machine helps in the transfer of energy. Without
friction, the parts will slip and there won’t be any solid contact established to
transfer energy.

 We can write on objects due to friction between the paper and the pencil. The
friction causes a few atoms from the graphite to break and stick onto the paper.

 We can sharpen objects. The friction between two sliding objects allows us to
grind or sharpen objects

 Asteroids entering Earth’s surface are burned due to friction with the Earth’s
atmosphere. The friction causes the heating effect of the asteroids.

 Friction causes a reduction in efficiency and makes us consume more fuel. This
additional fuel consumption causes environmental hazards.

Disadvantages of friction:

 It is difficult to clean surfaces. The friction between the dust particles and surfaces
can be very strong in some cases. It requires special cleaning liquids to clean such
surfaces.

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 Friction is always characterized by heat and noise. Sometimes this noise might
turn into pollution. You can imagine how it feels when you hear the screeching
sounds when you rub a balloon.
 Friction always causes wear and tear. It reduces the lifetime of an object, hence
adding to economical concerns. Without friction, objects would be there for a very
long time if not acted upon by natural factors like heat or rain.
 Friction reduces speed. That is why maglev trains are designed with an elevated
concept to reduce friction. You can read this article on how to reduce friction.
 Friction involves expenses. The mileage of vehicles is affected due to friction,
hence we consume more fuel. There is also an investment in the friction-free
design of machines and vehicles. Plus we apply oils and other chemicals to reduce
friction.

I. ROLLING, SLIDING AND SPIN

A. Rolling

In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through
one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to
impart a desired mechanical property. The concept is similar to the rolling of dough. Rolling
is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal
is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is known as hot rolling. If the
temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is known
as cold rolling. In terms of usage, hot rolling processes more tonnage than any other
manufacturing process, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of all cold
working processes.[1][2] Roll stands holding pairs of rolls are grouped together into rolling
mills that can quickly process metal, typically steel, into products such as structural steel (I-
beams, angle stock, channel stock), bar stock, and rails. Most steel mills have rolling mill
divisions that convert the semi-finished casting products into finished products.

Fig1 rolling

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Modern rolling practice can be attributed to the pioneering efforts of Henry Cort of Funtley
Iron Mills, near Fareham in Hampshire, England. In 1783, a patent was issued to Henry Cort
for his use of grooved rolls for rolling iron bars. With this new design, mills were able to
produce 15 times more output per day than with a hammer. Although Cort was not the first to
use grooved rolls, he was the first to combine the use of many of the best features of various
ironmaking and shaping processes known at the time. Thus modern writers have called him
"father of modern rolling."

B. Sliding

A slip ring induction motor is referred to as an asynchronous motor as the speed at which it
operates is not equal to the synchronous speed of a rotor. The rotor of this type of motor is
wound type. It comprises of a cylindrical laminated steel core and a semi-closed groove at the
outer boundary to accommodate a 3-phase insulated winding circuit. Spin means relying on a
highly qualified partner made up of a multidisciplinary team able to offer you professional
engineering services and to accompany you in all phases of design and to transform your
ideas into industrialized products. The slide rule was universally used for nearly 400 years
and was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering. Perhaps its
most impressive use was during the Apollo 13 crisis when engineers had to recalculate data
to guide the crew safely back to Earth—and they had to do it quickly all with the aid of a
slide rule.

Fig2 example of slip ring in motor

An induction motor is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. It is most widely used for industrial applications due to its self-starting attribute. Slip
ring induction motor is one of the types of 3-phase induction motor and is a wound rotor
motor type. Because of various advantages like low initial current, high starting torque, and
improved power factor, it is used in applications that require high torque, cranes, and
elevators. The rotor windings consist of more number of windings, higher induced voltage,
and less current compared to the squirrel-cage rotor. The windings are connected to external
resistance through slip rings, which helps to control the torque/speed of a motor. slider
mechanism, arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert straight-line motion to
rotary motion, as in a reciprocating piston engine, or to convert rotary motion to straight-line
motion, as in a reciprocating piston pump. As seen in the figure above, the rotor is wound to
match the number of poles on the stator. The three terminals of a rotor and three start

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terminals connecting through slip rings are connected to a shaft. The aim of the shaft is to
transmit mechanical power.

C. Spin

The spinning process is fairly simple. A formed block is mounted in the drive section of a
lathe. A pre-sized metal disk is then clamped against the block by a pressure pad, which is
attached to the tailstock. The block and workpiece are then rotated together at high speeds. A
localized force is then applied to the workpiece to cause it to flow over the block. The force is
usually applied via various levered tools. Simple workpieces are just removed from the block,
but more complex shapes may require a multi-piece block. Extremely complex shapes can be
spun over ice forms, which then melt away after spinning. Because the final diameter of the
workpiece is always less than the starting diameter, the workpiece must thicken, elongate
radially, or buckle circumferentially
A more involved process, known as reducing or necking, allows a spun workpiece to include
reentrant geometries. If surface finish and form are not critical, then the workpiece is "spun
on air"; no mandrel is used. If the finish or form are critical then an eccentrically mounted
mandrel is used. "Hot spinning" involves spinning a piece of metal on a lathe while high heat
from a torch is applied to the workpiece. Once heated, the metal is then shaped as the tool on
the lathe presses against the heated surface forcing it to distort as it spins. Parts can then be
shaped or necked down to a smaller diameter with little force exerted, providing a seamless
shoulder.
spinning, also known as spin forming or spinning or metal turning most commonly, is
a metalworking process by which a disc or tube of metal is rotated at high speed and formed
into an axially symmetric part] Spinning can be performed by hand or by a CNC lathe.
Metal spinning does not involve removal of material, as in conventional wood or metal
turning, but forming (moulding) of sheet metal over an existing shape.
Metal spinning ranges from an artisan's specialty to the most advantageous way to form
round metal parts for commercial applications. Artisans use the process to produce
architectural detail, specialty lighting, decorative household goods and urns. Commercial
applications include rocket nose cones, cookware, gas cylinders, brass instrument bells, and
public waste receptacles. Virtually any ductile metal may be formed,
from aluminum or stainless steel, to high-strength, high-temperature alloys including
INX, Inconel, Grade 50 / Corten, and Hastelloy. The diameter and depth of formed parts are
limited only by the size of the equipment available.
Several operations can be performed in one set-up. Work pieces may have re-entrant profiles
and the profile in relation to the center line virtually unrestricted. Forming parameters and
part geometry can be altered quickly, at less cost than other metal forming techniques.
Tooling and production costs are also comparatively low. Spin forming, often done by hand,
is easily automated and an effective production method for prototypes as well as high
quantity production runs. Other methods of forming round metal parts
include hydroforming, stamping, forging and casting. These other methods generally have a
higher fixed cost, but a lower variable cost than metal spinning. As machinery for
commercial applications has improved, parts are being spun with thicker materials in excess
of 1in (25mm) thick steel. Conventional spinning also wastes a considerably smaller amount
of material than other methods.

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Objects can be built using one piece of material to produce parts without seams. Without
seams, a part can withstand higher internal or external pressure exerted on it. For example:
scuba tanks and CO2 cartridges.

One disadvantage of metal spinning is that if a crack forms or the object is dented, it must be
scrapped. Repairing the object is not cost-effective.

II. CAN FRICTION BE TOTALLY ELIMINATED?

Friction can never be entirely eliminated, because no surface is perfectly smooth, there are
always some irregularities present in it. Friction cannot be eliminated except in a perfect
vacuum. A perfect vacuum does not exist even in intergalactic space, and cannot be created
on artificially on Earth So friction cannot be totally eliminated. Even a few particles in an
almost perfect vacuum will cause some friction. In space or a very good vacuum created on
Earth, this friction would be negligible for most practical purposes, but still present
nonetheless.

III. WAYES TO REDUCE FRICTION

Cause of Friction:

To Identify methods of reducing friction, we first have to understand what is the cause of
friction. There are two reasons behind friction:

Whenever two surfaces come in contact, then the temporary bond's start forming between
them, which resist the movement between the surfaces. Higher the area of contact, larger the
number of bonds, higher the value of friction force.

The abnormality/Roughness of the surface, more rough the surface is, higher the friction.

Value of friction force is proportional to the Normal contact force. Higher the Normal force,
larger is the friction

Methods for Reduction friction:

1. Make the surfaces little more smoother. ...

2. Lubrication is another way to make a surface smoother. ...

3. Make the object more streamlined. ...

4. Reduce the Normal force acting between the surfaces in contact. ...

5. Reduce the contact between the surfaces, so that less number of bonds will be formed.

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